Hepatitis B

Safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of GSK Biologicals' hexavalent DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine (Infanrix)hexa) was assessed when used for primary vaccination at 3, 4 and 5 months of age (N = 2163), compared to the separate administration of DTPa-IPV/Hib and HBV vaccines (N = 720). A similar safety and reactogenicity profile was demonstrated for both vaccine regimens, as well as a good immune response for all antigen components. By offering protection against six diseases in a series of single injections, the hexavalent DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine was shown to be a safe, well tolerated and immunogenic alternative to primary immunization with licensed separately administered vaccines.

Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) is one of the most widespread, chronic viral infections in sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of South America. Therefore, efforts are being made to implement strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of hepatitis B viral infections. One route of HBV transmission is through unsafe blood transfusion, which could occur from the use of less sensitive laboratory diagnostic kits. Information on the sensitivity and specificity of these kits is however limited in many developing countries. This study was therefore performed to describe the prevalence of HBV infections and also to evaluate the performance of five rapid immunochromatographic kits commonly used in Ghana. A cross-sectional study was designed to describe the prevalence of HBsAg infection and also evaluate the performance of rapid kits used for screening hepatitis B in the northern part of Ghana. A total of 164 prospective blood donors were enrolled in this study from January 2012 to December 2013. ...

Author, shares series of cases to illustrate homoeopathic therapeutic strategies in acute viral hepatitis. The stage of disease, dominant miasm and assessment of susceptibility are some of the considerations in prescribing.

https://hpathy.com/homeopathy-papers/understanding-homoeopathic-therapeutic-strategyin-acute-viral-hepatitis/

Treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is aimed at suppressing viral replication to the lowest possible level, and thereby to halt the progression of liver disease and prevent the onset of complications. Two categories of drugs are used in HBV therapy: the interferons, including standard interferon alfa or pegylated interferon alfa, and specific nucleoside or nucleotide HBV inhibitors that target the reverse-transcriptase function of HBV-DNA polymerase. The reported results of clinical trials have used varying definitions of efficacy, failure, and resistance based on different measures of virologic responses. This article discusses HBV virologic markers and tests, and their optimal use both for planning and reporting clinical trials and in clinical practice.

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Objective: To identify seroprevalence of varicella and the relationship with their histories of experiences of varicella diseases and to provide appropriate immunization against varicella, mumps, measles, rubella and hepatitis B to medical students. Material and method: All of the medical students were eligible for participation after informed consents. Immunization history against varicella, mumps, measles, rubella (MMR) and hepatitis B were obtained from a questionnaire. A blood sample was obtained from each student for IgG antibody against VZV by ELISA. Medical students with an uncertain history or no documentation of hepatitis B vaccination were tested for HBsAg and anti-HBcIgG by ELISA. Results: There were 383 medical students enrolled. The mean age at enrollment was 21.6 years (median 21.4 years; range 18-25.8 years). Of 383 medical students, 372 (97.2%) had documents of receiving MMR immunizations. The blood samples were obtained from 374 of 383 (97.6%) medical students to id...

Background: The third stage of labour includes the separation and detachment of the placenta from the uterine wall, and ends with complete expulsion of the placenta and membrane. This period is the most hazardous stage for the birthing woman due to the risk of profuse hemorrhage. Severe bleeding is the most important cause of maternal deaths. Active management of third stage of labour effectively reduces the occurrence of hemorrhage. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess factors associated with Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Midwifes on active management of third stage of labour at selected health centers of Addis Ababa. Methods: Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among Midwives in health center of Addis Ababa. Convenience sampling was carried out to select 136 Midwives who were working in the 26 health center of Addis Ababa. The questionnaires contained closed ended questions which covered socio demographic information, knowledge, attitude an...

Tramadol is a synthetic opioid agonist used extensively in human and, to a lesser extent, veterinary medicine throughout the world. The clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous (i.v.) and extradural (e.d.) tramadol (2 mg/kg) and its o-desmethyl metabolite were studied in dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO). Intra-operative cardiorespiratory variables were monitored and post-operative pain was assessed using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale. A rapid (<5 min) and effective production of o-desmethyl tramadol was recorded. The pharmacokinetic profile was similar for tramadol and its metabolite irrespective of the route of administration. E.d. tramadol provided sufficient intra- and post-operative analgesia without significant clinical side-effects, but the post-operative analgesia was comparable to that following i.v. administration and the e.d. route could therefore not be considered a practical alternative to the i.v. route.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is causally linked to acute and chronic form of hepatitis, which due to continuous immune mediated inflammation and scarring may lead to cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV spread via exchange of infected bodily fluids underlie unique public health considerations due to similarities with other community related issues such as sexually transmitted diseases (eg HIV) blood borne pathogens (Hepatitis-C) and perinatal transmissions (TORCH complex).

Mujer de 79 años con vida basal activa entre cuyos ante- cedentes personales destacan: hipertensión arterial tratada con un ARA II, hipercolesterolemia a tratamiento con dieta, AIT a tratamiento con Tromalyt 300, colitis microscópica a tratamiento con Lixacol, nódulo tiroideo bien controlado, hipoacusia perceptiva bilateral y varios episodios sincopa- les diagnosticados de probable crisis comicial tratados con Tegretol (carbamacepina). Acude

Background: LiveWell Initiative LWI is a self-funded nonprofit social enterprise which thrives on innovation. The organization has, for 5 years, supervised MPH and Dr. PH Practicums for the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA. It also supervises PhD thesis at University of Helsinki, Finland. At the inception of COVID-19, LWI designed and compiled three (3) sets of study protocols in response to the COVID-19 response in Africa with a goal to arriving at a practical and affordable solution to the pandemic using 4-Aminoquinolines. Method: A concurrent cohort/descriptive study of observation in patients exposed to HCQ/CQ prophylaxis and treatment with HCQ/CQ and Quinine with categorization as specified as not critically ill, critically ill but not on a ventilator and critically ill on a ventilator. One hundred and twenty-three (123) subjects were categorized into shelter-in-place, self-quarantine and self-isolation (Not critically ill, critically ill but not on a ventilator and critically ill on a ventilator). The 4-Aminoquinolines were administered with macrolide and zinc sulphate as appropriate for a defined duration and doses. Results: The preliminary study of the 123 subjects covering all categories listed above resulted in 100% positive outcomes; nil death, nil relapse in symptomatic persons and total recovery with no relapse after 6 weeks lockdown, and asymptomatic persons post-prophylaxis, after 6 weeks lockdown. The results have been gathered principally from clinician reported outcomes with a few patient reported outcomes. Conclusion: These repurposed drugs with unique strengths- Chloroquine and its analogue Hydroxychloroquine as well Quinine, hold sway in the treatment of COVID-19.