Greenhouses Irrigation

Türkiye’de örtüaltı yetiştiriciliği denildiğinde akla ilk sebze ve bunlar içerisinde de geleneksel örtüaltı ürünleri olarak nitelendirilen domates, biber, hıyar ve yaprağı yenen diğer sebzeler gelmektedir. Bununla birlikte özellikle son yıllarda ülkemiz örtüaltı yetiştiriciliğinde gerek yapılardaki teknolojik gelişme, gerekse yetiştirilen ürünlerin çeşitliliğiyle bitkisel üretimde önemli ilerlemeler kaydedilmiştir. 2009 yılı resmi verilerine göre Türkiye’de süs bitkileri örtüaltı yetiştiriciliği içerisinde ikinci sırayı almaktadır. Bununla beraber toplamda örtüaltında yetiştirilen ürünler içerisindeki payı %5’in altındadır. Türkiye’de örtüaltında yetiştirilen ilk ürün kesme çiçekler olup Yalova ve Marmara Adaları’nda temelleri atılan bu faaliyette günümüzde Antalya başta olmak üzere Yalova, İzmir, Mersin ve Adana’da kesme çiçek, iç ve dış mekan süs bitkileri ile çiçek soğanları yetiştiriciliği yapılmaktadır. Kesme çiçek yetiştiriciliği örtüaltı sebze ve meyve yetiştiriciliğinden farklı olarak pazar ve nakliye şartları nedeniyle özellikle büyük merkezler veya bu merkezlere yakın yerlerde yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ihracatımızda önemli bir yer tutan kesme çiçek üretiminin ülkemizde örtüaltında yetiştirildiği alanlar, dağılımını etkileyen faktörler ve istatistiksel verilerin ışığında kesme çiçek yetiştiriciliğinin gelişimi değerlendirilmiştir.

Plant Propagation from Cuttings produces new plants identical to stock plants. Rooting Hormones are essential to develop roots on cuttings. This Guide describes five successful foliar and basal propagation methods: Five methods of plant propagation from cuttings:. Dry Dip, Basal Quick Dip, Foliar Spray Drip Down, Foliar Total Immerse, Basal Long Soak. The methods use the rooting hormones Hortus IBA Water Soluble Salts® (rooting solutions) & Rhizopon® AA (rooting solutions & dry powders).

Στην παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζεται μια πρωτότυπη υλοποίηση πρότζεκτ με τη χρήση του Arduino. Μέσα από αυτό το πρότζεκτ, μαθητές των Λυκείων (Γενικών και ΕΠΑΛ), καθώς και σπουδαστές των ΙΕΚ σχετικών ειδικοτήτων (τομείς Πληροφορικής και Γεωπονίας) μπορούν να μελετήσουν, να προσθέσουν, να αφαιρέσουν και εν τέλει να προσαρμόσουν τις δικές τους ιδέες, έχοντας ως αφόρμηση την εργασία αυτή. Σε μια αγροτική οικονομία γνωρίζουμε ότι η προστασία της καλλιέργειας είναι πρωταρχικής σημασίας τόσο για τη μεγιστοποίηση του κέρδους όσο και για την οικονομική επιβίωση όσων ασχολούνται με αυτή. Στη χώρα μας και ειδικότερα στη περιοχή μας (Πάτρας) υπάρχουν αρκετά ευαίσθητες καλλιέργειες (όπως πατάτας) και η προστασία τους πέρα από τη χρήση χημικών παραγόντων για ασθένειες και ζιζάνια περιλαμβάνει και την αντιμετώπιση «ακραίων» καιρικών φαινομένων όπως ο παγετός και ξηρασία που μπορούν να αποβούν μοιραία για τα φυτά. Για την αντιμετώπιση του παγετού και της ξηρασίας θα κάνουμε χρήση των συστημάτων άρδευσης. Για τη περίπτωση της ξηρασίας αρκεί όταν η μέτρηση υγρασίας του εδάφους φτάσει κάτω από ένα ποσοστό να ενεργοποιηθεί το σύστημα ποτίσματος ώστε να επανέλθει σε επιτρεπτά επίπεδα και να μην έχουμε άσκοπη σπατάλη νερού. Για τη περίπτωση του παγετού η αντιμετώπιση στηρίζεται στη μεγάλη θερμοχωρητικότητα του νερού και την εφαρμογή συστημάτων δημιουργίας υψηλής πίεσης ποτίσματος (εκτοξευτές μικρότερης παροχής) έτσι ώστε να έχουμε υδρονέφωση (πολύ μικρών σταγονιδίων νερού). Όταν η θερμοκρασία φτάνει κοντά στους 1C ενεργοποιείται η υδρονέφωση και το νερό ενώ ψύχεται απελευθερώνει θερμότητα που ονομάζεται «λανθάνουσα θερμότητα πήξεως». Έτσι με το συνεχή ψεκασμό έχουμε τη δημιουργία ενός λεπτού υμένα νερού γύρω από το φυτό ο οποίος ενώ παγώνει απελευθερώνει θερμότητα προστατεύοντάς το μην αφήνοντας τη θερμοκρασία να πέσει κάτω από 0C πέρα από την οποία αρχίζει και η καταστροφή των φυτικών ιστών. Ιδιαίτερα σημαντικό είναι να αρχίσει έγκαιρα το σύστημα της υδρονέφωσης και να μη διακοπεί η λειτουργία του μέχρι να λιώσει ο πάγος (ακόμα και εάν η εξωτερική θερμοκρασία ξεπεράσει τους 1C καθώς η μετάβαση στην υγρή φάση απαιτεί λανθάνουσα θερμότητα τήξεως) Με αφόρμηση την έρευνα αυτή, οι μαθητές και οι σπουδαστές θα μπορούσαν, αφού διδαχτούν μέρος ή το σύνολο της εργασίας αυτής να κάνουν τις δικές τους προτάσεις και τροποποιήσεις με σκοπό την εφαρμογή του σε θερμοκήπια κάτω από πραγματικές συνθήκες.

Abstract

This paper presents an original project implementation using Arduino. Through this project, Lyceum students (of General Lyceums and Vocational Lyceums) as well as VTI students of relevant specialties (Computer Science and Agronomics) can study, add, remove and finally adapt their ideas, having this study as a starting point.
In an agricultural economy we know that the protection of cultivation is of utmost importance for both the maximization of profit and the financial survival of the ones involved in it. In our country, especially in our area (Patra), there are several sensitive cultivations (such as potatoes) and their protection, apart from the use of chemical substances against disease and weeds, includes dealing with extreme weather conditions such as frost and drought which can prove fatal for the plants.
In order to deal the frost and drought, we will use irrigation systems. In the case of drought, it is sufficient that the irriga-tion system is activated when the soil moisture level drops below a certain percentage so that it returns to acceptable levels and we do not have pointless waste of water. In the case of frost, the water heat capacity and the implementation of high-pressure irrigation systems (low-flow sprinklers) so that we have misting (very small water droplets). When the tempera-ture is close to 1C, misting is activated and the water releases heat while it is cooled, called “latent coagulation heat”.
Thus, with constant spraying a thin layer of water is created around the plant and releases heat while it is cooling, protect-ing it so that the temperature does not drop below 0C, a point when plant tissues destruction begins. It is crucial for the misting system to begin in time and its operation is not interrupted until the frost has melted (even if the outside tempera-ture exceeds 1C as the transition to the liquid phase needs latent coagulation heat.
With this study as a starting point, the students and trainees, after they have been taught part of the study or all of it, could make their own suggestions and modifications so that the project can be implemented in greenhouses under real conditions.

Keywords: Arduino, misting, greenhouses, project, education, vocational training

One of the most methods for design of surface irrigation is volume balance model. This model assumed that the shape factors are constant. This assumption causes significant errors in computations. In this paper were investigated the variations of the shape factors relative to time by Valiantzas’ method. This method is based on combination of volume balance and kinematic wave models. Results of the method as advance curve had a good agreement with field data. So the method proved that subsurface shape factor was variable relative to time and all its values were more than its constant value in initial volume balance method. The variation of surface shape factor was less than the other factor.

South Sinai, Egypt is considered one of the most severe governorates for water scarcity. The current work aims to optimize irrigation requirements for almond trees (Prunus dulcis, syn. Prunus amygdalus, var. nonpareil) in the El-Tor area, South Sinai. Climate data of the El-Tor area was collected from 2010 to 2014 to calculate evapotranspiration. Two evapotranspiration equations were used in this work: Penman-Monteith (complex radiation equation) and Blaney-Criddle (simple temperature equation). Regression analysis was done between the two equations to determine their agreement and calculate a correction factor in order to make the Blaney-Crid-dle equation more accurate under South Sinai conditions (modified Blaney-Criddle). Irrigation requirements for one-to five-year-old almond trees in South Sinai were also calculated for the last five years. This study helps the almond farmers estimate the irrigation requirements by using maximum and minimum temperature (Blaney-Criddle) instead of using many climatic parameters (Penman-Monteith). The R2 regression analysis between the two tested equations was 0.95, which means that the suggested correction factor can be used with great confidence. Although there were significant differences between ETo values calculated using Penman-Monteith and Blaney-Criddle, there were no significant differences between the modified Blaney-Criddle (with the correction factor) and Penman-Monteith. This study recommends the use of the modified Blaney-Criddle equation for almond farmers who don't have access to the extensive climate data needed for Penman-Monteith, such as wind speed, relative humidity, sunshine hours and solar radiation. The output of this study is the accurate estimation of monthly irrigation requirements for almonds grown in South Sinai.

Seepage problem and channel transition efficiency is one of the most important issues in managing and exploiting irrigation networks. Seepage rate should be minimized in the design and construction of irrigation channels. Anyway several methods have been represented to calculate seepage rate. Some methods that are numeral have their own complexity, and some methods are empirical. Due to the fact that the nature of the flow in the channels and the seepage of the walls are spatially varied flow, in this study, the governing dynamical equation is used and combined with the Chahar and Swamee equation. The final differential equation is solved by finite difference method (FDM), and the depth and flow rates of different cross sections of a channel are obtained. From the difference of flow rate in two cross sections, the seepage flow rate can be calculated. The information required for this method is the flow rate and flow depth at a downstream control channel, the hydraulic conductivity of the channel bed, the geometric characteristics of the channel, and the distance between the water table and the bottom of the channel. This model can be used for calculation of the transmission efficiency too.

Irrigation water conservation methods are strategies for reducing water demand and increasing its availability. This research assessed the level of farmers' awareness and practices of irrigation water conservation methods in Kano State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted in twenty (20) irrigation projects located at various local government area within the state. Structured questionnaire was used in collecting information from the farmers using Kobo collect application and descriptive statistic was used to analyses the data obtained. Based on the result obtained from the survey 85.68% of the respondent's uses dams as their source of irrigation water while 10.59% and 3.73% uses tube well and river as their sources of water, respectively. The survey revealed that 74.12% of the farmers do not experience decline in water supply while 25.88% of farmers encounter shortage of water supply, and this may result from seepage loses, present of weed or siltation of the conveyance canals at...

The amount of energy coming from the sun to the earth is measured by the solar constant. Which has a value of 1364 w/m², this energy is the value of radiation emission from the sun for the area of a sphere 4πr², at the distance of an area of a sphere 4πr² from an astronomical unit, as the earth only receives sunlight the area of a circle πr², then 4 parts of that energy are not reaching the earth, then the value of the constant is divided by four (1364 w/m²/4), therefore the amount of energy at the top of the atmosphere is approximately 340 w/m², which is equivalent to a temperature of 278 kelvin or 4.85°C, but this work shows that the value of the solar constant does not change when we measure the energy emitted by the sun, in an area of the solar circle (πr²), between the value of the area of a circle (πr²), of an astronomical unit. That is the area that looks at the earth, so the amount of energy entering the earth is the value of the solar constant of 1364 w/m², which is equivalent to 393.8 kelvin or 120°C, and not the 340 w/m² which is equivalent to 278 kelvin or 4.85°C and the evidence is that astronauts on the space station which is located approximately in the high atmosphere when they look at the sun the measured temperature is approximately 120°C.

Abstract Modulation of the water availability for the plants can be a sustainable option to reduce agricultural water demand and stimulate the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. However, information on the reduction of water availability while maintaining yield and functional quality are scarce and fragmentary. This research aimed at elucidating the agronomical, physiological and functional quality (ascorbic acid, phenolic acids and flavonoids) responses triggered by a microbial-based biostimulant containing two strains of arbuscular mychorrizal fungi (AMF) and Trichoderma koningii of greenhouse grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under well watered (WW), moderate (MDI) or severe deficit irrigation (SDI) regimes. Reducing water availability from WW to MDI did not affect yield, phenolic acids and flavonoids concentration, but reduced both AMF and Trichoderma presence in the roots and soil, respectively, along with plant Mg and Zn concentration by 12.4% and 26.8%, respectively, and almost halved net photosynthetic rate and transpiration. Further reduction in water availability also reduced yields, along with ascorbic acid, total phenols and quercetin. The biostimulant application increased a wealth of traits, including P, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn by 20.8%–97.4% and various phenolic acids compared to the non-inoculated control. This effect occurred irrespective of the water availability. In addition, the microbial-based biostimulant increased plant yield, Ca and Cu, and isochlorogenic acid concentrations, but such effects were evident under WW and MDI, only. Luteolin glycoside, that is frequently associated to a plant reaction to water deficit but also to a microbial stimulation, did not vary at reducing water availability in non-inoculated control and progressively increased in the biostimulant inoculated plant. These results suggest that the biostimulant effect on lettuce nutritional and functional quality was mostly independent of the water availability, whereas its effect on fresh marketable and dry yields were evident in WW and MDI, only, through a modulation of the biosynthesis of secondary compounds rather than nutrient uptake. These results have a high practical implication when aiming to improve both plant yield and product quality while reducing water availability.

A student analysis of the design problems and solutions between building a greenhouse for a hot, arid climate of Irvine, California versus a temperate climate of Buffalo, New York. Research was used a procedure method to arrive to the most utilitarian decision. This thesis will further elaborate on the specific design decisions made, the solutions proposed, and the climatic aspects that still need to be considered and/or implemented when the GRoW House relocates to the University at Buffalo South campus.

Irrigation water conservation methods are strategies for reducing water demand and increasing its availability. This research assessed the level of farmers' awareness and practices of irrigation water conservation methods in Kano State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted in twenty (20) irrigation projects located at various local government area within the state. Structured questionnaire was used in collecting information from the farmers using Kobo collect application and descriptive statistic was used to analyses the data obtained. Based on the result obtained from the survey 85.68% of the respondent's uses dams as their source of irrigation water while 10.59% and 3.73% uses tube well and river as their sources of water, respectively. The survey revealed that 74.12% of the farmers do not experience decline in water supply while 25.88% of farmers encounter shortage of water supply, and this may result from seepage loses, present of weed or siltation of the conveyance canals at...

Irrigation water conservation methods are strategies for reducing water demand and increasing its availability. This research assessed the level of farmers' awareness and practices of irrigation water conservation methods in Kano State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted in twenty (20) irrigation projects located at various local government area within the state. Structured questionnaire was used in collecting information from the farmers using Kobo collect application and descriptive statistic was used to analyses the data obtained. Based on the result obtained from the survey 85.68% of the respondent's uses dams as their source of irrigation water while 10.59% and 3.73% uses tube well and river as their sources of water, respectively. The survey revealed that 74.12% of the farmers do not experience decline in water supply while 25.88% of farmers encounter shortage of water supply, and this may result from seepage loses, present of weed or siltation of the conveyance canals at...

Brown mountainous-steppe soils arranged in the form of spots in separate forest edges and meadows within the zone of brown mountainous- forest soils. The lower boundary of these soils coincides with the upper boundary of gray-brown mountainous soils. The problem of steppification of forest soils was widely covered in the writings of the V.V. Akimsev [1], S.A. Zakharov 1937, S.V.Zonn [2] and other researchers. Information on Azerbaijan, on the processes of steppification of mountain-forest soils is available in the works of G.A Aliyev [3], ME. Salayev 1966, K.A. Alekberov [4], Sh.H Hasanov [5], and others. In these researches, it is shown that the process of soil steppification occurs under the influence of human economic activity.G.A.Aliyev [3] notes that steppification of forest soils is under the influence of human activity. The harvesting and piling of the forest started, mainly from the lower boundary of the forest zone. This is natural, because in these territories, climatic conditions contribute to the development of agricultural crops, the relief of the terrain is convenient both for the agricultural use that made free from forest massive. Regarding with transportation of wood, Sh.H. Hasanov [5] points out that by releasing more accessible and convenient territories, especially at the lower boundary of the forest, for their economic needs, a person thereby contributes to a change of forest biocoenosis by a more xerophytic vegetation formation, represented by oak, Christ’s-thorn, hawthorn, blackberry and others.

Accurate measurements of hydraulic characteristics of flow are needed for design and evaluation of irrigation systems. For measuring flow, flumes are commonly used. is in order to obtain accurate readings for flow measurement, flumes should not be submerged and the upstream flow should not be affected by the downstream flow. This study investigates a proper way to install trapezoidal flumes that can be applied in many ways to measure in flow and outflow discharge in furrow irrigation systems. During sixty field operations, it was discovered that the flume has to be installed at least four centimeters above the bottom of furrow, in addition to the alignment on each side. This is essential for proper functioning of the flume under the conditions of free flow., Measurements made showed that if flume was held four centimeters above the bottom, the percentage of submergence in different depths of water, had met the standard rate (lower than 70% submergence), and hence the percentage of the error in flow measurement was reduced. In order to ensure the free flow in the trapezoidal flume, the large number of field operations showed that the entrance of the flume, which is used to analyze the inflow, has to be installed at a height of four centimeters or more above the bottom of furrow, with the condition that its entrance borders are strengthened. The exit of the flume should also be firmly fixed on the bottom of furrow in order not to impede the passage of flow, with the condition that beneath the flume the furrow bottom should be made deeper in order to create free flow. These recommendations are important, especially in furrow irrigation systems.

Abstract Modulation of the water availability for the plants can be a sustainable option to reduce agricultural water demand and stimulate the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. However, information on the reduction of water availability while maintaining yield and functional quality are scarce and fragmentary. This research aimed at elucidating the agronomical, physiological and functional quality (ascorbic acid, phenolic acids and flavonoids) responses triggered by a microbial-based biostimulant containing two strains of arbuscular mychorrizal fungi (AMF) and Trichoderma koningii of greenhouse grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under well watered (WW), moderate (MDI) or severe deficit irrigation (SDI) regimes. Reducing water availability from WW to MDI did not affect yield, phenolic acids and flavonoids concentration, but reduced both AMF and Trichoderma presence in the roots and soil, respectively, along with plant Mg and Zn concentration by 12.4% and 26.8%, respectively, and almost halved net photosynthetic rate and transpiration. Further reduction in water availability also reduced yields, along with ascorbic acid, total phenols and quercetin. The biostimulant application increased a wealth of traits, including P, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn by 20.8%–97.4% and various phenolic acids compared to the non-inoculated control. This effect occurred irrespective of the water availability. In addition, the microbial-based biostimulant increased plant yield, Ca and Cu, and isochlorogenic acid concentrations, but such effects were evident under WW and MDI, only. Luteolin glycoside, that is frequently associated to a plant reaction to water deficit but also to a microbial stimulation, did not vary at reducing water availability in non-inoculated control and progressively increased in the biostimulant inoculated plant. These results suggest that the biostimulant effect on lettuce nutritional and functional quality was mostly independent of the water availability, whereas its effect on fresh marketable and dry yields were evident in WW and MDI, only, through a modulation of the biosynthesis of secondary compounds rather than nutrient uptake. These results have a high practical implication when aiming to improve both plant yield and product quality while reducing water availability.

Modulation of the water availability for the plants can be a sustainable option to reduce agricultural water demand and stimulate the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. However, information on the reduction of water availability while maintaining yield and functional quality are scarce and fragmentary. Accordingly , this research aimed at elucidating the agronomical, physiological and functional quality (ascorbic acid, phenolic acids and flavonoids) responses triggered by a microbial-based biostimulant containing two strains of arbuscular mychorrizal fungi (AMF) and Trichoderma koningii of greenhouse grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under well watered (WW), moderate (MDI) or severe deficit irrigation (SDI) regimes. Reducing water availability from WW to MDI did not affect yield, phenolic acids and flavonoids concentration, but reduced both AMF and Trichoderma presence in the roots and soil, respectively, along with plant Mg and Zn concentration by 12.4% and 26.8%,...

In order to optimize the usage of water in agriculture, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of irrigation systems, especially those of surface irrigation. One of the steps to be made to achieve this goal is the optimal design of surface irrigation. It this article the design variables of furrow irrigation, that includes length of furrow, inflow rate and irrigation time (time of cutoff), were calculated to minimize the irrigation costs, the objective function, and to obtain a maximum application efficiency. The objective function encompasses water, labor, head ditch and furrow digging (ditch constructions) costs. Labor cost is irrigation time's function and the latter is dependent on water advance period in the furrows. Therefore, it is necessary for the objective function to apply explicit and accurate equation in order to calculate time of advance. Because in none of the accurate methods for furrow irrigation design, such as zero-inertia modeling, the advance time is exp...

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