Geomatics

ToF cameras are new instruments based on CCD/CMOS sensors which measure distances instead of radiometry. The resulting point clouds show the same properties (both in terms of accuracy and resolution) of the point clouds acquired by means of traditional LiDAR devices. ToF cameras are cheap instruments (less than 10.000 €) based on video real time distance measurements and can represent an interesting alternative to the more expensive LiDAR instruments. In addition, the limited weight and dimensions of ToF cameras allow a reduction of some practical problems such as transportation and on-site management. Most of the commercial ToF cameras use the phase-shift method to measure distances. Due to the use of only one wavelength, most of them have limited range of application (usually about 5 or 10 m). After a brief description of the main characteristics of these instruments, this paper explains and comments the results of the first experimental applications of ToF cameras in Cultural Her...

In this work, the integration between data provided by Time-of- light cameras and a multi-image matching technique for metric surveys of architectural elements is presented. The main advantage is given by the quickness in the data acquisition (few minutes) and the reduced cost of the instruments. The goal of this approach is the automatic extraction of the object breaklines in a 3D environment using a photogrammetric process, which is helpful for the final user exigencies for the reduction of the time needed for the drawing production. The results of the performed tests on some architectural elements will be reported in this paper.

Noise is an inevitable part of daily life and has been identified as a cause of several health deficiencies across the world. It has increasingly become a significant concern on the health and well-being of people. Studies are required to advance knowledge on the sources and impacts of noise in residential neighbourhoods of Lagos State, Nigeria. Therefore, this study assesses the spatial variation of noise levels within a section of the Festac residential area in Lagos in line with noise limits specified by the World Bank Group International Finance Corporation (IFC) Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines and the Nigerian National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Noise Standards and Control guidelines for community noise. Data for this research come from a field study comprising measurements of noise levels from 6 observation stations and questionnaire survey with 200 respondents. The criteria for siting the stations was based on factor...

Noise is an inevitable part of daily life and has been identified as a cause of several health deficiencies across the world. It has increasingly become a significant concern on the health and well-being of people. Studies are required to advance knowledge on the sources and impacts of noise in residential neighbourhoods of Lagos State, Nigeria. Therefore, this study assesses the spatial variation of noise levels within a section of the Festac residential area in Lagos in line with noise limits specified by the World Bank Group International Finance Corporation (IFC) Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines and the Nigerian National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Noise Standards and Control guidelines for community noise. Data for this research come from a field study comprising measurements of noise levels from 6 observation stations and questionnaire survey with 200 respondents. The criteria for siting the stations was based on factor...

Abstract. In most of Nigeria’s rural communities, land holdings are small and uneven; and this impacts significantly on their mechanisation potentials. This fragmented nature of the farmlands also inhibits the creation of an effective land market. This study utilised a digital orthomosaic generated from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) survey in evaluating the productivity levels of traditional and mechanised farmers in Okeho Community of Oyo State, South-Western Nigeria. The aerial survey was conducted with a DJI Phantom 4 Professional UAV covering 250 acres of traditional and mechanised farmlands to produce a very high resolution orthomosaic at 6 cm spatial resolution. Sixty-three respondents (61 traditional farmers and 2 mechanised farmers) were also interviewed using questionnaires. Their responses were keyed into a database with the Open Data Kit (ODK) data collector. The orthomosaic was classified into farmland units and a database of the farmers land holdings was created in A...

The article analyzes the use of logic in computer science. This article describes the open and closed logic. This article describes the information items as the basis of logical constructions in computer science. This article describes the inference subsystem and subsystems produce output in computer science. The article describes the main areas of application of logical constructions in computer science. The article shows the necessity of a philosophical analysis of the problems of computer science and logic and common logic-information problems. The article shows the need for the introduction and separation of the concepts of "information system". Analyses three groups of philosophical problems related with informatics: actual problems of computer science, philosophical problems of Informatics, information and philosophical problems of Informatics. Philosophical problems of logic and information scientists lead to the need of introduction and division of the concepts "information system", and also to distinguish procedural systems, descriptive systems, databases, qualifiers, attributive systems and systems of a conclusion.

In recent years, the production of panoramic images has been boosted by the increasing use of digital photographic cameras and mobile phones. However, for highly demanding applications such as long-range deformation monitoring, the accuracy and quality control of panoramic images and processes used to obtain accurate 3D models should be properly assessed. Therefore, prior to being applied in real projects, the quality of the spherical panoramic images generated by three widely used computer programs (Agisoft Metashape, GigaPan Stitch and PTGui) is evaluated using the same images of a photogrammetric laboratory full of control points and an outdoor environment by shooting from several stations. In addition to the assessment of the geometrical accuracy, the study also includes important aspects for practical efficiency such as workflow, speed of processing, user-friendliness, or exporting products and formats available. The results of the comparisons show that Agisoft Metashape meets the required geometric specifications with higher quality and has clear advantages in performance if compared to the other two tested programs.

Αντικείµενο της εργασίας είναι η µελέτη της χωροταξικής κατανοµής των συνοικιών της Θεσσαλονίκης από τον 15 ο ως τις αρχές του 20 ου αιώνα. Στη µακραίωνη ιστορία της πόλης, ιδιαίτερα σηµαντικός ήταν ο ρόλος του εθνικού και θρησκευτικού παράγοντα, ως αποτέλεσµα της πολυπολιτισµικής σύνθεσης του αστικού χώρου (16 ος – 20 ος αιώνας). Ως εκ τούτου, η χωροθέτηση των συνοικιών της, όπως αυτή οριστικοποιήθηκε κατά τους τελευταίους αιώνες της οθωµανικής κυριαρχίας, αντανακλούσε σε σαφή όρια τα εθνοτικά και θρησκευτικά χαρακτηριστικά των κατοίκων της. Ο βυζαντινός χαρακτήρας των συνοικιών της Θεσσαλονίκης προ της άλωσης, διατηρήθηκε ως τα τέλη του 17 ου αι. οπότε και αρχίζει να καταγράφεται η σαφής χωροθέτηση των εβραϊκών συνοικιών στον ιστό της πόλης. Οι 11 αρχικές συνοικίες της Θεσσαλονίκης κατά τον 15 ο αι., σταδιακά αυξήθηκαν σε 71 συνοικίες κατά τα τέλη του 19 ου αι. Οι µουσουλµάνοι ήταν συγκεντρωµένοι στα βόρεια υψώµατα της πόλης, οι Εβραίοι στην περιοχή νότια της Εγνατίας, και οι Έλληνες καταλάµβαναν την ανατολική περιοχή του κέντρου, πλαισιώνοντας την Καµάρα και το Ιπποδρόµιο. Είχε ήδη διαµορφωθεί η περιοχή της Αγοράς, όπως και η περιοχή του Ιστιρά (Αγορά του λιµανιού) στη θέση των σηµερινών Λαδάδικων. Μέσω των εργαλείων του γεωπληροφοριακού συστήµατος, προκύπτει ότι από τον 16 ο αι. ως τις αρχές του 20 ου αι. η συνολική έκταση των ελληνικών συνοικιών συρρικνώθηκε δραµατικά, καταλαµβάνοντας µόλις το 18% της συνολικής έκτασης της πόλης. Αντίθετα, τόσο οι τουρκικές όσο και οι εβραϊκές συνοικίες αύξησαν εντυπωσιακά την έκτασή τους, καθώς οι µουσουλµάνοι καταλάµβαναν το σύνολο σχεδόν της Άνω πόλης και οι Εβραίοι επεκτάθηκαν στη θέση παλαιότερων κεντρικών χριστιανικών και µουσουλµανικών συνοικιών. Η µεγάλη πυρκαγιά του 1917 κατέστρεψε περίπου το 24% των τουρκικών και των ελληνικών συνοικιών, και το 89% των εβραϊκών συνοικιών. Η περιοχή της Αγοράς καταστράφηκε σε ποσοστό περίπου 81% ενώ η αγορά του Ιστιρά σε ποσοστό περίπου 12%. Μετά την ανοικοδόµηση της Θεσσαλονίκης, σταδιακά τα όρια των παλαιών συνοικιών καταργήθηκαν καθώς ατόνησαν οι χωροθετηµένοι εθνοτικοί διαχωρισµοί. Oι 16 σηµερινές ενορίες του κέντρου της Θεσσαλονίκης αποτελούν διοικητική µετεξέλιξη των συνοικιών των αρχών του 20 ου αι. Οι περισσότερες από αυτές έχουν διατηρήσει τα ονόµατα των παλαιών χριστιανικών συνοικιών, "δανεισµένα" από την κύρια εκκλησία της περιοχής. Το χαρακτηριστικό αυτό αποτελεί και το µόνο κοινό στοιχείο µε την πρότερη κατάσταση, καθώς τα όρια των σηµερινών ενοριών έχουν διαµορφωθεί αποκλειστικά σύµφωνα µε διοικητικές διαδικασίες.

ANALISIS KETELITIAN PENENTUAN BEDA TINGGI SECARA
TRIGONOMETRIK TEKNIK RESIPROKAL DENGAN TOTAL STATION AKURASI
1” PADA JARINGAN TITIK KONTROL RUTE PENDEK

Differential Levelling is basic measurements to establish vertical control network. Due to its precision
requirements, the precise measurement method, namely Geometric Levelling (GL) must be applied. But,
it has some limitations, i.e. much time consumptions and difficult to be applied on high slope terrain.
So, the analysis of a faster method with near-equal precision, i.e. Trigonometric Levelling is needed.
This research take an precision analysis of the Reciprocal Trigonometric Leveling (TL) using 1” angle
accuracy Total Station (TS) instrument in a short-range control point network. This specific chase of
reciprocal technique and short-range network used to make focused analysis environment of larger data
quantity and faster data acquisition, angle reading error’s and earth curvature effect’s minimization.
The research used 12 looped pillars network at Faculty of Engineering, UGM. Data were collected in 5
times reading of vertical angle and horizontal distances in every forward and backward direction from
stations. Then, data were analyzed using Bowdith and Least-Square Adjustments (LSA) method. Finally,
the computation results were compared to GL method using Digital Auto-Level and Indonesian National
Standard (SNI) of Vertical Control Network. The results show many comparison parameter of TL method
using 1” TS to GL method using Digital Auto-Level as fix value assumption. First, in height differences
closures error (fΔh), TL have 1.1 mm whereas GL have 0.5 mm. Second, in height differences value
differences between this two isn’t exceed 7 mm. Third, in height precision (σH) resulted from minimum
constraint LSA, TL have range of 1.73-3.50 mm whereas GL have 1.03-2.13 mm. Based on fΔh and σH
values, TL can be classified in LA class whereas GL in LAA class of SNI specification. In other words, TL
using 1” TS in this environment can reach second class of SNI and quite satisfy to topographic mapping
and engineering projects application.

El presente proyecto busca analizar el comportamiento de los hurtos a personas que afectan la localidad Los Mártires de la ciudad de Bogotá, haciendo uso de algoritmos de agrupamiento de minería de datos espaciales y apoyado en una infraestructura de datos espacial, teniendo en cuenta variables como cuadrante de policía, mes, día del mes, día de la semana, hora, lugar de ocurrencia del delito, sexo y edad de la víctima; de tal forma que se logre realizar diferentes tipos de mapas del delito, y permita a las autoridades implementar estrategias para predecir el modo que opera, como se mueve, como se financia y lograr combatir con mayor eficacia y eficiencia el delito.
A lo largo del proyecto, se trabajaron los algoritmos de agrupamiento de minería de datos espaciales K-Means y DBSCAN, el primero se usó para establecer la ubicación óptima de cada estación de policía teniendo en cuenta la ubicación y distribución de los delitos, y el segundo para hallar las zonas con mayor actividad delincuencial. Estos dos en conjunto, sobre la Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales de Bogotá nos permitió construir los modelos y mapas temáticos del delito de la localidad Los Mártires, muchos de estos modelos fueron realizados filtrando la información por diferentes variables para tener un análisis más preciso.
Se trabajó con software libre para la elaboración de este proyecto.

El objeto del estudio es evaluar si existen diferencias significativas entre modelos digitales del terreno (MDT) provenientes de datos LiDAR y aquellos  procedentes de información topográfica tradicional disponible para el caso de estudio de la ciudad de Riohacha. La finalidad es evaluar si para la modelación de inundaciones con el software MODCEL© es recomendable basarse en datos LiDAR y no solo en topografía tradicional. El software MODCEL© implementa una familia de modelos hidráulicos de “celdas” cuasi 3D. Para la modelación hidráulica la topografía es un dato crucial, no siempre contándose con una cobertura suficiente de datos LIDAR, en efecto, la modelación hidráulica para Riohacha fue construida con información secundaria de topografía tradicional. La comparación estadística permite concluir que los modelos del terreno producidos son muy coherentes, no obstante la escasez e incertidumbre asociada a los pocos datos disponibles secundarios. La ventaja de la información LIDAR es obviamente una mayor resolución y discriminación de elementos urbanos naturales como lagunas y ríos. Esto sugiere su uso a escalas de trabajo de mayor detalle, útiles en evaluación local de los riesgos por inundación derivados del ya evidente cambio climático extremo que experimenta el Caribe Colombiano.

Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) are reference stations of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), providing fundamental positioning infrastructure that is accurate and reliable. As such, CORS are designed to meet the needs of a wide range of users requiring high three-dimensional (3D) positional accuracy. The Continuously Operating Reference Station at the Engineering Faculty (CREF), University of Lagos was set up in order to support research applications in Surveying, Mapping and Geodesy. This study evaluates the seasonal variations in the 3D coordinates of CREF using metrics such as coordinate differences, Standard Deviation (SD) and Standard Error (SE). The Canadian Spatial Reference System (CSRS), known as CSRS – Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP) was used to compute the station’s daily coordinates over a three-year period from 2016 to 2018. In the analysis, the daily coordinates were divided into two seasons - the wet and the dry. The results obtained ...

Network-RTK positioning technique has been proven efficient to ameliorate a significant portion of spatially correlated errors over its coverage. Amongst them, the dispersive effect of ionosphere, which exhibits dynamic spatial and temporal variations, remains the largest error contributor in GPS positioning.  Dispersive network residuals are expected to increase towards Solar Cycle 24. Investigation in ISKANDARnet found that the behaviour of  equatorial  ionospheric residuals  reveals  noticeable correlation with geomagnetic storm outburst.

1. Introduction
The 3D information of an object to be surveyed can be basically acquired in two ways: using stereo image acquisitions or optical distance measurement techniques.
The stereo image acquisition is already known and used for decades in the research community. The advantage of stereo vision to other range measuring devices such as LiDAR, acoustic or radar sensors is that it achieves high resolution and simultaneous acquisition of the surveyed area without energy emission or moving parts. Still, the major disadvantages are the correspondence problem, the processing time and the need of adequate illumination conditions and textured surfaces in the case of automatic matching procedures.
Optical distance measurement techniques are usually classified into three main categories: triangulation, interferometry and Time-of-Flight (ToF).
The triangulation normally determines an unknown point within a triangle by means of a known optical basis and the related side angles pointing to the unknown point. This often used principle is partitioned in a wealth of partly different 3D techniques, such as for instance active triangulation with structured illumination and passive triangulation (Jähne et al., 1999).
Interferometry measures depth also by means of the Time-of-Flight. In this case, however, the phase of the optical wave itself is used. This requires coherent mixing and correlation of the wave-front reflected from the object with a reference wave-front. Also in this case, many variants of the optical interferometry principle have been developed, such as multi-wavelength interferometry, holographic interferometry, speckle interferometry and white light interferometry (Jähne et al., 1999). The high accuracies of distance measurements performed with interferometry mainly depend on the coherence length of the light source: interferometry is not suitable for ranges greater than few centimeters since the method is based on the evaluation of very short optical wavelength.
Continuous wave and pulse ToF techniques measure the time of flight of the envelope of a modulated optical signal. These techniques usually apply incoherent optical signals. Typical examples of ToF are the optical rangefinder of total stations or classical LiDAR instruments. In this latter case, actual laser scanners allow to acquire hundreds of thousands of points per second, thanks to fast scanning mechanisms. Their measurement range can vary to a great extent for different instruments; in general it can vary between a tens of meters up to some kilometers, with an accuracy ranging from less than one millimeter to some tens of centimeters respectively. Nevertheless, the main drawbacks of LiDAR instruments are their high costs and dimensions.
In the last few years a new generation of active sensors has been developed, which allows to acquire 3D point clouds without any scanning mechanism and from just one point of view at video frame rates. The working principle is the measurement of the ToF of an emitted signal by the device towards the object to be observed, with the advantage of simultaneously measuring the distance information for each pixel of the camera sensor. Many terms have been used in the literature to indicate these devices, which can be called: Time-of-Flight (ToF) cameras, Range IMaging (RIM) cameras, 3D range imagers, range cameras or a combination of the mentioned terms. In the following the term ToF cameras will be prevalently employed, which is more related to the working principle of this recent technology.
Such a technology is possible because of the miniaturization of the semiconductor technology and the evolvement of the CCD/CMOS processes that can be implemented independently for each pixel. The result is the possibility to acquire distance measurements for each pixel at high speed and with accuracies up to about one centimeter. While ToF cameras based on the phase-shift measurement usually have a working range limited to ten/thirty meters, RIM cameras based on the direct ToF measurement can measure distances up to 1500 m. Moreover, ToF cameras are usually characterized by low resolution (no more than a few thousands of tens of pixels), small dimensions, costs that are an order of magnitude lower with respect to LiDAR instruments and a lower power consumption with respect to classical laser scanners. In contrast to stereo, the depth accuracy is practically independent of textural appearance, but limited to about one centimeter in the best case (actual phase-shift commercial ToF cameras).
The field of real-time ToF camera-based techniques is very active and covers many areas only briefly mentioned in this thesis, which is rather focused on ToF cameras in the Geomatics field.

1.1 Motivation
At present the ability to capture the surrounding area at high speed in three dimensions is one of the most challenging tasks in many fields, such as industrial automation and production, mobile mapping, monitoring, automotive safety, autonomous mobile robotics and gaming.
For both dynamic and static scene there is no low-price off-the-self system that provides full range, high-resolution distance information in real time such as in the case of ToF cameras.
Nevertheless, RIM cameras are usually characterized by some systematic measurement errors, which can strongly worsen the achievable distance measurement accuracy up to tens of centimeters in some cases. Therefore, suitable calibration procedures have to be developed.
One of the main topic of this thesis is to propose systematic procedures for the distance calibration of commercial ToF cameras, in order to estimate and increase their measurement accuracy. The calibration procedure presented in this work belongs to the direct calibration methods, since the distance measurement accuracy of RIM cameras is directly estimated and the resulting systematic errors are modeled. The main idea is to propose a procedure which does not require additional digital cameras or cost-effective high precision measurement racks or robot-arms to calibrate ToF cameras and which can be applied to any kind of RIM camera.
Suitable experimental tests are proposed in order to analyze the influence of several factors on the distance measurements, such as the camera warm-up during working time, the angle of incidence between the camera axis and the object surface, the presence of foreground objects close to the camera and the object reflectivity.
The second main topic of this work is the use of ToF cameras in the Geomatics field, with the final aim of 3D object reconstruction. Since ToF cameras acquire 3D point clouds at video frame rates, this potentiality can surely be exploited for this purpose. The main problem to be faced is the registration of the point clouds acquired from different view-points with ToF cameras. For this purpose, an algorithm for ToF point cloud registration has been developed, which is called multi-frame registration algorithm. Exploiting both the amplitude images and the 3D information delivered by ToF cameras, the proposed algorithm allows to automatically perform the point cloud registration with a final accuracy which is very close to the measurement accuracy of the employed device. Such a result is obtained thanks to frame averaging (so why the term “multi-frame”) and custom-built procedures, also applying an effective filter proposed in this work, which practically removes all “mixed pixels” from the acquired data. Mixed pixels are outliers resulting from the way ToF cameras process multiple returns of the emitted signal: they can strongly affect the accuracy of the acquired point cloud especially in the case of complex scenes. Another challenging topic proposed in this thesis is the integration between ToF data and a multi-image matching approach for automatic 3D object breakline extraction, which can be very useful for speed-up the drawing production of the surveyed objects. In both cases, some improvements are proposed and discussed for future developments.

1.2 Outline
This thesis is organized in six chapters. After this brief introduction, the following chapter faces with the working principle of ToF cameras, dividing them in two categories: devices based on the direct ToF principle and devices which use the indirect ToF principle (phase-shift measurement). Then, the state of the art of this technology is reported, with a complete overview about commercial ToF cameras. A description of the measurement parameters and the typical distance measurement errors of ToF cameras based on the phase-shift measurement (which are the most diffused) is reported, in order to show pros and cons of this new technology.
In Chapter 3, one of the main topics of this thesis is presented, which is the distance measurement calibration of ToF cameras. First, a minimum time (warm-up time) of camera working is established for both the SR-4000 and the PMDCamCube3.0 cameras in order to achieve distance measurement stability. Then, the relation between integration time and distance measurement precision in analyzed for both devices. A distance measurement accuracy evaluation system for the SR-4000 camera is reported, which can be applied for any ToF camera model, and a distance calibration model is proposed which increases the distance measurement accuracy in a wide interval of the whole working range of the camera. Then, a procedure to evaluate the influence on distance measurements of the orientation of the acquired object surface with respect to the camera axis is proposed. The problem of “internal scattering”, which can arise when foreground objects close to the camera are present, is also faced for the SR-4000 camera; finally, some tests on object reflectivity are reported in order to test the performance of ToF cameras on real objects surfaces.
In Chapter 4 a brief summary on the state of the art of applications using ToF cameras is reported, with the aim of showing how this new technology is spread...

There is a great demand for accurate and high-resolution seafloor topography (bathymetry) data. However, at present availability of such data remains spatially incomplete and limited. Bathymetry in shallow water areas is challenging for vessel-based bathymetric surveys and this zone is where remote sensing typically outperforms traditional methods such as echo sounding. The obvious advantages over conventional echo sounding methods include the wide data availability, synoptic surface coverage, and improved spatial resolution. Due to the high cost associated with traditional bathymetric surveys, the availability of up-to-date bathymetric charts in developing countries is rare or limited to a few charts for some areas. In this study, a ratio-transform model was applied on Landsat imagery to derive bathymetry at sites in nine rivers and creeks along the Nigerian coastal area. Accuracy tests comparing the image-derived bathymetry with reference data from echo sounding of Lighthouse Creek in Lagos and hydrographic charts of the other sites confirms good agreement at some sampled locations. The results of this study prove that this remote sensing method can augment existing hydrographic datasets in the country and is a useful reconnaissance tool for hydrographic surveying offices. It also offers a viable interim solution for areas where there is inadequate hydrographic data and scarce resources for extensive surveys using other methods.

The populous mid-Medjerda basin in Tunisia, is highly exposed to the dangers of flooding and water stagnation. The causes are twofold: on the one hand, favorable pluvio-hydrological and topo-geological conditions of the natural environment, and modes of occupation and land use (buildings, dams, etc.), which do not always meet these conditions, on the other. The study of rain and river risks, through a systemic and diachronic approach, reveals important developments and adverse consequences on both the environmental and human levels. The morphostratigraphic examination of the sedimentary archives shows that the activity of running water is at the origin of models, often of alluvial cone, terrace and bank, of historic age. The geo-archaeological and historical study of the river landscape since the Romans shows that the topographic level on which the ancients settled was 2 to 6 m lower than the current one. This is evidenced by human constructions buried under the alluvium, due to a filling phase that probably occurred in the Late Empire and late Antiquity. The section of the valleys was wider than that of today while the river route was less winding. This reflects variations in the fluvial regime and refers to moments of crisis such as the floods once experienced by the local residents. The geomatics and terrain approach indicate that the geodynamic activity over the last three centuries (late 19th century - early 21st century) is generally important. Most of the river work takes place during major pluvio-hydrological events, often having socio-environmental impacts. The processes involved are varied such as channel changes (shifting / meandering and avulsion), meander intersections, fluvial incisions (linear and lateral) and sedimentary fills. Water as well as human actions are responsible for various forms of social and environmental disturbances such as the degradation of the hydraulic and archaeological heritage. The cross-checking of testimonies especially from the archives as well as the coupling of field data, GIS and remote sensing show that today the flooding phenomenon is clearly more frequent and threatening than in the past. The death toll shows 131 deaths (1886-2015) while the damage to material goods is most of the time considerable, sometimes invaluable and unbearable. The residents feel that are always left to their own and everyone is wondering: when will the next crisis be?

Key-words: Mid-Medjerda (Tunisia), inundation risk, geodynamic activity, geoarchaeology, socio-environmental impacts, geodynamic.

... G. Bitelli, VA Girelli, MA Tini, L. Vittuari DISTART – University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2 – 40136 Bologna, Italy e-mail: (gabriele.bitelli, valentina.girelli, mariaalessandra.tini, luca.vittuari)@mail.ing.unibo.it ... I. Bitelli G., Capasso M., Davoli P., Pernigotti S., Vittuari L., 2003b. ...

While doing my graduate LIDAR research we were often tasked with writing user guides for the equipment that we purchased to help others  know how to use it. Jonathan Murphy and I teamed up to create a user guide for the Leica Total Station (TCR1105) that we both used pretty extensively on our research projects. 

The Leica Total Station (TCR1105) User Guide covers the basic information about the unit itself and the equipment found in the case, how to prepare for the survey in the office, details about the user interface, how to operate the unit, and how to export the data after the survey.

More details and photos can be found at http://tmackinnon.com/leica-total-station-tcr1105-user-guide.php

The 20 m SPOT DEM (Digital Elevation Model) was acquired by the Office of the Surveyor-General of the Federation (OSGoF) in Nigeria for use in topographic mapping. A localized assessment of the DEM is needed to validate its stated accuracies as it is well-known that the vertical accuracies of global DEMs vary in different landscape contexts. Hence, this study assessed the quality of the DEM in various landscapes and terrain contexts by comparing its heights against 780 Ground Control Points (GCPs) in Lagos State and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Nigeria. The pattern of distribution of the height differences was analyzed using spatial autocorrelation analysis, including other accuracy metrics employed. In the general accuracy assessment, the DEM yielded root mean square errors of 2.33 m in Lagos and 3.69 m in the FCT. It was shown that heights over the bare lands were the most accurately represented on the DEM while heights over built-up areas were the least accurate at both...

Recent experience and studies have shown that most industrialized nations have derived a reasonable proportion of their economic achievements from active land markets that are supported by formalized and automated land registration and  cadastral systems. The situation differs grossly in most less developed countries, with accompanying social and economic consequences. While it may not be very obvious to all observers that developing Cadastral information system  will bring economic improvements in a society, it is apparent that the delivery of land and property related services in Ethiopia in general and in Adama in particular are at a point requiring urgent attention.
The main objective of the research is to develop GIS based Cadastral Information System, which requires a broad view of system concepts if it is to ensure that these systems operate efficiently for many  purposes besides the basic tasks  of providing legal security by titles or deeds and data for property taxation. Within the scope of this research, the cases in Adama were chosen mainly to identify the features of the CIS, assessing the internal and external  factors  of CIS environment affecting the implementation of the Proposed CIS and Develop cadastral data model and cadastral identification number.
Thus to achieve the above objectives and user requirement survey various complementary  techniques and materials used include: Literature Review, cadastral Datasets, Observation, informal discussions and semi structured Interviews. Having built a picture of the existing situation with regard to cadastre and the requirements that had to be met by the target systems, the gap between the two was established and suitable approach of the
bridging that gap was presented.
At the end, this research provides a matrix of SWOT analysis, CIS data model and unique designation of cadastral  objects i.e. cadastral identification system is established. Every real property object has the cadastral designation and every real property has the cadastral number. In this paper accurate DCM; which is constructed using cadastral fabric data model
and GIS assisted least square Adjustment is introduced. However, the implementation process should be designed on the basis of phase-out program starting with smaller areas so as to cover the whole town eventually.

Key Words: Cadastral Data Model, Cadastral Information System (CIS), Cadastral  Identification  Number (CIN), SWOT Analysis

The documentation of heritage buildings is the preliminary action to deal with any problem related to the built heritage. The procedure of documentation requires a very diverse range of data (quantitative and qualitative) to be obtained and investigated in order to produce an accurate digital representation of the building. This type of work of data capture and interpretation is often conducted in isolation by different stakeholders and for a range of purposes, leading to a lack of communication between different data types, repeated effort and incomplete documentation. Heritage Building Information Modelling (H-BIM) is set to play a key role in the digital documentation of heritage buildings, as it can combine quantitative and qualitative data and facilitate the integration of different stakeholders and specialised data into the digital management of the different phases of dealing with heritage buildings. This paper aims to review the multitude of data types that could be included in the documentation and investigation process of the built heritage, in order to assess the breadth and depth by which heritage buildings can be documented. Four main categories that span the whole documentation data areas are being suggested which vary from outer geometry surveys, to subsurface materials and structural integrity investigations, to data concerning the building performance, as well as the historic records concerning the building's morphology over time, which can help to create a more in-depth knowledge about the heritage building's status and performance and can create a solid base for any required restoration and retrofitting processes (Khalil and Stravoravdis 2019a).

The very accurate measuring of three-dimensional models of complex surfaces and objects in general (and their creation, as well), are subjects of the three-dimensional Metrology (3D-Metrology). In order 3D-Metrology to connect effectively the physical world with the virtual world (and vice versa), there is a need of measurements, methodologies of measurements and calculations. In this area, the contribution of the science of Geodesy, a science of spatial measurements, is of paramount importance. In this paper, a review and analysis of both, methods (or principles) and measuring instruments are carried out. These methods and instruments, although they belong to Geodesy (specifically in a branch of it, also known as: Geodetic Metrology, Technical Geodesy or Industrial Geodesy), they also form fundamental milestones of 3D-Metrology.