Gender Equality

Military is a profession which is mostly dominated by men. Often the words like combat, war and bravery are used for men folk. However, the scenario has changed in last few decades and women have also been commissioned in the forces in many countries. Despite the induction of women in forces they are mostly assigned desk jobs and not taken for combat role or command positions. Since their induction, women are having only 15% or less representation in forces worldwide. They continue to strive to achieve professional competence in the field. Women today are excelling in every field but military is a field where their potential has not been recognised yet. The current paper presents a review of relevant studies in order to investigate the root of gender variance in forces and provides an in-depth understanding into the issues and challenges in achieving gender equality in forces. Various psychological theories along with supporting studies have been discussed to critically analyse the pros and cons of employing women in combat role. It is recognized that armed forces need the fittest and finest, irrespective of gender. Hence, a competency based approach in deployment for combat role is recommended as it will give women equal opportunity to prove their competency and serve in combat role.

In the field of identity politics and cultural identity, the representation of differences plays a crucial role. The extent of the differences a society has determines the social outcomes in divergent ways. Surely, there are other variables that cause social anxiety or communal solidarity such as religious views, socio-political conditions and also gender relations. To the point of departure, the case of homosexuality, or in a general way, the boundaries of sexuality is very controversial field so as to reveal the effects of ideologies, social conditions and historical past where all of these evolved through times. In order to understand and to reach a general view, the experiences of small towns are very decisive and unavoidable parts of such studies. As a basic explanation, that is why Arlene Stein chooses to make an ethnographic study in the USA around 1990s. In this paper, I will try to make a basic analysis of ‘The Stranger Next Door: The Story of a Small Community’s Battle Over Sex, Faith and Civil Rights’ by presenting my reading of this story and through reacting to the general points.

Author: Kirsten Laurel Guidero
Publisher: CBE International

Evangelicalism can find a foothold in renewed practices of reading Scripture. This article first illustrates the larger problems haunting evangelical patterns of reading Scripture by analyzing as a test case two prevalent evangelical interpretations of Gal 3:26–29.2 Next, I offer a better interpretive method and spell out how it treats this passage. We will see that, far from viewing the biblical texts too reverently, with a proposed correction of qualifying textual authority—an approach some evangelicals who struggle with difficult elements of Scripture have adopted—both of the earlier approaches may fail to respect the text enough.

This paper explores the meanings of women’s empowerment and gender equality
in the information society, looking at the opportunity for progressive change and
critically unpacking the Information and Communication Technology for Development
(ICTD) discourse on gender and development. It also seeks to articulate
a rights-based framework to policy and action that takes on the specific
question of what models of access and connectivity will work for the marginalised
peoples and countries, in a manner that promotes gender justice. The paper was
written for the United Nations Global Alliance for ICT and Development
(UN-GAID) Annual Meeting and Global Forum 2008.

This paper explores the way in which feminism, whilst trying to achieve gender equality, has increased inequality between women.  It locates the cause of this in feminism's early adoption of Marxist and Engelsian thought and the way in which these two thinkers misconstrued the relationship between private and public domains.

Violence against adolescent girls occurs at alarmingly high rates in conflict-affected settings, in part due to their increased vulnerability from their age and gender. However, humanitarian programming efforts have historically focused either on child abuse prevention or intimate partner violence prevention and have not fully addressed the specific needs of adolescent girls, including engagement of caregivers to reduce risk of violence against adolescent girls. Thus, the objectives of this analysis are to examine the whether gendered and parental attitudes of caregivers in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) were associated with their adolescent girls' experiences of violence and girls' attitudes towards IPV. Cross-sectional data from 869 girls (10–14 years) and their caregivers (n = 764) were drawn from a baseline assessment of a violence prevention evaluation conducted in 2015. Findings suggest that female caregiver's gender equitable attitudes for adults may be associated with reduced odds of sexual abuse and less acceptance of IPV for adolescent girl children. Parenting attitudes and beliefs and gender equity for girl children were not associated with violence risk for girls, while increased accepting attitudes of negative discipline were only associated with lowered odds of sexual abuse. Understanding of caregivers' attitudes may provide potential insight into how to more effectively engage and develop programming for caregivers to promote the safety and well-being of adolescent girls.

This was a research paper for a course entitled Feminist and Multicultural Theologies. I unpack what gender complementarianism is, examine its history, and compare it to how Scripture and earlier Christian Tradition understood gender. This allows me to establish that gender complementarianism is a recent innovation in secular and Christian thinking about gender, and that it can be described as a "trajectory" from Scripture and Tradition on gender, influenced by social, ideological, and intellectual developments in secular societies. I then pursue a critique of gender complementarianism, arguing that it is an "unsatisfactory trajectory" because it has troubling implications for orthodox theology, is not borne out by empirical experience and observation, and has harmful effects on human beings and societies and on ethical development.

This is the catalogue to an exhibition of the same name, which took place at the Worshipful Company of Mercers and Leeds University Art Gallery. It presents fifty outstanding artworks by fifty British Women artists working between 1900 - 1950. There is an introductory essay by curator, Sacha Llewellyn, and fifty commentaries about each picture by fifty different writers. The exhibition marks the centenary of the Representation of the People's Act, and aims to readdress the dominant 'master' narrative of British art history.

Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Sociais da Unicamp. Nessa tese, investigo a atuação da Bancada Feminina na Câmara dos Deputados na 54a Legislatura (2011-2014). Considero as parlamentares que a integram como sujeitos posicionados do mesmo lado da divisão sexual do trabalho e que se agrupam para fazer uma oposição sistemática à sua inferioridade hierárquica socialmente construída. São também, contudo, um coletivo heterogêneo. Dessa maneira, debruço-me sobre sua atuação para compreender suas convergências, divergências e limitações.

First published in 1988, this volume redefined the anthropological study of menstrual customs. Examining cultures as diverse as long-house dwellers in North Borneo, African farmers, Welsh housewives, and postindustrial American workers, it challenged the previously widespread image of a universal "menstrual taboo" as well as the common assumption of universal female subordination that underlay it. Offering feminist perspectives on comparative gender politics and symbolism, the book has interested students and scholars in anthropology, women's studies, religion, and comparative health systems. Originally listed as a “Notable” book in Choice, it later won the first Most Enduring Edited Collection Prize, awarded by the Council for the Anthropology of Reproduction (a unit of the American Anthropological Association.). The book continues to be taught regularly around the world.

Given the prominence of Muslim veils—in particular the hijab and full-face veil—in public discourse concerning the place of Muslims in Western society, we examined their impact on non-Muslims’ responses at both explicit and implicit levels. Results revealed that responses were more negative toward any veil compared with no veil, and more negative toward the full-face veil relative to the hijab: for emotions felt toward veiled women (Study 1), for non-affective attitudinal responses (Study 2), and for implicit negative attitudes revealed through response latency measures (Studies 3a and 3b). Finally, we manipulated the perceived reasons for wearing a veil, finding that exposure to positive reasons for wearing a veil led to better predicted and imagined contact (Study 4). Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.

In the course of history an interesting evolution has taken place in European gender equality policies. This story started in 1957 when the European Economic Community was founded and the principle of equal pay for equal work for men and women was included in the Treaty of Rome to avoid unfair competition and distortions in the free European market. Soon the Treaty article would evolve into a broader demand for equal rights related to work and result in a series of binding directives. In the eighties and nineties gender equality would increasingly enter other policy domains by means of non-binding soft law and gender mainstreaming. More recently, the EU has turned towards an approach of multiple discrimination which involves other grounds of discrimination, such as race and sexuality. The aim of this article is to review the history of gender equality policy in the EU while distinguishing some general trends, and discuss the implications of the most recent turn towards an anti-discrimination framework. I conclude that despite a continuous broadening of policies and strategies, economic motives continue to be the leitmotiv throughout this history. Also the broadening of EU equality policies with regard to the inclusion of multiple inequalities risks being trapped in the same economic logic. Nevertheless, despite the economic framing of EU equality policies, the pluralist and open nature of the EU’s decision-making process still provides gender activists with multiple access points to attempt to re-frame the way in which gender issues are addressed, as the struggle for a gender-just Europe continues.

Az utóbbi évtizedben megváltozott a női testszőrzet jelentése és legitimitása. Az empirikus kutatások manapság egyértelműen normának tekintik a szőrtelenítést, melynek következtében a nők döntő többsége több vagy kevesebb meggyőződéssel, de megválik nemcsak hónalj- és láb-, de szeméremszőrzetétől is. Ez az írás arra igyekszik válaszokat keresni, vajon miért alakult át ebben az egyetlen vonatkozásban oly módon a női testkép (s részben a férfi is), hogy egyesek az igen erős jelen-tésű „tabu” kifejezést alkalmazzák a szeméremszőrzettel kapcsolatban. Annyiban „tabu”, amennyiben a testet érintő kritikai vizsgálatok ugyan nagy hangsúlyt fektetnek a testsúly, az étkezési rendellenességek összefüggésére és a populáris tabloid média által szuggerált testkép továbbá a növekvő önértékelési zavarokra, ám a test szőrtelenítésével kapcsolatos kérdésfeltevések vagy túl triviálisnak, vagy túl komolytalannak hatottak mindezidáig. A kulturális szociológia, a szociálantropológia, kultúratörténet, a feminista kritika és a gender kutatások vonatkozó irodalma alapján ez az írás erre keresi a választ.

Gender & Pop Culture provides a foundation for the study of gender, pop culture and media. This comprehensive, interdisciplinary text provides text-book style introductory and concluding chapters written by the editors, seven original contributor chapters on key topics and written in a variety of writing styles, discussion questions, additional resources and more. Coverage includes:
•Foundations for studying gender & pop culture (history, theory, methods, key concepts)
•Contributor chapters on media and children, advertising, music, television, film, sports, and technology
•Ideas for activism and putting this book to use beyond the classroom
•Pedagogical Features
•Suggestions for further readings on topics covered and international studies of gender and pop culture
Gender & Pop Culture was designed with students in mind, to promote reflection and lively discussion. With features found in both textbooks and anthologies, this sleek book can serve as primary or supplemental reading in undergraduate courses across the disciplines that deal with gender, pop culture or media studies.

This paper outlines a theory explaining why the provider role is important to boys in the development of their masculine identity. The family is a primary site for identity formation, and boys appear to be more badly affected by growing up in non-intact families than girls. Female identity is more marked by biological transitions (e.g. pregnancy), and gives mothers a more central role within the family than fathers. Thus the male role within the family – the provider role-needs to be socially and culturally constructed. Where the father is absent and the role is devalued, transition from boyhood to manhood is made difficult, and masculinity may be problematized as 'hegemonic', 'toxic', and 'hyper'. Solutions from traditional cultures are discussed.

It is sometimes argued that the non-therapeutic, non-consensual alteration of children’s genitals should be discussed in two separate ethical discourses: one for girls (in which such alterations should be termed ‘female genital mutilation’ or FGM), and one for boys (in which such alterations should be termed ‘male circumcision’). In this article, I call into question the moral and empirical basis for such a distinction, and argue that all children—whether female, male, or intersex—should be free from having parts of their genitals removed unless there is a pressing medical indication.

“You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its women”
- Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
Despite having a fairly long and enlarged provisions including a host of other laws enacted by the government, the empirical reality tells a quite different story that women’s conditions and human rights situation remains gloomy and marginal. The concept of rights and human rights of women as such particularly in the realm of economic and social rights, has been markedly absent from the Indian Government’s activities and approaches to gender equality (Subramanian, 1995). Thus, women are still subdued in our society, they are still not economically emancipated. Not only developing countries even in developed countries the women are facing similar hurdles in achieving equal status to that of men (Engineer, 1992: 32-33), be it politics, administration, civil service, trade, industries, women are extremely inadequately represented.
Thus this study aims to understand the meaning of empowerment and find the relationship between women empowerment and their livelihood engagement. To be more specific does economic empowerment means overall empowerment or is there need to have a holistic view to study empowerment.

Cultural examinations focusing on the spheres
of the Fine Arts and popular media forms –
within sociology, gender studies and cultural
studies – have primarily focused on how gender
roles affect the ability to fully participate in all
aspects of culture, or how media representations
have promoted essentialist and heteronormative
narratives and visual imagery. Much of the scholarship
thus far has looked at culture and gender
from a traditional binary perspective (high/low,
male/female, production/reception). However,
the recent emergence of the interdisciplinary
field of queer studies (within the last decade)
and the study of post-internet participatory media
culture(s) offer new conceptual and empirical
terrain to explore gender and sexuality. Radical
feminist and queer media forms challenge us to
reconsider the creation, distribution and reception
of culture, and present opportunities to resist, and
in some cases pervert, dominant narratives, policies
and ways of seeing.

Les textes officiels comptent un grand absent, la question des moyens matériels qui seront accordés à la mise en oeuvre de la « constitution d'une culture de l'égalité et du respect mutuel partagée ».
Moyens accordés aux établissements et aux associations d'éducation populaire qui participent à la progression de la prise de conscience collective du sexisme.
Si le Code de l'éducation propose de dispenser, à tous les niveaux de scolarité, « une information consacrée à l'égalité entre les hommes et les femmes, à la lutte contre les préjugés sexistes et à la lutte contre les violences faites aux femmes et les violences commises au sein du couple », cela n'est pas encore une réalité sur le terrain.
Des séances d'informations peuvent être animées par des intervenant-es extérieur-es (tous les personnels ne sont pas formés ou ne souhaitent pas intervenir) et leurs séances nécessitent rémunération.
Depuis juin 2014 et le plan d'action, les Comités d'éducation à la santé et à la citoyenneté (CESC) des établissements du second degré par exemple n'ont pourtant pas vu leur dotation progresser.
Est-il possible dans un établissement scolaire sans personnel particulièrement investi de mettre en place des actions en se passant de l'expertise d'associations qui sont elles-mêmes parfois à l'agonie ? [1]

ABSTRACT. In the years following the end of the cold
war in 1989, Western feminist scholars and activists
expressed disappointment in the failure of the newly
democratic Eastern and Central European countries to
sustain mainstream women’s rights movements and
achieve a marked increase in women’s participation
within the new political parties and political life in
general. The authors, historians of Hungarian women’s
movements with a broad East-West perspective, offer a
novel explanation for this phenomenon. Following an
outline of the main stages of Hungarian women’s
movements and women’s political participation, they
focus on two instances in twentieth-century Hungarian
history that resulted in a rapid transition from antidemocratic regimes to liberal, parliamentary systems:
the 1918 bourgeois democratic revolution and the
1990 re-introduction of free parliamentary elections.

DOI 10.1080/08038740410004623

Longtemps cantonnée au changement de sexe, la question trans est aujourd’hui abordée comme changement de genre au sein des disciplines ouvertes aux études de genre dans un renouvellement et un enrichissement du champ épistémique. Cette recherche inscrite dans l’interdiscipline que forment les Sciences de l’information et de la communication se veut aussi un travail précurseur des Transgender studies francophones suivant la pensée de Sandy Stone et dans la lignée des studies anglo-saxonnes. Cette recherche porte ainsi son attention sur la construction sociale et médiatique des transidentités (personnes transgenres, transsexuelles, identités alternatives). La problématique semble innovante car elle conjugue exigence et créativité  de la recherche avec le statut de la chercheuse insider et outsider à son terrain. Ce premier volume s’attache à croiser l’état des lieux du terrain associatif et militant transidentitaire français avec l’histoire des définitions de la médecine légale depuis les années 1970 aux révisions les plus récentes. Cette nouvelle histoire des trans en France est éclairée par la description des processus de politisation des groupes, de la diversité des identifications de genre, de leurs subcultures, des apports de l’internet et des épistémologies féministes, de leurs rapports aux médias et en retour aux effets de la médiatisation.

Ce travail de recherche a été récompensé par  le 2e Prix jeune chercheur francophone en SIC – 2014,  décerné par la Société française des sciences  de l’information et de la communication (SFSIC).

In this collection, several authors – ranging from early career to well established academics – consider the role of women and the female voice in academia. This compilation developed from a conference session organised by the Supporting Women in Geography (SWIG) Ireland group, at the Conference of Irish Geographers in University College Cork (UCC) in 2017. In the first piece, Ahern and Mc Ardle consider why this discussion is necessary at all, ruminating on examples from both within and outside of academia. Till then brings in her experience working in Ireland, the US and beyond, and reflects on the importance of including all voices, and challenges scholars to end gender discrimination in Ireland. Manzo then reflects on how female work in academia, similar to community organising, can be considered invisible, devalued labour (Daniels, 1987). Yet she focuses on the positives of this, outlining the women-centred community organising model, the social capital that is involved, and th...

d a Mission pour la place des femmes au CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), b Trinity College Dublin (Ireland), c Šiauliai University (Lithuania), d GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences (Germany) ABSTRACT This paper draws upon baseline evidence compiled for the FP7 Project "INstitutional Transformation for Effecting Gender Equality in Research" (INTEGER) in three very different research and higher education institutions. Despite institutional commitments towards gender equality, there is an under-representation of women at full professorship (Grade A) and equivalent positions. Furthermore, women and men are unequally represented on key committees and other decision-making bodies. INTEGER's task is to address these and other imbalances through the adoption of Transformational Gender Action Plans (T-GAPs). These T-GAPs involve: increasing the visibility and leadership potential of women academics/researchers; monitoring and gender proo...

Author: Arthur H. Lewis
Publisher: CBE International

The Hebrew view of marital sex, in contrast with Neoplatonism and early church, was not celibate. The Jews were never prudish about sex. The best evidence of this is the high place Solomon's Song of Songs, an ancient collection of poems on courtship and love, holds in the canon of Hebrew Scripture and in the worship of the synagogues, where it is usually read on the 8th day of Passover.

O polityce równościowej Unii Europejskiej napisano i wciąż  pisze się sporo,szczególnie w ostatnim czasie, kiedy w publicznym dyskursie w społeczeństwach państw Unii Europejskiej oraz w instytucjach unijnych kwestie równości płci zajmują  coraz więcej miejsca. Dało temu impuls kilka znaczących wydarzeń  z ostatnich lat, które wpłynęły na intensyfikację dyskusji na tematkwestii płci w społecznym, gospodarczym, wreszcie politycznym funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej.
Niniejszy artykuł nie ma na celu przybliżenia czytelnikowi założeń europejskiej polityki równościowej – te zostały już w dużej mierze przedstawione zarówno w dokumentach instytucji unijnych, jak i w opracowaniachtego dotyczących. Jego zadaniem jest natomiast wskazanie wyzwań związanych z wykorzystaniem właściwych metod do badania polityki równościowej, jej podstaw i znaczenia.

Purpose – There is much scientific interest in the connection between the emergence of gender-based inequalities and key biographical transition points of couples in long-term relationships. Little empirical research is available comparing the evolution of a couple’s respective professional careers over space and time. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to filling this gap by addressing the following questions: what are the critical biographical moments when gender (in)equalities within a relationship begin to arise and consolidate? Which biographical decisions precede and follow such critical moments? How does decision making at critical moments impact the opportunities of both relationship partners in gaining equal access to paid employment? Design/methodology/approach – These questions are addressed from the perspectives of intersectionality and economic citizenship. Biographical interviewing is used to collect the personal and professional narratives of Swiss-, bi-nation...

El pasado 27 de marzo de 2019 el Consejo de Europa aprobó su "Recomendación CM/Rec(2019)1 del Comité de Ministros de los Estados miembros para prevenir y combatir el sexismo". No es una cuestión menor, ya que es la primera vez que se propone una definición de sexismo y se establecen ciertas obligaciones para los Estados, toda vez que se ha constatado que, a pesar de la múltiple producción legislativa al respecto, aún persiste una brecha entre las normas y las prácticas así como entre la igualdad de iure y la de facto.

Despite a number of initiatives aimed at improving the representation and progressive of women in the law
enforcement. Studies continue to document the persistence of gender inequality within law enforcement agencies all
over the world and South Africa is not an exception. This article bring to light gender inequalities in the law enforcement
sector where women in leadership ranks remains low. Historically, the police career was male-dominated and females
were not allowed to work in the police. Therefore, equal gender representation in the workplace should by now be at an
advanced developmental stage in South Africa since the abolition of discrimination rules. The Commission on
Employment Equity of South Africa reported that women comprised 44.8% of the economically active population, yet
males were still in charge of senior management positions in South African industries including the law enforcement
environment. The data was collected from female officers from Metropolitan Police departments in Gauteng province.
The findings suggest that culture, stereotypes, economic and socio-political dynamics, and physical fitness were
perceived as barriers that hindered the representation of women into senior leadership positions.

More Women on Boards: An International Perspective is the seventh volume in the Women and Leadership: Research, Theory, and Practice book series. The purpose of this volume is to explore the complexity of issues related to increasing the number of women on boards of directors around the world: how these issues have been understood; how they have been more and less successfully addressed in different countries and industries; and how they are similar, and yet different, as a results of cultural and legal differences. In the Introduction and 18 chapters included in this book, 42 researchers, activists, and practitioners who were raised or work today in at least 17 countries on 6 continents seek to answer the questions: “Why have women on boards?” “Why is adding women to boards so challenging?” “What actions increase the number of women on boards?” and “What can we learn from situations where there are women board members?” In seeking to answer these questions, the authors summarize previously existing research and share the results of their own recent qualitative and quantitative research studies conducted in many different countries. Both “fix the woman” and “fix the society” challenges and solutions are explored. Stories of women who have successfully joined and, in many cases, led boards of directors are shared. It is clear to us, and we believe will be clear to those who read this book, that there is no single program that will lead to gender equality on boards; however we believe that the authors in this volume provide a rich variety of research and well supported suggestions for addressing the challenges. When local cultures are considered and multiple suggestions implemented as appropriate, we are confident we will, together, increase the number of women on boards throughout the world.