GDP estimation

The study has been conducted to find out the effects of fiscal policy on economic growth in Pakistan. Taxes are selected as a proxy for fiscal policy and GDP as an economic growth. In this study the time series analysis was used. The study used difference tests and models. These tests were unit root test which at different levels was used for stationary and non-stationary another model was co-integration the co-integration further used two tests one was trace test and second one was maximum Eigen value these tests used for long run relationships between taxes and GDP. In this study Granger causality test lag 2 and lag 4 also for checking the effects of taxes on Pakistan GDP. The objectives of the study are to find out the relationship between taxes and GDP and also to testify the random walk between taxes and GDP. The data were taken from 1981 to 2012. Taxes dealt as an independent and GDP as a dependent variable of the study. Data were collected from Federal Bureau of Statistics an...

We present an empirical modelling approach of agents’
expectations based on symbolic regression (SR)

1. Via genetic programming (GP) we derive two data-driven
indicators from survey-based expectations

2. We assess the performance of both indicators in fourteen
European countries

3. By means of constrained optimization we find the optimal
weights of both indicators to construct a composite index

4. We evaluate the ability of the generated estimates of
economic growth to track the evolution of GDP

The paper presents up-to-date estimates of Italy’s regional GDP, with the present borders, in ten-year benchmarks from 1871 to 2001, and proposes a new interpretative hypothesis based on long-lasting socio-institutional differences. The inverted U-shape of income inequality is confirmed: rising divergence until the mid-twentieth century, then convergence. However, the latter was limited to the centre-north: Italy was divided into three parts by the time regional inequality peaked, in 1951, and appears to have been split into two halves by 2001. As a consequence of the falling back of the south, from 1871 to 2001 we record σ-divergence across Italy’s regions, i.e. an increase in dispersion, and sluggish β-convergence. Geographical factors and the market size played a minor role: against them are both the evidence that most of the differences in GDP are due to employment rather than to productivity and the observed GDP patterns of many regions. The gradual converging of regional GDPs towards two equilibria instead follows social and institutional differences − in the political and economic institutions and in the levels of human and social capital − which originated in pre-unification states and did not die (but in part even increased) in post-unification Italy.

For every percentage point of GDP growth, there will be a spike in demand for consumer goods and services which, in turn, will boost investment, and the benefits of these will be felt across all sections of the income pyramid.
The continued slowdown in the Indian economy has caused much concern among a broad swathe of players, including economists, policy-makers, the corporate sector and consumers. This has led many to question if it is even possible to accomplish the 8% GDP growth that is widely quoted. While the government has indeed initiated reforms across multiple sectors and has aggressively increased public spending on infrastructure in order to kick-start the sluggish economy, the impact of these measures will be felt only in the long term. In the short term, however, they do signal the government’s efforts to propel growth and create an enabling economic environment.

Վերջին տասնամյակներում, ֆինանսական համակարգի առավել շատ ճգնաժամային դրսևորումներով պայմանավորված, տարբեր տնտեսագետների և ինստիուտների կողմից վերստին սկսվեց առաջ քաշվել տնտեսության իրական հատվածի ոլորտների զարգացման և այդ հատվածի շնորհիվ կայուն տնտեսական աճի ապահովման կարևորությունը: 
Հոդվածում ներկայացվում է տնտեսագիտական գրականության մեջ տնտեսության իրական հատված տերմինի էությանն ու բովանդակությանը վերաբերվող հարցեր, ինչպես նաև անդրադարձ է կատարվել Հայաստանի Հանրապետության տնտեսության իրական հատվածի ոլորտներրի կառուցվածքին, տնտեսության  մեջ ունեցած տեսակարար կշռին և զարգացման դինամիկային:

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is not a very new concept, it is an old concept. Earlier, in India it was optional to the company that they may contribute voluntarily towards CSR but after the Companies Act 2013, it was formally introduced in the business environment and was made mandatory for those companies whose net worth and profit cross a threshold limit. They should contribute 2% of the average net profit of just preceding three years profit. This paper primarily focuses on CSR practices of some selected public sector petroleum companies in India. The study has been conducted based on the Annual Reports of seven selected public sector companies. Five years of data on CSR spending from 2009-10 to 2014-15 were examined. Moreover, the pattern of expenses was also examined. Since petroleum companies are giants of the India economy and contribute significantly towards the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of our country. Thus it is necessary to look into how these companies are contributing towards CSR. An attempt has been made to examine the early impact of Section 135 of the Companies Act.

A  simple  UV-Visible  spectrophotometric  method  has  been
developed for the determination of Atorvastatin in its pure form as
well as pharmaceutical dosage form using Methyl Orange reagent.
The  method  is  based  on  the  measurement  of  absorbance  of
Atorvastatin in methanol at 410 nm. The Beer’s law is obeyed
over  the  linear  range  50-300μg  /ml  of  Atorvastatin.  All  the
variables were studied to optimize the reaction conditions. No
interference  was  observed  in  the  presence  of  common
pharmaceutical excipients. The validity of the method was tested
by analyzing the drug in its pharmaceutical preparations. Good
recoveries were also obtained. Assay for the tablet preparation was
performed using UV-Visible spectrophotometric method and the
results were found to be within acceptable limits.

The principle pointed of demonetization was to address defilement, black money, fake money and fear financing. The measure impact of demonetization on consumption, production, investment and savings of the economy. Although demonetization have huge potential benefits in the medium to long term working of the economy but caused some short term disruption in the economy. This paper studies the issues and challenges faced by the common man during demonetization period and analyzed the pre-and post-period of demonetization. The investigation in this paper observed that demonetization affected different area of the economy in the month of Nov-16 and Dec-16 and the effect directed fundamentally in Jan-17 onwards. An increase in banks deposits by 15.7% and 14.9% in Nov-16 and Dec-16 respectively created large surplus liquidity conditions. These were overseen by RBI by the monetary policy. There has been a sharp increment i.e. 9.02% in the number of accounts under Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana and the deposits in such accounts have also increased. The paper has also studied the impact of demonetization on the new gateway of electronic payment i.e. NEFT, CTS, IMPS and NACH. During Dec-16 and Jan-17 the IMPS registered the maximum y-o-y growth rate of 157.2% and 177.7% respectively.

The role of tourism industry on economic growth is examined in this paper for our sample countries for period of 2004:1-2013:2. The tourism-led growth hypothesis is not confirmed completely. The impact of tourism industry on economic growth is showed in some steps. The relationship between these steps are supported by SPSS results. These results demonstrate that tourism has an indirect impact on economic growt not direct. It is not possible to see the direct affect of tourism on economic growth(GDP). GDP is a broad area, there are more factors that influence it.

This paper aims to compare three different countries Italy, Germany and Serbia in seven different dimensions proposed by Hofstede (1984; 1990; 2001; 2008): power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism-collectivism, and masculinity-femininity, long term orientation vs. short term orientation, and indulgence-restraint. We set different hypotheses to check similarity between this countries. Data was used from  Hofstede  website, and sample of questioners by World Value Surwey. Our results show that Italy has higher index of individualism, Germany highly rank in terms of professionalism, and Serbia lowest GDP, highly collectivism society, and higher power distance. In the case of Serbia the predictive power of cultural values is likely to be more stronger when people face uncertainty.

1-)KONUYA YÖNELİK KAVRAMLAR Yapay zekâ teknolojisi, çevresini algılayabilen ve herhangi bir hedef bakımından başarı şansını maksimize edebilecek şekilde karar alabilen zeki makineleri ifade eder. Günümüzde gündelik hayatta sıklıkla karşılaştığımız strateji oyunları, sürücüsüz araçlar, çeviri programları, yüz tanıma sistemleri ve ticaret, sağlık ve araştırma alanında kullanılan istatistik programları aslında "dar anlamda" yapay zekâ teknolojileridir. Kişisel Veri, 6698 Sayılı Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Kanunu ('KVKK') m. 3 b. d)'ye göre "Kimliği belirli veya belirlenebilir gerçek kişiye ilişkin her türlü bilgi" olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu noktada ilk tartışacağımız konu 'Kişisel verinin hangi hakkın kapsamına' gireceğidir. Bu konuda 2 temel yaklaşım vardır. Bunlar: • ABD'nin de kabul ettiği yaklaşım; kişisel verinin bir mülkiyet hakkı olması ve • Avrupa'nın kabul ettiği yaklaşım olan kişisel verinin bir insan hakkı olduğu yaklaşımıdır. Bu konuda Fransız Yüksek Mahkemesi verdiği bir kararında Covid-19 sebebiyle sokağa çıkma yasağı sırasında polisin denetlemesi için kullanılan drone ların kullanımının hukuki gerekçeye dayandırılmadığı için, kullanımının insan hakkı ihlali olduğuna karar vererek kullanılmasını yasaklamıştır. İkinci tartışacağımız konu 'Kişinin hangi hallerde belirlenebilir' olduğudur. Bu çerçevede mutlak ve nısbi belirlenebilirlik görüşleri ortaya atılmıştır. • Mutlak belirlenebilirlik görüşüne göre, veri sorumlusunun kimliği ve hangi amaçla ilgili verileri işlediği önem taşımamakta, verisi işlenen kişinin kimliğini tespit etmeye hizmet edebilecek nitelikte üçüncü kişilerin elinde bulunan bilgiler de veri sorumlusunun hâkimiyetinde kabul edilmektedir. • Nısbi belirlenebilirlik görüşünde ise sadece veriyi işleyen kişinin kimliği ve bilgisi esas alınacaktır. Kişisel verinin tanımına yönelik olarak Avrupa Adalet Divanı, dinamik IP-adreslerinin kişisel veri niteliğinde olup olmadığına ilişkin Breyer kararında ise dinamik IP-adresini elinde bulunduran kişinin makul imkânlar dâhilinde internet erişim sağlayıcısından kişiye dair bilgi elde etme imkânı söz konusu olduğu takdirde IP-adreslerinin de kişisel veri niteliği taşıyabileceğine hükmetmiştir.

Central Asia and the Southern Caucasus are important because their orientation will greatly
influence the planning of forces and national security of major neighboring or related states
(mainly the USA, Russia, China, Iran, Turkey, India and Pakistan). How these and other
states think and act strategically in Central Asia and the Southern Caucasus will affect the
geopolitical balance of power in the region. It is also important to grasp how these states, and
others whose interest is acute though less direct (for example, Israel, Japan, South Korea,
some Gulf Arab states), factor Central Asia and the South Caucasus into their strategic
thinking. A panel of young scholars with recent experience conducting research in the field
gave many illustrations of the socially debilitating and politically destabilizing impact of
economic hardship. For example, one researcher observed how traffickers used children as
collateral to keep them until they returned with the promised goods or money. Others argued
that widespread poverty has destroyed traditional social and communication networks. The
long-term consequences of a generation that grew up in poverty, lacked a basic education, and
are increasingly involved in semi-criminal societies are alarming and directly contradict
Western regional goals.

The article highlights the close relationship between GDP (in value) and Seaborne trade (in metric tons), the results of some forecasting long-term models (30/50 years) as well as the main findings of an experiment conducted annually since 2015.

Debating the current socio-economic conditions and future prospects for the African continent has become a regular activity in boardrooms and international conference centres.
At the beginning of this century, such debates still centred on a grand narrative that portrayed Africa as a largely hopeless continent. The predominant image was that of an impoverished child facing a bleak future due to political instability, aid dependency and kleptocratic elites stashing their stolen riches in Swiss bank accounts. Over the course of only a few years, the narrative has radically changed. Today, international consulting firms and popular economic journals constantly remind us that Africa is “on the rise”. Those euphoric about the continent’s future point to the fact that the region is harbouring a number of the world’s fastest growing economies, thanks not only to historic highs in international commodity prices but also to improvements in macro- and microeconomic policy in many countries that have made it easier to invest. However, much like the story of “hopeless Africa”, the “Africa rising” narrative often appears to be emotive and one-dimensional. Its focus on broad-gauge measures of economic growth such as gross domestic product (GDP) glosses over the mixed experiences of the real – or perceived – progress that has been achieved over the last decade. Questions about the social, political and environmental sustainability of the continent’s current development trajectories, and who benefits from them, often remain ignored.

We present a machine-learning method for sentiment indicators construction that allows an automated variable selection procedure. By means of genetic programming, we generate country-specific business and consumer confidence indicators for thirteen European economies. The algorithm finds non-linear combinations of qualitative survey expectations that yield estimates of the expected rate of economic growth. Firms' production expectations and consumers' expectations to spend on home improvements are the most frequently selected variables-both lagged and contemporaneous. To assess the performance of the proposed approach, we have designed an out-of-sample iterative predictive experiment. We found that forecasts generated with the evolved indicators outperform those obtained with time series models. These results show the potential of the methodology as a predictive tool. Furthermore, the proposed indicators are easy to implement and help to monitor the evolution of the economy, both from demand and supply sides. JEL Classification: C51; C55; C63; C83; C93

We apply the two-step machine-learning method proposed by Claveria et al. (2021) to generate country-specific sentiment indicators that provide estimates of year-on-year GDP growth rates. In the first step, by means of genetic programming, business and consumer expectations are evolved to derive sentiment indicators for 19 European economies. In the second step, the sentiment indicators are iteratively re-computed and combined each period to forecast yearly growth rates. To assess the performance of the proposed approach, we have designed two out-of-sample experiments: a nowcasting exercise in which we recursively generate estimates of GDP at the end of each quarter using the latest survey data available, and an iterative forecasting exercise for different forecast horizons We found that forecasts generated with the sentiment indicators outperform those obtained with time series models. These results show the potential of the methodology as a predictive tool.

The market reacts differently to various factors ranging from economic political, and sociocultural. The stock prices of quoted companies are affected by a number of factors occurring within or without the economic system. The impact of Gross Domestic Product (GDP),Real Interest Rate (INT) , exchange rate (EXR) and Inflation Rate (INF) on stock prices of quoted companies from 1997 – 2012. Stock prices were represented by Lusaka Stock Market Value Index in the model. A regression analysis showed that the explanatory variables accounted for 97.5% of the variation in stock prices. Specifically, the findings suggest that the exchange rate was the most important variable influencing stock prices

Degrowth calls for the abolishment of economic growth as a social objective and signifies a desired direction where societies
will use less natural resources and organize to live very differently than today. This article traces the origins of degrowth from
theorists of the 1970s, to the French activist movement of décroissance in the 2000s, to the contemporary international
activist-researcher movement. We identify 10 degrowth theses concerned with the limits to – and of – growth, the relationship
between growth, degrowth, and democratic politics, and the everyday and institutional alternatives that can facilitate
a degrowth transition.

Kallis, G., Demaria, F., D'Alisa, G., 2015. Degrowth. In: James D. Wright (editor-in-chief), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition, Vol 6. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 24–30. ISBN: 9780080970868

"In many pre- and early industrial economies, housing has generally ranked just behind food as one of the most significant charges on the income of all but the wealthiest classes in society. Moreover, even today, housing, along with real estate, constitutes the bulk of most families’ personal wealth, and the construction industry not only represents a significant segment of the economy, but also provides a valuable indicator of the pace of economic growth.

Although modern social scientists have used the evidence of housing as a useful proxy for the distribution and level of income in poorly documented societies, and archaeological evidence permits us to reconstruct housing standards for Greeks and Romans from a wide range of social classes in considerable detail, ancient economic historians have only begun to exploit this critical evidence. Ian Morris has argued for a dramatic improvement in Greek living standards between the 9th and the 4th centuries B.C. based upon the increase in the size and cost of housing. Moreover, Wolfram Hoepfner and Ernst-Ludwig Schwander have argued for the social and political significance of the striking egalitarianism in Greek housing. For Rome, Andrew Wallace-Hadrill and Paul Zanker have analyzed housing at Pompeii and Herculaneum, pointing out the existence of a large and relatively prosperous middle-income group. For the most part, however, such studies have failed to move from impressions to a full quantification of their results. Even Wallace-Hadrill’s superb study, which was based upon a carefully compiled survey and analyzed his sample to yield fascinating and valuable statistical evidence, left a number of possible avenues of analysis unexplored and eschewed quantitative, as opposed to impressionistic, comparisons with other cultures or historical periods.

I propose to examine a number of archaeological samples of Greco-Roman housing in the light of the housing, wealth and income distribution in a number of pre- and early industrial cultures. The study of housing further supports the evidence for Greco-Roman mean heights and agricultural productivity, and suggests that the distribution of income in both Greek and Roman society was likely to have been significantly more egalitarian than in most pre-industrial cultures. To cite just one implication of this research, I will argue that previous estimates of GDP per capita for the Roman empire proposed by Goldthwaite, Temin, Maddison, Scheidel & Friesen, and by Milanovic, Lindert, & Williamson would need to be adjusted significantly upwards."

This paper examines the economic impact of the 2020 pandemic on international Greek tourism receipts. The uncertainty and risk surrounding the epidemiological conditions make any reliable prognosis of the 2020 and beyond almost impossible. This study relies on information regarding the international pre-bookings of European destinations. According the to the European Union's Travel and Tourism Industry, pre-booking have fallen by 60 to 90 percent. Using these two extreme values and the average of the two, this study develops three scenarios to examine the impact of the pandemic on Greek tourism. In the best of the three scenarios, the contribution of Greek tourism to GDP will drop from 16% in 2019 to 6.6% in 2020. The output loss amounts to €16.8 billion.

"""L’articolo risponde alle aspre critiche mosse da Daniele e Malanima (Perché il Sud è rimasto indietro? Il Mezzogiorno fra storia e pubblicistica, Rivista di Storia Economica, 2014, n. 1) al mio ultimo libro (Perché il Sud è rimasto indietro, Il Mulino, 2013), circa la ricostruzione dei divari regionali in Italia e l’interpretazione della questione meridionale. Per quel che riguarda la ricostruzione dei divari, si mostra che: la mia procedura di stima per il 1871 è trasparente; la procedura di interpolazione realizzata da Da-niele e Malanima non è replicabile e si accompagna a risultati poco chiari; il metodo con il quale Daniele e Malanima dichiarano di essere passati dai confini storici ai confini attuali è incompatibile con i loro risultati; disponiamo oggi di una nuova ricostruzione per anni campione, ai confini attuali, più approfon-dita. Per quel che concerne la reinterpretazione del divario Nord-Sud, a mio giudizio Daniele e Malanima propongono una lettura parziale del mio lavoro, che li conduce a errori di interpretazione (ad esempio nel leggere i modelli econometrici) o a forzature polemiche; inoltre i due autori non considerano importanti o recenti contributi della ricerca storica (mentre supportano una certa pubblicistica storicamente inattendibi-le in circolazione sul Mezzogiorno) e fanno un utilizzo non sempre appropriato della letteratura economi-ca. Nemmeno la loro visione della storia, e all’interno di questa del comune mestiere di «costruttori di stime», a me sembra condivisibile.


The article responds to Daniele and Malanima’s harsh criticism (Perché il Sud è rimasto indietro? Il Mezzogiorno fra storia e pubblicistica, Rivista di Storia Economica, 2014, n. 1) of my last book (Perché il Sud è rimasto indietro, Il Mulino, 2013), about the reconstruction of regional disparities in Italy and the causes of the Italian North-South divide. For what concerns the estimates of regional GDP, it is shown that: my estimation procedure for 1871 was transparent; the interpolation procedure presented by Daniele and Malanima is not replicable, and its results look ambiguous; the procedure through which Daniele and Malanima claim to have converted regional estimates from historical to current borders is incompatible with their own results; nowadays, a new and more accurate estimate at current borders is available. Con-cerning the re-interpretation of the North-South divide, I find that Daniele and Malanima present my work in an unfair way, which leads them to a number of interpretative errors (as in reading the economet-ric results) and to specious controversies; furthermore, the two authors do not consider important or re-cent findings of the historical research (while at the same time supporting a historically unreliable journal-istic literature on Southern Italy) and refer to economic models in a way that is not always correct, neither accurate. They also champion a view of history which looks to me short-sighted and contradictory.""""

In this study, the causal nexus among carbon dioxide emission, electricity consumption, industrialization, and economic growth was examined in Benin for the periods between 1980 and 2012 using the autoregressive distributed lag approach. Evidence from the study shows that a 1% increase in electricity consumption will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 0.56% in the short run, a 1% increase in Benin's total electricity consumption will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 0.95% in the long run, while a 1% increase in industrialization will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 0.60% in the long run. In the quest to mitigate climate change, the study proposes an investment in clean and renewable energy sources to substitute the fossil fuels currently used for electricity production in Benin.

ABSRACT Foreign Direct Investment plays a major role in the advancement of technology, generating employment opportunities and promoting overall development of a country. Around 1990, India faced a huge BOP crisis due to which the policy makers felt the need to bring in the economic reforms in the name of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization. This resulted in huge inflow of foreign capital into India. An enormous growth after the liberalization of the Indian economy has made FDI an important constituent of its growth and development strategy. The objective of this paper is to study the impact of FDI on the employment generation capacity in India and it also finds correlation between GDP and employment. This paper tries to make an analysis of India's growth pace in post reform period. It try to analyze that whether the employment generation in India after reforms may be attributed to this liberalization policy and to opening up of the economy to rest of the world or not.

Remittances constitute a substantial part of a country’s
financial inflows. The size of remittances in some cases has surpassed the amount of foreign direct investment and other financial inflows. Considering the large size of remittances, it can have an influence over macroeconomic variables especially on GDP and balance of payments.
This study analyzes the relationship among remittances, balance of trade, inflation and GDP. The study used an annual dataset from 1978 to 2009. Stationarity of the variables has been checked by using ADF. The co-integration among variables has been analyzed by using the Engle Granger two step procedure and the Johnson’s co-integration method. A long run relationship has been found among workers’ remittances, GDP, inflation, and trade balances.

Since the early 1990s there have been several attempts to develop national income accounting systems which recognize the
negative impacts of environmental degradation and income inequalities on economic welfare. Collectively, these bgreenQ gross
domestic product (GDP) studies have generated a wealth of new time series data sets which can be used to reexamine the links
between GDP and a host of factors commonly included in traditional economic growth models. In this paper, we develop
models of green GDP growth and the gap between traditional and green GDP by using a panel data set from eight countries
spanning 30–50 years. In both the growth and gap models, the effects of economic openness are tested. We find strong and
robust results suggesting a negative nonlinear correlation between openness and green GDP growth and a positive nonlinear
correlation between openness and growth of the gap between traditional and green GDP. While green GDP accounting systems
are still in their infancy, our paper nonetheless implies that once these more comprehensive measures are fully developed,
empirical models which explore factors contributing to the growth of economic welfare over time should be reexamined.

Forgone output resulting from unemployment is a real concern for many countries including the United Kingdom
which managed to keep its unemployment rate at an average of 7% over the last 43 years. This paper provides an assessment of the unemployment-output relationship by examining the validity of Okun’s law, using quarterly time series data from 1971- 2013. The empirical evidences show negative correlation, implying that Okun’s law interpretation is applicable to United Kingdom, with economic growth rate of 1.8% required to keep unemployment constant. Meanwhile, the evolution of the unemployment rate is also influenced by other unforeseen variables like productivity, severe winter weather condition and the Diamond Jubilee in 2012.

Gross domestic product has become the comparative benchmark for the wealth and growth rates of nations. As a standardized measure, its success is unparalleled, but it excludes many inputs, such as environmental and social conditions that are increasingly sought by analysts as well as asset owners with very long time horizons. The author provides a concise history of GDP, which offers fertile ground for the consideration of future changes to its use and to the use of other inputs in the valuation of stocks and stock markets.

The study examines Stock Market development and economic growth in BRICS, Quarterly time series data for the period 1994QI to 2015Q4 were sourced from World Bank Indicator. The Panel Least Squares based on the fixed effect estimation was employed to determine how stock market development impacts on the economic growth of BRICS. Diagnostics tests were conducted to ascertain the robustness and stability of the regression results. The findings reveal that stock market development exerts significant impact on the economic growth. The study revealed that there is a positive correlation between stock market development indicators and BRICS’s economic growth. The study recommends that the weakness of each of the BRICS member country should be taken as policy focus and strategies necessary to strengthen them should be swiftly applied by the governments.

The historic crisis:  with COVID-19, the world has never experienced so universal, deep and dramatic a cliff-edge drop in human well-being. With three new cases a second, and four people dying every minute, as the month of August 2020 approaches, we are about to exceed the 17 million caseload mark, with over 750,000 deaths, up more than tenfold in the last three months alone. The impact is not just economic, but social, and indeed civilizational, as human behaviour and inter-personal trust, let alone intimacy, have taken a brutal and systemic shock. The assumptions of recent years about tectonic shifts in geo-politics and economics have been overturned by massive uncertainties, growing distrust in multilateral cooperation, and abrasive international rivalries that risk at any moment switching from hostility to outright conflict.

Abstract

The study aimed at measuring the impact of exports on economic growth, where exports are one of the most important areas of interaction between the local economy and the economies of the world, which lead to improving local productivity based on modern technology, that in turn contributes to increasing investment, providing hard currency and providing necessary resources for the production process. That enables countries to increase the competitiveness of the economy which play a vital role in increasing economic growth. The study showed that there is a positive relationship in the short and the long term between exports and GDP at a significant level of less than 0.005. A %1 increase in exports contributes to an increase of % 0.13in GDP. Exports have a strong impact on GDP and therefore on economic growth.

Since the late 1990s, remotely sensed night-time lights (NTL) satellite imagery has been shown to correlate with socioeconomic parameters including urbanization, economic activity, and population. More recent research demonstrates that multitemporal NTL data can serve as a reliable proxy for change over time in these variables whether they are increasing or decreasing. Time series analysis of NTL data is especially valuable for detecting, estimating, and monitoring socioeconomic dynamics in countries and subnational regions where reliable official statistics may be lacking. Until 2012, multitemporal NTL imagery came primarily from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS), for which digital imagery is available from 1992 to 2013. In October 2011, the launch of NASA/NOAA's Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite, whose Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensor has a Day/Night Band (DNB) specifically designed for capturing radiance from the Earth at night, marked the start of a new era in NTL data collection and applications. In light of these advances, this paper reviews progress in using multitemporal DMSP-OLS and VIIRS imagery to analyze urbanization, economic, and population dynamics across a range of geographic scales. An overview of data corrections and processing for comparison of multitemporal NTL imagery is provided, followed by a meta-analysis and integrative synthesis of these studies. Figures are included that visualize the capabilities of DMSP-OLS and VIIRS to capture socioeconomic change in the post-Soviet Russian Far East and war-torn Syria, respectively. Finally, future directions for NTL research are suggested, particularly in the areas of determining the fundamental causes of observed light and in leveraging VIIRS' superior sensitivity and spatial and radiometric resolution.

Our empirical tests generally support the hypothesis that up to
certain values of the average per capita income its growth tends to
lead to increased risks of sociopolitical destabilization, and only in
the upper range of this indicator its growth tends to be associated
with the decrease of sociopolitical destabilization risks. However,
our analysis has shown that for various indices of sociopolitical
destabilization this curvilinear relationship can be quite different in
some important details. On the other hand, we detect the presence
of a very important exception. We show that the relationship
between per capita GDP and the intensity of coups and coup
attempts is not curvilinear; in this case we are rather dealing with a
pronounced negative correlation; a particularly strong negative
correlation is observed between this index and the logarithm of GDP
per capita. We demonstrate that this fact makes the
abovementioned bell-shaped relationship with respect to the
integral index of sociopolitical destabilization considerably less
distinct and makes a very significant contribution to the formation
of its asymmetry (when the negative correlation between per capita
GDP and sociopolitical destabilization among the richer countries
looks much stronger than the positive correlation among poorer
countries). However, our analysis shows that for all the other
indices of sociopolitical destabilization we do witness the bellshaped
relationship. On the other hand, for example, in relation to
such indices, as political strikes, riots and anti-government
demonstrations we deal with such an asymmetry that is directly
opposite to that mentioned above - with such an asymmetry, when a
positive correlation between GDP and instability for poorer
countries is much stronger than the negative correlation for richer
countries.

A frequently asked question lately is whether the traditional measures of a country’s level of economic activity and progress, such as gross domestic product or gross national product, fail to account for the environmental issues. While these measures are highly reliable indicators that reflect the economic performance of a country, they largely ignore the depreciation of assets, non-market economy and especially the damages to the environment caused by growth. There is a consensus that these indicators, (especially) according to the concepts of sustainable development and green growth, appear to be poor measurements. Measuring progress on a complex and multi-dimensional scale and identifying relevant indicators are challenging tasks. No agreement exists yet on an analytical framework or a set of indicators to sustainable economic growth. Building the research on the alternative Green GDP measurement our goal is to provide an alternative ranking scheme by comprehensively considering both quantitative (common methodological algorithm) and qualitative (opportunity costs) features of the so-called green growth. The analysis will be demonstrated by calculating the Green GDP indicator for the variety of developing and developed countries for the period 2008 -2016. Namely, our results could serve to improve the level of debate on different green indicators and inform the wider public. We see this paper as a step forward for a growing academic platform on ‘green economy topics’, a step pointed towards improving, amending, evolving and promoting further development of green growth measurements and indicators.
 
Keywords: Green GDP, green growth, sustainable development, environment and ecology, a cross-country analysis