Fisheries Biology

The muscle wasting was noted in Kenya where Procambarus clarkii is alien species. It is believed that muscle wasting disease could be caused by some environmental factors that favour the accumulation of some water-born material on the gills with subsequent bacterial growth. Damage to the gill function results in overall hypoxia and gradual starvation.

The aim of this study was to assess and monitor the seasonal variations of physicochemical parameters (temperature, EC, TS, TDS, TSS, pH, DO, BOD, COD, CO R 3 R , HCO R 3 R El-Menoufia Governorate, Egypt from summer 2012 to spring 2013. Physicochemical characteristics of water varied significantly season to season and the most parameters values were significantly higher during summer at station I. All physicochemical parameters were below the permissible limits except TDS, BOD, COD and NH3 were higher in summer season at all stations. In case of heavy metals, As, Cd, Co, Sb, Se, Sn and V were not detectable (below the detection limits with ICP -OES Cu>Al> Zn>Ni>Pb>Cr>Ba and the highest concentrations of heavy metals were recorded in summer at Station I. The water of El-Bahr El-Pharaony drain is partially polluted with heavy metals so, it is recommended that strict vigilance and constant monitoring are needed to maintain water quality of the drain, which considered ...

The senatorial scallop Chlamys senatoria (Gmelin, 1791) is a commercially important species but poorly understood in the Philippines. To provide biological information for future conservation and management, the ecology and reproductive biology of the senatorial scallop in Gigantes Islands, Carles, central Philippines were investigated from June 2013 to May 2014. Ecological parameters were monitored during the sampling period. Scallops were collected monthly from the catches of hired divers. The samples were measured, dissected, and processed for histological analysis and fecundity was also determined. Results demonstrated that C. senatoria occurs in rocky and sandy areas at 18–22 m. Physico-chemical parameters showed minimal variations over an annual cycle with sea bottom water temperature of 25–27°C, salinity of 33–35, pH of 8.0–8.4, and dissolved oxygen of 5.6–6.7 mg/l. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of gonads confirmed that this species is dioecious with no apparent external dimorphism. Five distinct gonad stages were observed: developing, ripe, spawning, redeveloping, and spent. This species spawns throughout the year (protracted or continuous) with a major peak from December to February and a minor peak in August. Size at maturity (50% of population is mature) was 57.1 and 59.5 mm shell height for males and females, respectively. Fecundity ranged from 5.8×10 5 to 2.7×10 6 oocytes/female with a mean of 1.3×10 6 ± 5.4×10 5 oocytes/female. Harvesting of scallops should be regulated during the months of peak spawning activities (August and December to February) and sizes should be limited to individuals >59.5 mm shell height.

Lecithocladium angustiovum is identified from the stomach (87.33%) and the intestine (12.67%) of Indonesian short mackerel (Rastrelliger brachysoma). The description includes an elongated body; a mean total length of 1018.84 µm; and an ecsoma of 47.52% of the total length. The oral and ventral sucker ratio is 1:0.63, and the pharynx length is 97.42 µm. The sequence results were obtained by 18s rDNA gene sequencing of the 354 basepair (bp) DNA segment, and the mean base composition (%) was 17.7 A; 35.7 T; 29.6 G; and 17.1 C. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to demonstrate the genetic distance between L. angustiovum and sequences from Lecithocladium excisum, Dinurus longisinus, Plerurus digitatus and Lecithochirium caesionis obtained from GenBank.

The coastal demersal sciaenid fish “pescadinha” Macrodon atricauda has been intensely fished alongsouthern Brazil in the last 50 years, a fact that resulted in the decrease in its abundance, maximum ageand landings, and an increase in its growth. In this study, we used data from four discrete time periodsbetween 1976 and 2011 to analyze the possible influences of fishing on the maturation parameters length(L50, mm) and age (A50, years) at first maturity as well as on the spawning biomass. Results indicatedthat the L50of females and males decreased approximately 30 mm and the mean A50of females wasreduced from 2.2 to 1.6 years. The most plausible explanation is that these changes occurred by theharvest selective pressure of fishing implying lower fitness for individuals that mature at larger sizes.However, there is some evidence suggesting that the A50may also have been driven by the decrease inthe population abundance which relaxed density dependent effects responsible for delaying maturation.If constant recruitment is assumed, the increase in fishing effort and, hence, total mortalities, shouldhave reduced female spawning biomass to 13% of the virginal biomass; however, increased growth rateand earlier maturation resulted in a reduction to only 28%. Reduced spawning biomass combined with adecrease in the reproductive potential of the population (changes in A50and/or L50), can make recruitmentmore vulnerable to environmental drivers and to any further increase in the fishing effort.

Population parameters for Red Pandora, Pagellus bellottii (Steindachner, 1882) from the eastern coastline of Ghana, using length-frequency data from June 2014 to January 2015 were assessed. A total of 440 samples of Pagellus bellottii were measured for standard length and analyzed with FiSAT II. The asymptotic length (L ∞) and growth rate (K) were 19.43 cm and 0.42 per year. Theoretical age at birth (t 0) and growth performance index (ϕ) were-0.44 per year and 2.20. The age at first maturity (tm 50) and longevity (t max) were 2.2 years and 7 years. The Bhattacharya's method revealed three modal lengths groups: 9.3 cm, 12.1 cm, and 14.6 cm. Total mortality rate (Z), natural mortality rate (M) and fishing mortality rate (F) were 2.58 per year, 1.10 per year, and 1.48 per year. Exploitation rate (E current) and maximum exploitation rate (E max) were estimated as 0.57 and 0.93 respectively. The recruitment pattern was continuous with two major recruitment pulses. VPA outcome showed that mid-lengths of 11.5 cm and 12.5 cm experienced the highest harvesting rate. The fishing regime of Pagellus bellottii fell in the developed stage based on the quadrant rule. Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) was 7864.18 tons. Results from the study indicated the existence of growth overfishing with the present state of exploitation as a forewarning to the collapse of the fishery in future. With resilience of Red pandora within the medium category, incidence of overfishing will produce economic consequences. The developed stage of fishing suggested that maximization of yield per recruits will lead to low stock biomass of Red pandora.

The relationships between size (length and width) of the lagenar (asteriscus) and the utricular (lapillus) otoliths and body
length for five cyprinid fish species, freshwater bream Abramis brama, white bream Blicca bjoerkna, Prussian carp Carassius gibelio, brond-snout Chondrostoma regium, and rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus, collected from Lake Ladik from November 2009 through
October 2010, are presented. The right and left side measurements of otoliths were pooled in all cases except asteriscus length in
Prussian carp. Nonlinear and linear functions provided the best fit for 80% and 20% of all species, respectively. All relationships were
highly significant (P < 0.001, R2 > 0.71) and the mean percent prediction errors were less than 10%. The results showed that reliable
original size estimates of all species studied are obtainable from their otolith biometrics. The regressions from this study can be useful for investigators examining food habits of piscivorous fauna and sizes of these fishes in archaeological samples.

Recent observations suggest fishing pressure is driving the evolution of smaller female maturation size in some fish stocks. We construct a general size-based theoretical framework to derive the rate and ultimate destination of this evolution based on life-history, community ecology and evolutionary theory. For Baltic cod (Gadus morhua), we find a maximum evolutionary rate of approximately −36 g/generation (−0.072 Haldanes) and optimum maturation size &lt;250 g (mean≈50 g). Whilst this is consistent with many previous observations, it is substantially less than observed in rapidly declining cod stocks, suggesting additional evolutionary processes may affect them. Analysis of management remedies finds only an effective ban on fishing will halt the evolution. Unable to maximise fitness, the fish will remain under evolutionary stress for the foreseeable future.

BACKGROUND:
In spite of its indusrial usefulness and varied daily uses, lead (Pb) pollution is a widespread ecological problem that faces the humans in the 21th century. Pb was found to produces a wide range of toxic effects including neurotoxicity especially to the developing and young offspring. Recently, the utilization of herbal plants has received a significant attention where there has been rising awareness in their therapeutic use; among these is the garlic.
AIM OF THE WORK:
In light of the above, the current study is designed experimentally in female pregnant rats in order to investigate the beneficial role of garlic extract in the protection from the maternal and fetal cerebellar damage that produced by administration of different doses of Pb during pregnancy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Positively pregnant female rats were divided into five groups; one control group, two Pb-treated groups (exposed to 160 and 320 mg/kg b.wt. of Pb, respectively) and two groups treated with both Pb and garlic (exposed to Pb as previous groups together with 250 mg/ kg b.wt. /day of garlic extract). Treatments started from day 1 till day 20 of pregnancy, where the mother rats of different experimental groups were sacrified to obtain the fetuses. Pb level in the maternal nd fetal blood and cerebellum was estimated by spectrophotometry. Specimens of the cerebellum of different mother and fetal groups were processed to histological and immunohistochemical staining for microscopic examination.
RESULTS:
The results showed that administration of Pb to pregnant rats resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and fetuses in the form of decrease of maternal weight gain, placental and fetal weights, brain weight and diminished fetal growth parameters, which were prominent in rat's group treated with larger dose of Pb. In Pb-treated rats, Pb level in blood and cerebellum was high when compared to the control. The histopathological examination of the cerebellum of treated dams and fetuses showed marked alterations mainly in the form of Purkinje cell degeneration and lack of deveopmet of fetal cerebellum. Co-treatment of garlic extract along with Pb resulted in a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared with those treated with Pb alone with improvement of the histopathological changes.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study was useful in evaluating the hazardous effects of uncontrolled use of Pb in general and in assessing the developmental and neurotoxicity of fetuses due to exposure during pregnancy in particular. Co-administration of garlic has beneficial effects in amelioration of Pb-induced neurotoxicity and reversing the histopathological changes of the cerebellum of mother rats and fetuses.
KEYWORDS:
garlic; glial fibrillary acidic protein; lead; purkinje cells

Hiu martil (Sphyrna lewini Griffith & Smith, 1834) merupakan salah satu target tangkapan bagi perikanan artisanal di Indonesia. Dengan status konservasi masuk dalam Appendix II CITES, pengelolaan terhadap hiu martil telah menjadi perhatian khusus di bidang perikanan tangkap. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji beberapa aspek parameter populasi hiu martil yang tertangkap di perairan selatan Nusa Tenggara pada periode Januari – Desember 2015. Data ukuran panjang dan jenis kelamin diperoleh di Tempat Pendaratan Ikan Tanjung Luar, Lombok Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif menggunakan perangkat lunak FiSAT II. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 634 ekor hiu martil yang tertangkap didominasi oleh jenis kelamin betina dengan sebaran ukuran panjang total berkisar antara 81 – 320 cm (rerata 211,2 cm) dan jenis kelamin jantan berkisar antara 91 – 310 cm (rerata 176,9 cm). Dominasi kelompok hiu muda yang belum matang kelamin berpotensi terjadinya recruitment overfishing. Hiu martil mampu mencapai panjang asimtot 399 cm. Laju pertumbuhan dan mortalitas jenis hiu jantan lebih tinggi dibandingkan jenis betina. Populasi hiu martil telah mengalami kondisi tangkap lebih sehingga perlu adanya regulasi dan pengelolaan agar pemanfaatannya tetap lestari.

Kata Kunci: Hiu martil; Sphyrna lewini; parameter populasi; eksploitasi; Tanjung Luar

This article presents an overview of the long term trends in the trading patterns for salted herring in the area of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea and their hinterlands in the period of c. 1600-1850. The market is defined as ‘the interaction between supply and demand to determine the market price and corresponding quantity bought and sold.’  In this period the north European herring market underwent several changes. This is analysed from four different points of view:
The first main section examines the main trading routes for herring in Northern Europe by use of records from the Sound toll registers as well as from accounts of herring imports in the German North Sea and Baltic cities. Then a number of price series for various parts of northern Europe give indications for the long term development of prices of herring. Following this an analysis of the consumption patterns of salted herring is carried out, and finally the influence of mercantilist policies is evaluated.

Managing fisheries using length-based harvest regulations is common, but such policies often create trade-offs among conservation (e.g. maintaining natural age-structure or spawning stock biomass) and fishery objectives (e.g. maximizing yield or harvest numbers). By focusing harvest on the larger (older) fish, minimum-length limits are thought to maximize biomass yield, but at the potential cost of severe age and size truncation at high fishing mortality. Harvest-slot-length limits (harvest slots) restrict harvest to intermediate lengths (ages), which may contribute to maintaining high harvest numbers and a more natural age-structure. However, an evaluation of minimum-length limits vs. harvest slots for jointly meeting fisheries and conservation objectives across a range of fish life-history strategies is currently lacking. We present a general age- and size-structured population model calibrated to several recreationally important fish species. Harvest slots and minimum-length limits were both effective at compromising between yield, numbers harvested and catch of trophy fish while conserving reproductive biomass. However, harvest slots consistently produced greater numbers of fish harvested and
greater catches of trophy fish while conserving reproductive biomass and a more natural population age-structure. Additionally, harvest slots resulted in less waste in the presence of hooking mortality. Our results held across a range of exploitation rates, life-history strategies and fisheries objectives. Overall, we found harvest slots to represent a valuable option to meet both conservation and recreational fisheries objectives. Given the ubiquitous benefits of harvest slots across all life histories modelled, rethinking the widespread use of minimum-length limits is warranted.

This report presents the results of a study on necessary demands of fishing communities in the territorial waters of Somaliland carried out in Somaliland at the month of November 2018. At 674 km, Somaliland has enough coastline. The fisheries law establishes that the territorial sea of Somaliland is 12 nautical miles, the country’s declared 100 m EEZ, The Somaliland Coastline extends from just east of Loyade (at 43° 15’ 45” E) on the Djibouti border to just east of Elayo (at 48° 53’ E) on the border with Somalia (which mostly runs at 49° E). and the main islands off the coast are Mait Island in the east and the Sadadin and Aibat Islands in the west. The relative abundant potential of Somaliland’s EEZ comes with a challenge. It makes patrolling and surveillance for fisheries enforcement difficult. Nevertheless, Somaliland has enormous potential to develop marine fisheries. Given political stability, these resources could have a positive economic impact on the country.

A study of the biology of Indian mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817) in the Western Waters of Aceh, Indonesia was carried out from January to December 2014 and a total of 1343 Indian mackerels were collected randomly twice a month. The allometric coefficients (b) in the present study were between 2.625 and 3.449 with coefficient of determination (R 2) values that range between 0.612 and 0.984. The condition factor (K) ranged from 0.9176-1.4509. Asymptotic length (L∞) and growth coefficient (K) and t0 were estimated at 27.3 cm (TL) 0.56 y-1 and-0.526 y, respectively. The sex ratio of male to female was 1 : 1.02. Overall, the sex ratios were not different significantly (χ 2 = 26.757; df = 11 ; p<0.05). The data suggest that there are two spawning seasons, the first is from January to March and the second is from August to October. The monthly mean GSI values ranged from 0.32 to 3.37. The observation of length at first maturity of female was estimated as 19.58 cm (TL). The fecundity of R. kanagurta varied from 28,542 to 123,760 with an average of 56,635 eggs.

Managing fisheries through rapid environmental change requires diverse approaches for identifying and adapting to novel ecological conditions. For the Wisconsin Ceded Territory, we calculated 473 adult walleye (Sander vitreus) production (P), biomass (B), and P/B estimates for 1990-2012. Frequency distributions for production statistics were right-skewed, indicating the fishery is generally dominated by low production populations. Mean P, B, and P/B were significantly elevated in natural recruitment (NR) lakes compared with combination (NR + stocking) and stocked-only lakes. Furthermore, combination populations had significantly higher production compared with stocked-only lakes. In NR lakes, walleye productivity changed little over time; however, the proportion of NR populations has declined over time. In combination and stocked-only populations, there were significant temporal declines in P, B, and P/B, and the proportion of these lakes has increased through time. This study reveals the crucial link between fish recruitment potential and fish production, helping to explain why the regional walleye fishery is struggling. Causes for walleye recruitment and production declines remain unclear, but long-term shifts in fish habitats are likely involved (e.g., from climate change and indirect food web effects). Decreasing walleye production is an important and emerging fishery management challenge in the region and portends a need to adapt fisheries management systems collaboratively for future sustainability. Résumé : La gestion des ressources halieutiques dans un contexte de changements environnementaux rapides requiert des approches variées pour cerner les nouvelles conditions écologiques et s'y adapter. Pour le Wisconsin Ceded Territory, nous avons calculé 473 estimations de la production (P), de la biomasse (B) et du rapport P/B de dorés jaunes (Sander vitreus) adultes pour la période de 1990 à 2012. Les distributions de fréquences des statistiques sur la production étaient asymétriques vers la droite, indiquant que des populations de faible production sont généralement dominantes dans cette pêche. Les valeurs moyennes de P, B et P/B étaient significativement élevées dans les lacs à recrutement naturel (RN) par rapport aux lacs à recrutement combiné (RN + empoissonnement) et aux lacs à empoissonnement seulement. En outre, les populations de lacs à recrutement combiné avaient une production significativement plus élevée que celles des lacs à empoissonnement seulement. Dans les lacs RN, la productivité des dorés jaunes a peu varié dans le temps, alors que la proportion de populations de lacs RN a diminué. Dans les populations de lacs à recrutement combiné et de lacs à empoissonnement seulement, il y a eu des baisses significatives dans le temps des valeurs de P, B et P/B, et la proportion de ces lacs a augmenté au fil du temps. L'étude fait ressortir le lien crucial entre le potentiel de recrutement de poissons et la production de poissons, contribuant à expliquer pourquoi la pêche régionale au doré jaune est en difficulté. Les causes des baisses du recrutement et de la production de dorés jaunes demeurent incertaines, mais des changements à long terme des habitats des poissons y participent vraisemblablement (p. ex. découlant des change-ments climatiques et d'effets indirects sur les réseaux trophiques). La baisse de la production de dorés jaunes constitue un important nouveau défi pour la gestion de cette ressource dans la région et souligne la nécessité d'une approche collaborative pour adapter les systèmes de gestion afin d'assurer la pérennité de cette pêche. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

The present study was undertaken with a view to compare the precision and reliability of the age readings obtained from different bony structures of some important freshwater teleosts viz., Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Catla catla (Hamilton) and Channa marulius (Hamilton). Standard procedures were followed to prepare and study the age structures. In L. rohita and C. marulius percent agreement between reader's age estimates was highest for scales, i.e. 96.3% and 90.5%, respectively and in C. catla percent agreement was highest (93.3%) for opercular bone. When scale ages were compared with other alternative structures viz., otoliths, opercular bone, vertebral centra and dorsal fin rays, percent agreement was found highest between scale and opercular bone age estimates (77.8%) in L. rohita and between scale and otoliths (94.8%) in C. marulius. In case of C. catla highest percent agreement was found between opercular bone and scale age estimates. In L. rohita each of the ageing structure showed significant (P < 0.05) underestimation of age in comparison to scales. In C. catla mean age estimates from opercular bone were comparable (P > 0.05) to the values obtained from all other structures except dorsal fin rays. In C. marulius mean age estimates from scales were comparable (P > 0.05) to those from all other structures except from dorsal fin rays. Results indicated scales to be the most suitable structure for ageing L. rohita and C. marulius and opercular bone for C. catla. However, in C. catla also scales may be used as a non-destructive method of age estimation with satisfactory results.

The prevalence of vertebrate pests particularly birds and mammals bring about massive depredation to crops and fruits throughout the world. Among the birds, rose-ringed parakeets, house crows, house sparrows, common myna and a few others are very important from economic point of view in Pakistan. House crow is unquestionably the ruthless bird pest causes extensive damage not only to the seeds of valuable crops but also to seedlings. Different chemical repellents have been reported to manage the bird damage throughout the world. Present study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of methylanthranilate and anthraquinone against house crow to control the damage of maize seeds and seedlings in the captivity. By providing seeds and seedlings treated with different concentrations of repellents the best concentration was evaluated by comparing the consumed and unconsumed seeds and seedlings. Feeding responses of these birds against different doses of these repellents were investigated with the help of the closed circuit cameras in the aviary conditions. In whole experiment among trial and control group highly significant difference (P<0.01) was seen. Among repellents anthraquinone was found more effective than methylanthranilate and showed highly significant (P<0.01) difference when seeds of maize were offered to house crows while both methylanthranilate and anthraquinone have statistically non-significant (P>0.05) difference when seedlings of maize were provides to house crows. Among concentrations a highly significant (P<0.01) variation was computed. Videotaped examination pointed out that house crows were influenced quickly by consuming maize seeds treated with higher concentration of both repellent. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/

The traditional terminology of &#39;scythe&#39; or &#39;sickle&#39; shaped is observed to be flawed as an effective descriptor for pectoral fin shape in pachycormids. The diversity of pachycormid pectoral fin shapes is assessed across the 14 recognised genera that preserve complete pectoral fins, and improved terms are defined to more effectively describe their form, supported by anatomical observation and aspect ratio analysis of individual fins, and corroborated by landmark analysis. Three clear and distinct pectoral fin structural morphotypes emerge (falceform, gladiform, falcataform), reflecting a diversity of pachycormid lifestyles throughout the Mesozoic, from agile pursuit predator to slow-cruising suspension feeder.

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Abstract: The freshwater ornamental fishes in the Lower Manair Dam were studied from August-2012 toJuly-2013. Samples were collected every week with help of local fishermen by using fishing nets and bamboo traps. In one year study period, 53 species of ornamental fishes were recorded in Lower Manair Dam. The recorded fishes belong to 8 orders, out of these orders cypriniformes was dominant with 23 species contributes 43.40% in 2 families followed by Perciformes 11 species (20.76%) 6 families, Siluriformes 9 species (16.98%) in 5 families, Channiformes 4 species (7.85%) in 1 family, Beloniformes 2 species (3.77%) 2 families, Angulliformes 2 species (3.77%) 1 family, Osteoglossiformes one species and Mogiliformes one species (1.87%) in each family. Of these, 13 species were abundant, 13 species were common, 19 species were moderate and seven species were rare. Family cyprinidae was dominant with 10 genera and genus Puntius was dominant with 5 species followed by other species, IUCN (2013.2) and CAMP (1998) conservation status of each fish was listed.
Key words: Ornamental fishes, Cypriniformes, IUCN, CAMP.

This study examined the feasibility of gear substitution as a means to reduce bycatch and habitat impacts of fisheries, using a social-ecological systems approach. The U.S. west coast sablefish fishery is an excellent subject for this study, because it permits three different gear types and has a problem with bycatch of overfished species. Bycatch rates were highest in trawls and lowest in pots.  Combining interview data with findings from a previous study, affirmed that habitat impacts were highest with trawls and lowest with longlines. Interviews with 44 individuals analyzed using grounded theory  yielded several common themes in the opinions of gear substitution. Positive opinion themes included that it would allow better management of the fish populations by reducing bycatch and would allow more business options, flexibility, and increased profit for some trawlers. The main negative opinion theme was that gear substitution could decrease landings needed to support shoreside infrastructure.  Most stakeholder groups saw some benefit in gear substitution. Notably, the trawlers voiced a unanimous preference for converting to pots rather than longlines.  A scenario analysis revealed that the preferable management option would be long-term gear conversion, but incentives are likely to be an important means of encouraging gear conversion. This ecological impacts rapid assessment provided a regional assessment of bycatch and habitat impacts that had never been conducted before for these gear types. It also provided scientific support for a regulatory change that legally allows trawlers to practice gear substitution.