Fish Physiology

Anestesi merupakan salah satu cara yang dapat digunakan untuk menekan aktivitas metabolisme ikan sehingga dapat bertahan hidup dan tidak mengalami stres selama proses transportasi. Ekstrak serai dapat digunakan sebagai bahan anestesi pada ikan karena mengandung senyawa-senyawa aktif seperti citral, geraniol, dan myrcene yang memiliki sifat antiseptik, anti-inflamasi, dan analgesik. Senyawa-senyawa ini dapat mempengaruhi sistem saraf pusat ikan dan menyebabkan ikan menjadi pingsan. Penelitian ini memiliki beberapa tujuan, diantaranya yaitu untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari perbedaan jumlah ekstrak serai pada setiap sampel terhadap lama masa pingsan ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio) dan ikan komet (Carassius auratus); untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari perbedaan jumlah ekstrak serai pada setiap sampel terhadap lama masa pulih ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio) dan ikan komet (Carassius auratus); dan untuk mengetahui dosis optimal pemberian ekstrak serai sebagai bahan anestesi pada (Cyprinus carpio) dan ikan komet (Carassius auratus). Fisiologi hewan merupakan salah satu cabang ilmu biologi yang mempelajari fungsi dan fenomena yang terjadi pada hewan dengan kondisi sehat serta cara mereka melakukan aktivitas.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of Nile tilapia O. niloticus fed different levels of potato peels (PP). The different levels of potato peels in different experimental diets were 0 (control), 15, 30, 45 and 60% of maize percentage (all diets were isonitrogenous (25% CP) and isocaloric (3300 ME/kg diet) P/E ratio of 90 mg protein/kcal (ME). During the experimental period diets were fed to Nile tilapia O. niloticus fingerlings for 6 days /week at 3% of live body weight through 12 weeks experimental period. 300 fingerlings (25±0.3g) were randomly distributed to five treatments and each treatment had triplicates. The greatest increase in daily body weight gain was (2.25g) of fish were fed on diets (30%) of PP, this was followed by PP60(1.97g), while the least increase in body weight was (1.72g) in PP15. No significant differences were observed between the control and treatments groups in specific growth rate (SGR%) and feed conversion rate (FCR%). In Nile tila...

Artificial breeding trial of Mugil cephalus L. using hormones was conducted from August, 2014 to February, 2015 in a fish hatchery, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. In this experimental trial, average one kg sized M. cephalus were collected from wild and reared in saline-water ponds to breed in captivity through hormone induction. The salinity of rearing ponds was maintained between 20 – 25ppt and in hatchery 24 – 25ppt with 22 – 25oC temperature. Carp pituitary glands (CPG), HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin) and LRH-A2 (Luteinizing releasing hormone) were used for hypophysation. The effective dosages of CPG 30mg/kg body weight, LRH-A2 150μg/fish with combination of 0.3 mL Domperidone and 0.5 mL Calcium injection, and HCG dose of 30,000 IU in case of female and 5,000 IU in case of male resulted spawning success. The GSI value of fecund fishes ranged from 7.92 to 12.38, egg diameter of matured fish between 550 to 600μm and that of fertilized egg from 650 to 700μm. Fecundity was calculated a...

Glyphosate-based herbicides are widely used in agricultural systems. Although the target organism are particularly plant organisms, there are numerous studies showing adverse effects in aquatic animals, such as inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase, effects on kidney, liver, and gill and stressors effects. This study analyzed the effects of commercial formulation of glyphosate on feeding behavior in Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Fish were exposed to three glyphosate concentrations (0.2, 0.6, and 1.8 ppm) for 15 days. At concentrations of 0.2 and 0.6 ppm, food intake decreased on day 13 and then returned to normal on day 15. At the highest glyphosate-based herbicide concentration, 1.8 ppm, food consumption decreased dramatically and did not recover on day 15. This study showed that glyphosate-based herbicide at sub-lethal concentrations can affect feed intake in pacu and consequently inhibits its growth.

The aim of this study was to compare physiological responses in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri) induced by propofol and CO2 anaesthesia. Two procedures were applied during the experiment. In procedure I, blood samples were collected immediately after exposure (1, 2, 5, 10 min) to the anaesthetic. In procedure II, fish were exposed to the anaesthetic for 10 minutes and then were moved to anaesthetic free water. Blood was sampled after 5, 10, 20 or 30 min of recovery time. Gasometrical and biochemical analyses were performed on collected blood. In CO2 anaesthetized fish strong hypercapnic acidosis was revealed. The drop of the HCO3−/CO2 ratio, from 28:1 in control fish up to 4:1 in CO2 anaesthetized ones, proved that the compensation mechanism is not capable of preventing acidosis during CO2 anaesthesia in Siberian sturgeon. In contrast, only moderate, respiratory acidosis occurred in sturgeons anaesthetised with propofol. Hypercapnic acidosis during CO2 anaesthesia was followed b...

The cannibalistic behavior of Asian redtail catfish greatly hampers the supply of these fish seeds, invoking the need to be controlled. Estradiol is one of the hormones that has been known to reduce cannibalistic behavior on fish. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of estradiol-17β immersion on the incidence of cannibalism in the rearing of post larvae of Asian redtail catfish. Post larvae was treated with a combination of doses of estradiol hormone 0, 1, and 2 ppm and immersion time of two and four hours with immersion intervals of three and six days with a completely randomized design. Each treatment had a fish density of 10 fish L-1, with mean size individual length of 6.73 ± 0.73 mm (three days of age after hatched), with four replications. Fish were fed with tubifex up until satiation point and reared for 30 days. The results showed that the administration of the estradiol-17β through immersion with a dose of 1 ppm for two hours and interval of six days was able to reduce the level of cannibalism and increase the survivability. A further increase in dose, immersion time, and interval had the opposite effect. Estradiol-17β immersion with certain dose, duration, and interval affected the rate of cannibalism, growth rate, and survival. Estradiol-17β immersion at a dose of 1 ppm for two hours and six days interval was the best to reduce the level of cannibalism and normal mortality in post larvae of Asian redtail catfish.

This thesis deals with the feeding management of salmonids, from the calculation of the daily feed requirement to the presentation and delivery of that ration taking into consideration the feeding behaviour. The digestible energy need (DEN) to grow 1 kg of wet body weight was ...

Fish products comprise an important ingredient in the human diet to upgrade their nutritional standards. While nutritional
value of fish obviously depends on their biochemical composition. In the present study, an effort has been made to compare the
biochemical compositions of freshwater fish eggs of Labeo rohita and Anguilla anguilla, in the following aspects: protein,
carbohydrate, lipid, RNA, DNA, sodium and potassium. Samples of eggs and were collected from the resident market of the Amravati
city. Findings of the study reveal that, the carbohydrate, protein, RNA and potassium content in eggs of Anguilla anguilla were found
more as compared to the eggs of Labeo rohita. These results shows that, under controlled conditions, fish fed with natural food grow
quickly and do not develop external body malformations.

Blood glucose concentration, liver and kidney gluconeogenic enzyme activites were investigated during a six-day fasting period in ducklings (English heavy breed Peking Duck). Food deprivation commenced when ducklings reached the age of twenty-eight days. Normally fed ducklings were used as a control group. The ducklings were sacrificed by decapitation after a fasting period of three, four, five and six days, and blood and tissue samples were collected from both groups for analysis. During the experiment the concentration of blood glucose was above 6 mmol/L in both the control and experimental groups, except on experimental day three. Significiant rises in glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9) (G6Pase) activites in the liver were observed on starvation days four, five and six (P=0.0012, P=0.0109, P=0.0279), and in the kidney on starvation days five and six (P=0.0373, P=0.0206, respectively). Hepatic fructose-1.6-bis-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) (FDPase) activity showed a significant differ...

The utilization of garlic (Allium sativum) and Elodea canadensis powdered mixture as a growth enhancer for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in controlled environments was investigated to ascertain its efficacy. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of this mixture on the length, girth, and weight of Nile tilapia over a four-month experimental period at Laguna State Polytechnic University. Results indicated notable differences between the initial and final measurements of the fishes in both groups. In the control group, the initial mean length was 0.77cm, increasing to 1.35cm by the end of the experiment, with an overall mean difference of 0.57cm. Similarly, significant increases were observed in girth and weight. Conversely, the experimental group exhibited substantial growth enhancement. The initial mean length, girth, and weight were 0.87cm, 1.90cm, and 1.99g, respectively, all experiencing remarkable increments to 4.52cm, 9.04cm, and 5.68g by the study's conclusion. Standard deviations reflected consistency within each group, although the experimental group demonstrated slightly higher variability. The findings suggest that the garlic and Elodea canadensis mixture effectively promotes the growth of Nile tilapia, resulting in substantial improvements in length, girth, and weight compared to the control group. This indicates its potential as a viable growth enhancer for tilapia farming, particularly in oligotrophic environments like Pandin Lake.

Human population growth and its associated effects on the environment contribute to the rapid decrease of biodiversity worldwide. Artificial light at night (ALAN) is an anthropogenic pollutant that is increasing with the spread of urbanization and may contribute to biodiversity declines. ALAN alters the migration patterns of birds, communication in frogs, and impacts reproduction, behavior, and physiology of multiple other taxa. However, most of the studies on ALAN are based on terrestrial systems, and overall, the effects of ALAN on freshwater organisms are poorly understood. We investigated how ALAN affects the physiology, behavior, and reproduction of a widespread, tolerant species of freshwater fish.Gambusia affinisare small livebearing fish often found in urban streams. We exposed groups of femaleG. affinisto either a natural light cycle or a constant 24-h light cycle (ALAN) in the laboratory for 60 days. In another experiment, we exposed femaleG. affinisto the same treatments ...

Ecosystems worldwide are struggling with increasingly high levels of human-induced stressors, impacting their ecological health at local, regional, and global scales. Among the factors affecting freshwater organisms, temperature stands out, especially given the recent escalation of global warming, with possible adverse effects. In this study, we examined the basal levels of oxidative stress parameters in the round goby Neogobius melanostomus, spanning its native and non-native ranges of occurrence. We aimed to assess five populations across transcontinental scale (Turkey, Croatia, Slovakia, Poland, Finland) to determine whether individuals already experiencing conditions other than their thermal optimum (such as those in Turkey and Finland) would display elevated non-enzymatic indicators (level of lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione levels) and enzymatic indicators (activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity) of oxidative stress compared to those inhabiting milder ecosystems. The results obtained did not align with our initial predictions. The native Turkish population exhibited the lowest values for both antioxidants and oxidative damage, indicating an efficient redox system in this species. All tested parameters showed variation among populations, as well as between tissues and sexes. Temperature did not emerge as significant factor in any of the parameters tested, while for glutathione peroxidase, our analysis indicated a positive relationship with enzyme activity and salinity. The lack of a continuous latitudinal pattern in the non-native populations suggests the species’ potential for adaptive shifts, indicating superior adaptive abilities, especially in human affected ecosystems, rather than strictly adhering to environmental gradients.

Air merupakan salah satu komponen penting dalam kehidupan ikan, karena di dalam air ikan dapat hidup, tumbuh, dan berkembang. Ikan
membutuhkan habitat yang sesuai agar dapat hidup sehat dan tumbuh secara optimal. Parameter kualitas air pada proses budidaya ikan berperan dalam menciptakan suasana lingkungan hidup ikan. Osmoregulasi merupakan proses mengatur konsentrasi cairan dan menyeimbangkan pemasukan serta pengeluaran cairan tubuh dikarenakan adanya perbedaan konsentrasi cairan tubuh dengan lingkungan sekitarnya. Jika sebuah sel menerima terlalu banyak cairan maka akan mengalami plasmolisis, begitupun sebaliknya jika terlalu sedikit air maka sel akan mengerut dan mati. Hal ini disebabkan adanya tekanan osmotik antara cairan pada tubuh ikan dan lingkungan. Osmoregulasi juga berfungsi sebagai sarana untuk membuang zat-zat yang tidak diperlukan oleh sel atau organisme hidup

In Nigeria major cities face serious water pollution crises, in which lack of environmental control of water-dependent activities play an important part. This generates unpleasant implications for health and economic development since most urban and rural areas depend upon lakes and rivers for their water supplies. A study of catfish from Asejire Lake (located at the outskirt of Ibadan, a major city in Oyo State of South-West Nigeria) was carried out to assess the level of contamination due to effluents from various industries in Ibadan, Oyo State particularly the Nigerian Bottling Company, Plc (NBC). The industrial site is located close to the lake and is known to be passing effluent to it. Heavy metals analysis was carried out by the use of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) using an air-acetylene flame in the Alpha-4 ChemTech spectrophotometer. The result shows that Fe had the highest concentration (11.9 ppm), this was evidenced by an absorption peak at 406 nm and the h...

In this study, bacterial load of Hilsha (Tenualosa ilisha) collected from different catching points, open market and department shop was determined. Samples collected from catching points contained considerably more bacteria than those collected from open market or department shop. This result indicated that fish traders might use some preservatives that reduced the bacterial load. Besides, fish from department shop contained more bacteria than fishes from open market. The possible reason for this variation might be due to fact that the unsold fishes were kept longer times in the department shops. Among the different parts of fish body, maximum number of bacteria was found in scale and skin followed by gill, gut and muscle. High number of coliform bacteria was also found in the samples tested. Proper handling and precautions is important for maintaining the quality of Hilsha.Keywords: Bacterial load, Hilsha (Tenualosa ilisha), Coliform, Faecal coliformDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/...

Studies on high altitude physiology have gained importance because of the popula~ity of mountaineering sports and the necessity for the defence to man our mountainous northern frontier. The comprehensive reviews by Hurhdol, Van Liere and Stickney2, Weihe3, Pugh4-6, Ward7 and many others have covered different aspects of the biological changes due to altitude exposure and the physiological adaptive @echanism for acclimatization to hypoxic environment. In recent years large volum~s of literature on different aspects of high altitude physiology bave mounted a t such a rate that it is no longer feasible to review the entire field in a single short paper. In this review, anattempt has been made to describe the possible factors which may affect the metabolism of '8dipose tissue' under hypobaric condition. 'Adipose tissue' has b 6 n selected as a subject for discussion because of its importance as a storage organand for its high sensitiveness to hormonal and nutritional cha...

Population parameters for Red Pandora, Pagellus bellottii (Steindachner, 1882) from the eastern coastline of Ghana, using length-frequency data from June 2014 to January 2015 were assessed. A total of 440 samples of Pagellus bellottii were measured for standard length and analyzed with FiSAT II. The asymptotic length (L∞) and growth rate (K) were 19.43 cm and 0.42 per year. Theoretical age at birth (t0 ) and growth performance index (ϕ) were -0.44 per year and 2.20. The age at first maturity (tm50) and longevity (tmax) were 2.2 years and 7 years. The Bhattacharya’s method revealed three modal lengths groups: 9.3 cm, 12.1 cm, and 14.6 cm. Total mortality rate (Z), natural mortality rate (M) and fishing mortality rate (F) were 2.58 per year, 1.10 per year, and 1.48 per year. Exploitation rate (Ecurrent) and maximum exploitation rate (Emax) were estimated as 0.57 and 0.93 respectively. The recruitment pattern was continuous with two major recruitment pulses. VPA outcome showed that mid...

Following the declining stocks of Sardinella aurita within the coastal waters of Ghana, this study aimed at examining some population parameters of Sardinella aurita as a guide for managing this important stock sustainably. Length-frequency data of 717 samples were obtained from June, 2014 to January 2015 and measured for total length with the resultant data analyzed using FiSAT II. The asymptotic length (L∞) and growth rate (K) were 21.53 cm SL and 0.25yr-1 respectively. The theoretical age at birth (t0), longevity (tmax) and growth performance index (ϕ) were -0.74yr-1, 12 years and 1.849 respectively. Total mortality rate (Z), natural mortality rate (M) and fishing mortality rate (F) were 3.17, 0.76 and 2.41yr-1 respectively. The ages at first recruitment and first capture signaled future collapse of the stock, in the absence of proper management interventions. VPA outcome showed that mid- lengths of 11 cm and 12 cm SL experienced the highest harvesting rate with MSY estimated at ...