Fine Aggregate

Nowadays, the usage amount of the concrete is increasing drastically. The construction industry is a huge consumer of natural consumer. It is also producing the huge wastage products. The usage of concrete has been charged to be not environmentally friendly due to depletion of reserve natural resources, high energy consumption and disposal issues. The conservation of natural resources and reduction of disposal site by reuse and recycling waste material was interest possibilites. The aim of this study is to determine the physical and mechanical properties of sand cement brick containing recycled concrete aggregate and to determine the optimum mix ratio containing recycled concrete aggregate. An experiment done by comparing the result of control specimen using 100% natural sand with recycled concrete aggregate replacement specimen by weight for 55%, 65%, and 75%. The sample was tested under density, compressive strength, flexural strength and water absorption to study the effect of using recycled concrete aggregate on the physical and mechanical properties of bricks. The result shows that the replacement of natural sand by recycled concrete aggregate at the level of 55% provide the highest compressive and flexural strength compared to other percentage and control specimen. However, if the replacement higher than 55%, the strength of brick was decreased for compressive and flexural strength, respectively. The relationship of compressive-flexural strength is determined from statistical analysis and the predicted result can be obtained by using equation f f,RCA = 0.5375 (f c) 0.3272 .

The environment and ecological systems are suspected of serious drawbacks as a result of the over-extraction of river sand for construction activities. An attempt was made in this research on completely replacing river sand in lime-cement masonry mortars with blended sands comprised of manufactured sand and offshore sand. The S and N types (as defined in the standards) were selected for producing masonry mortars with different sand contents. For each type, five mortars were prepared to contain river sand alone (reference mortar), manufactured sand alone, and three blended sands (replacing manufactured sand by offshore sand at 25%, 50%, and 75%). Because of the dominant roles of particle angularity, surface roughness, and gradation of the alternatives, the performance of mortars was evaluated and compared based on these sand characteristics. Furthermore, the level of statistical significance of the experiment results was analyzed from a single factor one-way ANOVA test. Outcomes of this research revealed that the blended sands and manufactured sand declined the fresh state performance of mortars than the river sand mortars. However, most of the stiffened and durability properties of alternative mortars were significantly advanced than the reference mortars.

Waste glass has raised lots of environmental concerns all around the world. It is very troublesome to manage the produced waste glass. Every year large amounts of waste glass are getting piled up on landfill all around the world. Lots of research and investigation are being performed to manage the produced waste glass but failed to provide a reasonable solution for this emerging problem. We have experimented on concrete cubes of 10 cm size and M20, M25 and M30 grade. Here crushed waste glass is used to replace the fine aggregate up to some proportion as a filler material that may be a better solution. Along with the compressive strength test, slump, dry unit weight and chemical resistance test was performed to evaluate basic concrete properties and present here in this paper.

Concrete is the leading construction material in the region of the world and used in structural works, including infrastructure, low and high rise buildings. It is a man made artifact, essentially consisting of a combination of cement, aggregates, admixture s and water. Inert granular materials such as natural and crushed stone or gravel form the main part of the aggregates. Conventionally aggregates have been available at economical prices as well as of qualities to suit the entire purposes. But, the continued wide withdrawal of aggregates has been questioned as of the depletion of quality main aggregates and greater awareness of environmental safety. In this research, I have replaced the coarse aggregate partially by using asbestos cement sheet waste. Therefore, I have planned to prepared some number of cubes and beams, using asbestos cement sheet waste at various proportions like 0 , 5 , 10 and 15 by weight of coarse aggregate The properties for fresh concrete are tested for Comp...

In this project experimental investigation carried out in concrete by use of natural waste material where cement replace by corn cob ash and coarse aggregate by steel slag for protect our environment, give better comparative strength than conventional concrete. The corn cob ash used to replace cement partially in specified ratio 5%, 10% and steel slag obtain the replacement aggregate partially in specified ratio 40%, 50% used. The following test were carried out and made comparative study with conventional concrete such as compressive strength , split tensile strength, flexural strength at the age of 7,14,28 days are conducted for the specimen also enclosed results of their replacement. Keywords: Ordinary Portland cement, corn cob ash (CCA), Fine aggregate, coarse aggregate & steel slag (SS) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

The environment and ecological systems are suspected of serious drawbacks as a result of the over-extraction of river sand for construction activities. An attempt was made in this research on completely replacing river sand in lime-cement masonry mortars with blended sands comprised of manufactured sand and offshore sand. The S and N types (as defined in the standards) were selected for producing masonry mortars with different sand contents. For each type, five mortars were prepared to contain river sand alone (reference mortar), manufactured sand alone, and three blended sands (replacing manufactured sand by offshore sand at 25%, 50%, and 75%). Because of the dominant roles of particle angularity, surface roughness, and gradation of the alternatives, the performance of mortars was evaluated and compared based on these sand characteristics. Furthermore, the level of statistical significance of the experiment results was analyzed from a single factor one-way ANOVA test. Outcomes of this research revealed that the blended sands and manufactured sand declined the fresh state performance of mortars than the river sand mortars. However, most of the stiffened and durability properties of alternative mortars were significantly advanced than the reference mortars.

There is now a significant worldwide interest to solve the environmental problems caused by industrial waste and other materials by including such materials in the manufacture of concrete.This technology has been introduced in India in construction, a decade ago, for specific requirement namely footpaths, parking areas etc. but now being adopted extensively in different uses where the conventional construction of pavement using bituminous mix or cement concrete technology is not feasible or desirable. The characteristics of concrete containing fine crushed glass during its process, the best ratio of fine crushed glass which leads to higher strength of concrete in order to produce concrete blocks, and the effect of waste glass replacement on the expansion caused by Alkali-silica reaction (ASR). This study looked at the feasibility of waste glass inclusion as partial FA replacement systems. Properties of concrete incorporating waste glass as partial substitution for FA amounts of 15%, 30% and 45% were investigated. The waste glass material used was obtained waste collectors. The results obtained show clearly that glass enhances the compressive strength properties of the final concrete product. The study indicated that waste glass can effectively be used as fine aggregate replacement (up to 45%) without substantial change in strength.

In the present scenario, several buildings are being constructed ranging from ordinary residential buildings to sky-scrap structures. Invariably in all the structures, concrete plays a vital role in construction. Generally concrete is a mixture of cement, fine aggregate (River sand), coarse aggregate, water and type of admixtures used depends upon the situations. Now-a-days good sand is extracted and transported from river bed being in a long distance. The extraction of sand has become a serious issue, posing environmental degradation, thereby causing serious threats of flood or diversion of water flow. Never the less the resources are also exhausting very rapidly and economical. To overcome from this crisis, partial replacement of cement with fly ash and fine aggregate with Thermocol can be an economic alternative. This project focuses on investigating the characteristics of M25 grade of concrete with cement partially replace with fly ash 35%, 40% and fine aggregate replace with thermocol 0.2%,0.3% respectively. The compressive strength of concrete is increases from 33.25 N/mm2 to 35.5 N/mm 2 at 35% of fly ash and 0.2% of thermocol replacement; increases from 33.25 N/mm 2 to 36.8 N/mm 2 at 40% of fly ash and 0.3% of thermocol replacement.

ABSTRACT. The choice of aggregates is essential, their properties are of a great importance. Aggregates may not only limit concrete strength, but due to their characteristics, they affect the durability and the structural performances of concrete. After studies on the quality of sand for concrete used in the northern and middle region of Algeria, it was concluded that fining modulus of these sands do not respect the current norms any more. Thus this influences the mechanical strength of mortars and concretes. The work presented in this article studies the quality of this soft sand, and is oriented to the correction of its granular gradation by the addition of some wastes such as the bricks and the pound glass through treatment of the effect of this correction over the quality of the obtained concrete. The obtained results are promising.

RÉSUMÉ. Le choix des granulats est indispensable, leurs qualité revête une grande importance, non seulement les granulats peuvent limiter la résistance du béton, mais selon leurs propriétés ils affecteront la durabilité et les performances structurales du béton. Après des études faites sur la qualité des sables pour bétons utilisés dans la région du nord et du centre de l'Algérie, il a été conclu que les modules de finesse de ces sables ne répondent plus au normes en vigueur, se qui influence la résistance mécanique des mortiers et bétons. Le travail présenté dans cet article étudié la qualité de ce sable fin, et s'oriente vers la correction de sa granulométrie par l'ajout de quelques déchets tels que la brique et le verre broyés, en traitant l'effet de cette correction sur la qualité des bétons obtenus. Les résultats obtenus sont prometteurs.

— Concrete is a dominant part of construction industry. In India, ordinary concrete contains natural sand obtained from riverbeds as fine aggregates. In recent times with a boost in construction activities, there is a significant increase in the consumption of concrete causing the scarcity of natural sand. Because of several environmental issues thereby government imposing a ban on the uncontrolled use of natural sand. This has resulted in the significant rise in cost of natural sand. Therefore, to find a substitute to river sand has become the necessary in last two decades. The progressive use of crushed sand will conserve the natural resources for the sustainable development of the concrete in construction industry.

A massive variety of plastic wastes were amassed from several places which includes tourist and public places and so forth., plastic baggage are collected, cleaned, and used as a substitute for cement within the production of paver blocks. Plastic waste is available in large amount and therefore the value thing comes down. Whilst we having waste plastic then we are able to use as reuse, recycle and reduce. understand of what you do, pay attention to the items you purchase, and always check your self to peer in case you want it or if it comes in a package deal with much less waste. Plastic is a non-biodegradable cloth. The amount of plastic waste in municipal solid waste is increasing rapidly daily. Plastic is crafted from hydrocarbons determined in different sources like oil, coal and a few other minerals. on the time of want, plastic is observed to be very useful but after its use, it's far in reality thrown away, growing all sorts of risks. Plastic is of the numerous different sorts which includes high density poly-ethylene (hdpe), low density polyethylene (ldpe), hd, and so on. as a result, these waste plastics is to be correctly utilised in making paver blocks. Plastic are easy and delivered with the sand and aggregate at diverse percentage to gain excessive energy paver to address pollutants and to reduce the overall fee of construction.

— Waste paper sludge is waste product of paper industry, during manufacturing of paper white mud comes out during the process is called paper sludge or hypo sludge or brine sludge. This project is based on the viability of use of waste paper sludge, an industrial waste comes out during manufacturing of paper as partial replacement of cement in cement concrete. Concrete is widely used building material which is used all over the world. Cement which is used as a binding material in concrete contain silica, this cement release poisonous gages during hydration of cement and pollute environment. Although cement is also a costly material, using waste material as partial replacement of cement can save environment and also make concrete economical. Particular this study is based on utilization of paper sludge as partial replacement of cement in concrete, M30 and M40 concrete is manufactured which contains paper sludge 5% to 40% at interval of 5%. Concrete which contains waste paper is tested for compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength, also slump cone test to check workability.

— Common river sand is expensive due to excessive cost of transportation from natural sources. Also large-scale depletion of these sources creates environmental problems. As environmental transportation and other constraints make the availability and use of river sand less attractive, a substitute or replacement product for concrete industry needs to be found. River sand is most commonly used fine aggregate in the production of concrete poses the problem of acute shortage in many areas. Whose continued use has started posing serious problems with respect to its availability, cost and environmental impact? An attempt has also been made for strength studies on concrete made up of grit when compared with the concrete made up of Artificial Sand and Natural Sand. Use of grit as a fine aggregate in concrete draws serious attention of researchers and investigators.

An experimental study had made on waste product and utilizing it for manufacturing of concrete. The disposal of waste tires is becoming a major waste management problem in the world at the moment. The results of an experimental investigation to study the effects of partial replacement of cement with flay ash in rubberized concrete. The percentage of rubber used in this study was 5% replaced with coarse aggregate and fly ash varies from 0-20% were replaced with cement in conventional concrete. One size of tire rubber chips are used of about 10mm.The mix design was targeted to be M35 grade of concrete. The mix proportion of concrete was 1:1.8:2.41 with water cement ratio of 0.45.The fresh and hardened properties of rubberized concrete produced at three different replacements ratios of fly ash compared to the conventional concrete without rubber and fly ash. A total of 85 cubes, cylinders and beam specimens were cast with the replacement of cement by fly ash with the proportion of 10, 15, and 20% and coarse aggregate by waste tyre rubber with the proportion of 5%by weight and compared with 21conventional specimens. The test result indicates that there was a small reduction in the strength with the 5% replacement in rubber content as compared with the conventional concrete. However, the increase of fly ash from 10% to 15% to 20% improved the mechanical properties of rubberized concrete. Finally it will suggest 20% replacement of fly ash with cement and 5% of waste tyre rubber with coarse aggregate will gives optimal and safest replacement in concrete composites.

In our project work, the possibilities of using fly ash and copper slag in concrete as a partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate was investigated. The advancements in concrete can reduce the consumption of natural and energy sources and lessen the burden of pollutants on environment. Copper slag is an industrial by-product material produced from the process of manufacturing copper. Presently large amounts of fly ash are generated in thermal industries with an important impact on environment and humans. The ef ect of fly ash on soils and microorganisms in the soils are influenced by the pH of the ash and trace metal concentration in the ash. Fly ash can become lodged in the deepest part of your lungs, where they trigger asthma, inflammation and immunological reaction. In the present investigation, the incorporation of fly ash and copper slag is studied.

Basically the need for this project is to determine the most economical and effective with respect to the strength properties of concrete after partially replacement of cement with various mineral admixtures. Therefore, the cement is partially replaced with Fly Ash and G.G.B.F.S as Binary Blended Concrete (BBC) and in addition to that Silica Fume is added to the BBC as Ternary Blended Concrete (TBC) for M20 and M30 grade of concrete as designed by using IS: 10262-2009. The cement is replaced as percentage by weight i.e., 10% 20% 30% for BBC and the maximum strength of compressive strength of concrete at 28 days was found at 20% replacement for both Fly Ash and G.G.B.F.S Blended Concrete and addition of 05% 10% 15% of Silica fume is added to the 20% as TBC. The strength properties of concrete were found by Compressive strength of concrete, Split Tensile strength of concrete and Flexural strength of Concrete.

Natural resources are depleting Worldwide while at the same time the generated wastes from the industry are increasing substantially. Disposal of these waste materials has become a challenge in present era. Waste management strategies are developed to utilize these wastes in construction. Some of the industrial by-products have been used in construction industry for the production of concrete. Copper slag is one of the waste material which can be used in construction industry as partial replacement of fine aggregates i.e., (river sand). This paper presents the experimental work carried out by replacing fine aggregate with Copper slag. M20 and M35 grades of Concrete were used as reference mixes. The fine aggregate (sand) was replaced with percentages 0% (for conventional concrete mixture), 10%,20%, 30%, 40%,50% of Copper slag by weight and tests were conducted on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Slump-cone test, Compaction factor test and Vee Bee Consistometer tests were performed to evaluate the workability characteristics of fresh Concrete. Compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength were determined at the age of 7,28,56,91 days respectively. The results indicate that workability increases with increase in Copper Slag percentage which is due to the low water absorption capacity of copper slag. As the percentage of replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag increases, the compressive strength increases up to 40% replacement. There is also a similar increase in the Split tensile strength and flexural strength of Concrete.

Common river sand is expensive due to excessive cost of transportation from natural sources. Also large-scale depletion of these sources creates environmental problems. As environmental transportation and other constraints make the availability and use of river sand less attractive, a substitute or replacement product for concrete industry needs to be found. River sand is most commonly used fine aggregate in the production of concrete poses the problem of acute shortage in many areas. Whose continued use has started posing se- rious problems with respect to its availability, cost and environmental impact? An attempt has also been made for strength studies on con- crete made up of grit when compared with the concrete made up of Artificial Sand and Natural Sand. Use of grit as a fine aggregate in con- crete draws serious attention of researchers and investigators. Currently India has taken a major initiative on develop- ing the infrastructures such as express highways, power projects ...

This study was under taken to know the concrete properties using Banana Leaves ash. Concrete is one of the materials that is widely used in construction all around the world. This material is widely used because it has several benefits such as durable, energy-efficient, low maintenance, affordability, fire-resistance, excellent thermal mass and also versatility. World is as of now concentrating on alternate material sources that are environment agreeable and biodegradable in nature. The Banana Leaves Ash is an agriculture waste that has potential to replace one of construction material which is cement. Banana Leaves Ash contains a pozzolanic reaction that usually occurs in Portland cement. Instead of growing banana tree only for fruit consumption and discard the trunks, the use of banana leaves after the fruits are harvested should be explored. This project is conducted to determine the strength of concrete to produce good cementitious material by using Banana Leaves Ash. The source...

: A substantial growth in the consumption of plastic is observed all over the world in recent years, which has led to huge
quantities of plastic-related waste. Recycling of plastic waste to produce new materials like concrete or mortar appears as one of
the best solution for disposing of plastic waste, due to it’s economic and ecological advantages. Several works have been
performed on plastic waste are under way to evaluate the properties of cement composites containing various types of plastic
wastes as aggregate, filler or fiber. The rapid urbanization and industrialization all over the world has resulted in large
deposition of plastic. This waste can be utilized under proper condition to replace aggregate content. M40 concrete is used for
most of the constructional works, since it gives maximum strength. The strength of this concrete was compared with the concrete
obtained by replacing fine aggregate with recycled plastic waste by 5% & 10%. Experimental investigation comprised of testing
physical requirements of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, cement and modifier (waste plastic).

Throughout the world, concrete is being widely used for the construction of most of the buildings, bridges etc. Hence, it has been properly labeled as the backbone to the infrastructure development of a nation. Currently, our country is taking major initiatives to improve and develop its infrastructure by constructing express highways, power projects and industrial structures to emerge as a major economic power and it has been estimated that the infrastructure segment in our country is expected to see investments to the tune of Rs.4356 billion by the year2015.
To meet out this rapid infrastructure development a huge quantity of concrete is required. Unfortunately, India is not having suf icient sources of sand. The main ingredient of concrete and the demand for exceeds the supply and make the construction activities very costlier. Hence, currently, the entire construction industry is in search of a suitable and effective the waste product that would considerably minimize the use of sand and ultimately reduce the construction cost.
Nature common river sand is expensive due to excessive cost of transportation from natural sources. Also large scale depletion of these sources creates environment problems and other constrains which make the availability and use of river sand less attractive. Therefore in order to overcome this drawback, a substitute for sand needs to be found out. Eco-sand and foundry sand is such product attempted in this project.

The aim of this study is to analyze the probability of using crushed stone dust as a substitute of fine aggregate (i.e. River Sand) in concrete at 3 MTPA Integrated Steel Plant Project by TATA Steel, Kalinganagar, Odisha, India. Accordingly, Trial Mix design of M25 grade concrete was carried out using crushed stone dust after fulfilling the physical properties as per the relevant standard. Several trials were conducted with crusher dust of different sources. Trials were also conducted with different admixtures. After conducting several trials, we have arrived at a workable proportion with crusher stone dust with higher compressive strength than the established mix design M 25 using river sand.

Throughout the world, concrete is being widely used for the construction of most of the buildings, bridges etc. Hence, it has been properly labeled as the backbone to the infrastructure development of a nation. Currently, our country is taking major initiatives to improve and develop its infrastructure by constructing express highways, power projects and industrial structures to emerge as a major economic power and it has been estimated that the infrastructure segment in our country is expected to see investments to the tune of Rs.4356 billion by the year2015. To meet out this rapid infrastructure development a huge quantity of concrete is required. Unfortunately, India is not having suf icient sources of sand. The main ingredient of concrete and the demand for exceeds the supply and make the construction activities very costlier. Hence, currently, the entire construction industry is in search of a suitable and effective the waste product that would considerably minimize the use of sand and ultimately reduce the construction cost. Nature common river sand is expensive due to excessive cost of transportation from natural sources. Also large scale depletion of these sources creates environment problems and other constrains which make the availability and use of river sand less attractive. Therefore in order to overcome this drawback, a substitute for sand needs to be found out. Eco-sand and foundry sand is such product attempted in this project. Metal foundries use large amounts of the metal casting process. Foundries successfully recycle and reuse the sand many times in a foundry and the remaining sand that is termed as foundry sand is removed from foundry. Foundry sand consists preliminary of silica sand, coated with a thin film of burnt carbon, residual binder and dust. Foundry sand can be used in concrete to improve its strength and other durability factors. Foundry sand can be used as a partial replacement of sand. At various percentages of (25%, 30% & 35 %) levels for making M25 grade mixes. Eco-sand an abundantly available waste product from cement plant profusely exists as a by-product in ACC cement and at Madukkarai, Coimbatore. As a part of resolving its disposal problems and a solution to the dif iculty of requirement and high rate of sand, Eco-sand and can be ef ectively used for it’s extremely low cost. The objective of the present investigation is to evaluate the possibilities of improving the performance of concrete by using Eco-sand as a partial replacement of natural river sand at various percentages of (25%, 30% & 35 %) levels for making M25 grade mixes.

Durability of concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to resist weathering action, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering properties. Different concretes require different degrees of durability depending on the exposure environmental conditions and properties desired. The retrogression of concrete structures is due to effect of attrition of reinforcing bars which is occurred due to the chloride incursion.so it is necessary to study the concrete durability nature before making its usage in present construction. The present research is focused on studying the effect of using sustainable material in concrete preparation. To know the effective usage of crushed waste glass in concrete and significance in Durability properties for different replacements was studied .The present research work was done using materials like cement, Fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, waste crushed glass, super plasticizer in order to know that at which combination of mix there will be optimum effect on properties of concrete. Fine aggregate was replaced with 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% with crushed waste glass. The durability tests like Acid attack, Rapid chloride penetration and abrasion tests were done. The optimum value of acid resistance was observed when fine aggregate was replaced with 30% of fine aggregate with crushed waste glass, less abrasion loss at 30% replacement and chloride penetration also effective at 30% replacement.

— Common river sand is expensive due to excessive cost of transportation from natural sources. Also large-scale depletion of these sources creates environmental problems. As environmental transportation and other constraints make the availability and use of river sand less attractive, a substitute or replacement product for concrete industry needs to be found. River sand is most commonly used fine aggregate in the production of concrete poses the problem of acute shortage in many areas. Whose continued use has started posing serious problems with respect to its availability, cost and environmental impact? An attempt has also been made for strength studies on concrete made up of grit when compared with the concrete made up of Artificial Sand and Natural Sand. Use of grit as a fine aggregate in concrete draws serious attention of researchers and investigators.

Natural fine aggregate materials are commonly used in development and commercial construction in Malaysia. In fact, concrete production was increased as linear with the growing Malaysia economy. However, an issue was production of concrete was to locate adequate sources of natural fine aggregates. There lot of studies have been conducted in order to replace the fine aggregate in which natural fine aggregate replace with the waste material in concrete preparation. Therefore, this study aims to utilize the Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) and ceramic waste which has great potential to replace the natural aggregate in concrete mix with different type of method, admixture, and parameters. This research were focused on compressive strength and water absorption test to determine the optimum mix ratio of concrete mix. The concrete aggregate was chosen due to improvement capillary bonding mechanisms and ceramic presented similar strength compared to the conventional concrete using natural aggregate. Percent of replacement have been used in this study was at 25%, 35% and 45% of the RCA and 5%, 10% and 15% for ceramic, respectively. Furthermore, this research was conduct to find the optimum percentage of aggregate replacement, using water-cement ratio of 0.55 with concrete grade 25/30. The best percentage of replacement was the RCA35% C15% with the compressive strength of 34.72MPa and the water absorption was satisfied. 1. Introduction Concrete is very familiar in civil engineering field since almost all the part of structure need to be concrete. This is because the properties of the concrete which have strong chemical bonding, high compressive strength and their durability can last for long life term very suitable to become part of structure. Many research have been done on concrete mixture which substitute the natural material with the waste material to counter environmental problems in construction engineering that increasing year by year due to the renovation and demolished of old building. The most popular study been done on the aggregate in average they study to improve the recycled waste material in building and replace it with natural source for cuts down cost of construction and achieve the development of sustainable construction method. To overcome this entire problem, research on recycling construction waste concrete and ceramic tile will be held to find the mechanical properties of the material as the substitution material in concrete replacing the natural aggregates. This study aims to determine workability, compressive strength and water absorption of concrete containing RCA and ceramic wastes as fine aggregate and cement replacement materials, respectively. Based on the study of relationships between recycled concrete aggregates characteristics and recycled aggregates concretes properties, the open porosity is observed and that RCA are much porous than

Now a day without concrete we can’t imagine the world so in such conditions as a civil engineer it is the ultimate job to get the maximum output at reasonable input without causing any effect to the nature nothing but environment. High density concrete was mainly used in the construction of nuclear power plants, rail sleepers, counter wait for lifting cranes and in many other structures also. The main aim of this paper deals with the high density concrete that means to get the maximum density by using the locally available material steel scrap (mild steel bars dross) as a replacement of fine aggregate in different proportions of 50% and 100% with the considerable water cement ratio. This may result the change in physical and chemical properties like density, compressive strength, tensile strength, freeze-thaw resistance and apart from all these the main foremost thing is it should resist the thermal property also. Here the fine aggregate replacement by steel dross is economical because this steel dross is locally available material we can get this from the metal cutting workshops that is maximum there is no use of this regarding any activity in any area. By doing the sieve analysis for the steel dross it came under zone II as here the replacement is of fine aggregate(FA) is also the same zone so it an advantage to obtain the optimum results.

Common river sand is expensive due to excessive cost of transportation from natural sources. Also large-scale depletion of these sources creates environmental problems. As environmental transportation and other constraints make the availability and use of river sand less attractive, a substitute or replacement product for concrete industry needs to be found. River sand is most commonly used fine aggregate in the production of concrete poses the problem of acute shortage in many areas. Whose continued use has started posing se- rious problems with respect to its availability, cost and environmental impact? An attempt has also been made for strength studies on con- crete made up of grit when compared with the concrete made up of Artificial Sand and Natural Sand. Use of grit as a fine aggregate in con- crete draws serious attention of researchers and investigators. Currently India has taken a major initiative on develop- ing the infrastructures such as express highways, power projects ...

"Egg shell which is made of calcium is thrown away as a waste. When the calcium carbonate is heated a binding material called Calcium Oxide (Lime) is obtained. As lime is the major compound of Portland cement, eggshell powder can be used as partial replacement of fine aggregate.Fly Ash is one of the residues generated in the combustion of coal. Fly ash includes substantial amounts if Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and Calcium Oxide (CaO). 75 million tons of fly ash which are rich in Silica is disposed to landfill as a waste annually in India.This project aims at examining the feasibility of eggshell powder as a partial replacement of fine aggregate and also to observe the affect of fly ash on the proposed concrete. In the present study, concrete cubes of grade M30 and M40 were prepared in the laboratory by replacing the fine aggregate with fly ash and egg shell powder at combined proportions of 0%, 7%, 14%, 21%, 28%, 35% & 42% by weight. Tests are conducted at 7 days and 28 days on concrete cubes, cylinders and flexural beams to study compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength/ finally the results are compared with the normal conventional concrete and the effect of fly ash on it is studied G Anisha | A Pavani""An Experimental Investigation on Effect of Fly Ash on Egg Shell Concrete"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2206.pdf
Article URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/2206/an-experimental-investigation-on-effect-of-fly-ash-on-egg-shell-concrete/g-anisha"

The environment and ecological systems are suspected of serious drawbacks as a result of the over-extraction of river sand for construction activities. An attempt was made in this research on completely replacing river sand in lime-cement masonry mortars with blended sands comprised of manufactured sand and offshore sand. The S and N types (as defined in the standards) were selected for producing masonry mortars with different sand contents. For each type, five mortars were prepared to contain river sand alone (reference mortar), manufactured sand alone, and three blended sands (replacing manufactured sand by offshore sand at 25%, 50%, and 75%). Because of the dominant roles of particle angularity, surface roughness, and gradation of the alternatives, the performance of mortars was evaluated and compared based on these sand characteristics. Furthermore, the level of statistical significance of the experiment results was analyzed from a single factor one-way ANOVA test. Outcomes of t...

Numerous environmental problems and natural disasters have occurred due to high extraction of natural resources, Now researchers are focused on recycled materials for future developments. Recycled glass could be easily used in concrete, moreover its low cost, availability and simple process makes it eco-friendly and low-cost material that can be significantly applied in the construction industry. Therefore, primary aim of this research is to explore the applicability and adaptability of glass as a recycled material for concrete. Various properties of concrete made from glass coarse aggregates were analysed. A total number of 66 cubes were casted and tested for compressive strength, and 18 cylinders were casted and tested for split tensile strength and slump test was also performed. the results have shown that upto 10% of replacement of Coarse aggregate by RGA will not affect strength of concrete significantly and hence This paper intends to recommend that recycle glass can be used as an alternate coarse aggregate in concrete and will also be beneficial in waste management.

Partial and total replacement of fine aggregate in conventional concrete with quarry sand has been empirically conducted with the view too examining primarily the compressive strength of the resulting composite and possible utilization of quarry sand as fine aggregate in the production of medium grade concrete. The results of the study revealed that its specific gravity, bulk density, porosity, water absorption, silt content, the impact value and the aggregate crushing value showed satisfactory performance. The percentage replacement of natural river sand with quarry sand for a designed strength of 25N/mm 2 varied at intervals of 10 % up to a maximum value of 100%. A total of 134 cubes of 150×150×150mm were cast and tested at 7, 14 and 28 days of hydration. Compressive strength increases with curing age in all the mixes. Compressive strength decreases with increase in percentage of quarry sand. Generally the compressive strength of concrete incorporating quarry sand attained strengt...

Throughout the world, concrete is being widely used for the construction of most of the buildings, bridges etc. Hence, it has been properly labeled as the backbone to the infrastructure development of a nation. Currently, our country is taking major initiatives to improve and develop its infrastructure by constructing express highways, power projects and industrial structures to emerge as a major economic power and it has been estimated that the infrastructure segment in our country is expected to see investments to the tune of Rs.4356 billion by the year2015. To meet out this rapid infrastructure development a huge quantity of concrete is required. Unfortunately, India is not having suf icient sources of sand. The main ingredient of concrete and the demand for exceeds the supply and make the construction activities very costlier. Hence, currently, the entire construction industry is in search of a suitable and effective the waste product that would considerably minimize the use of sand and ultimately reduce the construction cost. Nature common river sand is expensive due to excessive cost of transportation from natural sources. Also large scale depletion of these sources creates environment problems and other constrains which make the availability and use of river sand less attractive. Therefore in order to overcome this drawback, a substitute for sand needs to be found out. Eco-sand and foundry sand is such product attempted in this project. Metal foundries use large amounts of the metal casting process. Foundries successfully recycle and reuse the sand many times in a foundry and the remaining sand that is termed as foundry sand is removed from foundry. Foundry sand consists preliminary of silica sand, coated with a thin film of burnt carbon, residual binder and dust. Foundry sand can be used in concrete to improve its strength and other durability factors. Foundry sand can be used as a partial replacement of sand. At various percentages of (25%, 30% & 35 %) levels for making M25 grade mixes. Eco-sand an abundantly available waste product from cement plant profusely exists as a by-product in ACC cement and at Madukkarai, Coimbatore. As a part of resolving its disposal problems and a solution to the dif iculty of requirement and high rate of sand, Eco-sand and can be ef ectively used for it’s extremely low cost. The objective of the present investigation is to evaluate the possibilities of improving the performance of concrete by using Eco-sand as a partial replacement of natural river sand at various percentages of (25%, 30% & 35 %) levels for making M25 grade mixes.

Crazing or mapping are hairline cracks which develop in cement plaster surfaces exposed to long hours of sun. Shrinkage is the main factor for development of these cracks. The common causes attributed to shrinkage, and consequently hairline cracking, of plaster are rich cement content, higher water content, poor quality of fine aggregate, excessive quantity fines in aggregate, improper curing etc. In any plastering work the one variable which is highly location dependent is the quality of fine aggregate. A quantitative knowledge of the effect of quality of sand on development of hairline cracks will help the field engineers to adjust other variables like cement content etc. for better control of crazing. In this work a laboratory study on the effect of gradation of fine aggregate on crack development in plaster for different cement contents is carried out and the results and analyses are presented. The effect of inadequate curing is also studied in this work.

Bottom Ash produced by coal-fired boilers can be used in variety of construction and manufacturing applications which include structural and engineering fill, cement raw material, aggregates for concrete and asphalt products and general reclamation purposes. Physically, bottom ash is typically grey to black in color, is quite angular, and has a porous surface structure. Over a decade ago, removal of bottom ash in dry state was considered impractical. With the increased use of bottom ash, there is a greater interest in applying this in construction practices. This paper presents the experimental investigations carried out to study the effect of use of bottom ash (the coarser material, which falls into furnace bottom in modern large thermal power plants and constitute about 20% of total ash content of the coal fed in the boilers) as a replacement of fine aggregates. The various strength properties of concrete such as the compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength are studied. The strength development for various percentages (0-50%) replacement of fine aggregates with bottom ash are carried out which can easily be equated to the strength development of normal concrete at various ages.