Eurasian archaeology

In this multidisciplinary and multi-author article in two-part, while independent researcher Cengiz Saltaoğlu handles Esik and Ay Khanum inscriptions linguistically and epigraphically, along with new reading proposals, and tries to treat also some historical and cultural connections of them, the archaeologists Semih Güneri, Ahmet Ziya Bayburt and Gediz Tuluğ try to evaluate the inscribed silver bowl of Esik Kurgan within its archaeological context by setting the issue on a more concrete basis supported also by archaeological data. The authors hope that this study would bring a further clarity and maturity to a discussion dragging on with barren debates and resultless attempts for over fifty years.

Key words: Esik inscription, Ay Khanum inscription, Türk-Altay Kuramı, Pazyryk culture, the Scythians/Sakas, the As, Iran-Turan, Shāhnāma, Oghuz Epic and Oghuznāma.

Резюме. В статье рассматриваются немногочисленные случаи преднамерен-ной деформации головы среди населения саргатской культуры раннего железно-го века Зауралья и Западной Сибири. Анализируемые источники представлены опубликованными и архивными данными раскопок курганных могильников, а ре-зультаты палеоантропологического изучения даны в археологическом контексте, что расширяет возможности в интерпретации саргатских древностей. Приводятся данные радиоуглеродного анализа погребений притобольской локальной серии, иллю стрирующие наиболее ранние примеры деформации циркулярного типа в саргатской среде. Представляется, что проникновение этой практики, все же не получившей в лесостепи заметного распространения, связано с номадами. Это обстоятельство подкрепляет высказанную ранее гипотезу, что саргатская аристо-кратия еще в период становления и расцвета культуры в середине-второй поло-вине I тыс. до н. э. формировалась в значительной степени выходцами из кочевой среды. С этой точки зрения события рубежа эр на периферии кочевого мира пред-ставляют несомненный интерес. Ключевые слова: Зауралье и Западная Сибирь, саргатская культура, погребения, преднамеренная деформация, морфотипы. В настоящее время известно большое количество антропологических кол-лекций, в которых зафиксирована преднамеренная деформация головы. Приме-нительно к эпохе железа этот обычай представлен преимущественно в кочевни-ческих погребениях степного пояса Евразии. Не столь массовые, но и не такие уж редкие находки прижизненно деформированных черепов кольцевого типа (Жиров, 1940) известны в лесостепной зоне-в комплексах, относимых к саргат-ской культуре (Погодин, Труфанов, 1991; Матвеева, 1994; Культура зауральских скотоводов.

Xiongnu Archaeology: Multidisciplinary Perspectives of the First Steppe Empire in Inner Asia. Ed. by U. Brosseder and B. Miller. Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, 2011, p. 77-96 (Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology, Vol. 5).

"Ces Actes des Journées d’étude internationales (Strasbourg, 6-7 novembre 2009) sont l’aboutissement d’un programme de recherche (2007-2009), mené au sein de l’UMR 7044 (Étude des civilisations de l’Antiquité : de la Préhistoire à Byzance), sur la place du cheval dans l’empire byzantin. Les 14 contributions qu’ils réunissent sont consacrées au cheval de guerre et de loisir dans l’Antiquité et au Moyen Âge.

L’ouvrage est divisé en trois sections. Dans la première, les contributeurs analysent la naissance du corps de cavalerie dans l’armée romaine et ses emplois. Sont également étudiés les différences régionales du pourtour méditerranéen dans l’élevage du cheval, les prix pratiqués ou encore les connaissances hippologiques des Anciens. Les travaux qui composent la deuxième partie proposent des synthèses sur le cheval médiéval, byzantin et occidental. Ils abordent le sujet à travers les textes, les sources archéologiques, les représentations et les us et coutumes des civilisations étudiées. Enfin, la dernière partie s’intéresse aux instruments hippiques, aux armes et à l’hippiatrie. Y sont ainsi réexaminées les innovations, adoptions et adaptations, dans l’Antiquité tardive, des pièces de l’équipement équin essentielles pour le combat, telles que l’étrier et le mors. Les armes des cavaliers sont réévaluées, ainsi que les changements dans leurs techniques de combat suite à la diffusion de l’étrier. On trouvera aussi l’analyse du vocabulaire employé pour l’anatomie du cheval dans la littérature hippiatrique grecque, qui connaît à cette période un essor sans précédent, lié au développement de la cavalerie romaine et protobyzantine."

Данное пособие посвящено истории кочевых обществ евразийского
степного пространства раннего железного века, их экономическому и социально-политическому развитию, а также разнообразным отношениям с соседними оседлыми, земледельческими народами. Обращается внимание на особенности социального и политического развития кочевых обществ, их роль в политической истории в каждом из рассматриваемых регионов.

Leading scholars of Eurasian Steppe empires from the Xiongnu to the Mongol empire present their latest research and analyze the interaction along the "Steppe Highway" and to the neighboring empires based on agriculture. The book is out of print, sorry.

Книга посвящена проблеме происхождения индоевропейских народов. На
основе анализа археологических материалов Евразии рассматриваются
связи евразийских культур от неолита до энеолита. Полученная схема
культурогенеза сопоставляется с лингвистическими теориями, и на этой основе
обосновывается ближневосточное происхождение индоевропейцев.

Archaeological Study and Survey of Bronze Age Tombs and Funerals
In Desert Zone of Mongolia

In this article, the prone position in funeral practice of Bronze Age tombs was compared with previous research materials, which discovered as a result archeological surveys carried out in territory of Mongolia in recent years.   
According the views of previous researchers, the prone position of funeral practice was presently appeared in Figure (Shorgooljin) tombs. But this funeral practice is appeared in various shapes of tombs belong to Bronze Age period, in hence that we have considered that those tombs were united under one funeral practice. In addition, radiocarbon dating was done to 10 tombs with prone position, which excavated in territory of Mongolia and Transbaikalan, as a result of this research tombs were belong to BC XV-XII centuries. It is not unintentional thing, because those tombs were discovered from steppe desert area similar with climate and landscape of Mongolia.
Therefore, the tomb with prone position was remained by people, who were living in the same natural and climate region of Central Asia during BC XV-XII centuries, and had similar world-view and living style.

Until relatively recently, the centuries between Xiongnu and Türk domination in the Mongolian steppelands (both north and south of the Gobi Desert) appeared as an archaeological »dark age«. At the same time, the steppe empire of the Rouran has, compared to the polities of the Xiongnu and the Türks, received relatively little attention by modern historians.
In recent years however, archaeological discoveries have started to throw new light on this period, shattering long-held assumptions and, at the same time, generating new questions. Among the most important of these recent discoveries are five 5th century elite tombs found at Yihe-nur in southeastern Inner Mongolia.
Previous studies dealing with these sumpotously furnished tombs have been focused on detailing connections with the contemporary Northern Wei court culture, labeling the tomb owners either as »Xianbei« or as »Gaoche«. However, a closer look at a set of two exquisite parade belts and a peculiar type of pectoral found at Yihe-nur, suggests that the tomb owners of Yihe-nur also adhered to fashions that were much more
common in the steppes and in the »Western Regions« than in the Chinese heartland, pointing to elite networks spanning far across Central Eurasia. Finally, this paper will inquire into the question how a better understanding of the Rouran polity and its elites can shed additional light on these elite networks in the northern Chinese frontier and beyond during the 5th and early 6th century.

The publication materials on new and already well-known pictorial monuments of the steppe strip and foothills of Eurasia, which reflected the picture of the world of the people living in these territories: harmony of flora and fauna, their aesthetics, mythopoetics, cosmogony, as well as social and ritual life. The book is well illustrated: numerous photographs, maps of the location of the pictorial monuments, their descriptions, drawings and photographs of the images are given. The publication details the history of the discovery of petroglyphs, methods for their study, some issues of cultural and chronological attribution, ancient fine traditions, style and mythological content, as well as problems of the state and preservation of monuments of rock art and its wide use for cultural and educational purposes, for the development of regional and international tourism. The book is addressed to a wide range of readers - specialists in the field of ancient history, archeology, rock art, organizers of tourist activities, guides, university students, as well as everyone interested in the ancient history of Kazakhstan. The book used photographs kindly provided by Krym Altynbekov, Oleg Belyalov, Boris Rezvantsev, Bobomullo Bobomulloev, Chokan Zholdoshev, Alexandr Goryachev, Aleksey Rogozhinskyi , as well as paintings by Sandzhar Zhubanov for the design of the cover

This article accounts for the forms of representation and the sources of legitimation of royal power in the Kushan kingdom (1st-3rd centuries CE): numismatics, iconography, and dynastic shrines. The relationship with deities and the ancestors’ worship, which are major themes in this field of research, link the Kushan dynastic temples to a group of comparable royal shrines, mostly situated on the outskirt of the Iranian world. A comparison with Eurasian traditions may represent a promising path for future investigation.

Dear colleagues!

We invite you to participate in the V International Congress of Archaeology of Eurasian Steppes «Eurasian steppe civilization: man and the historical and cultural environment», that will take place in Turkestan (Kazakhstan) from 11 to 14 October 2022.
The work of the congress will be organized around the following areas:
1. Cultural and historical processes in the Eurasian steppes in the early metal era: traditions and innovations
2. The phenomenon of Eurasian early nomads: from the Xiongnu to the Turkic Khaganates
3. Urbanism of steppe Eurasia in the Middle Ages
4. Conservation and museumification of archaeological heritage of Eurasian nomads
5. History of the Eurasian archaeological heritage research

Working languages of the congress: Kazakh, Russian, English.
In-person and distant participation in the congress is supposed.

Requests must be sent by May 20, 2022 to e-mail: [email protected]
The subject of the letter must be "Congress_2022". The request and article file must be called with the name and initials of the first author (Surname_application.doc; Surname_article.doc). The collection will be placed in the Scientific Electronic Library eLIBRARY.

The excavations carried out lately at Yassıhöyük/Gordion, Boğazköy/Büyükkaya, Kaman-Kalehöyük, Çadırhöyük, Porsuk and Liman Tepe and also the survey at Hydas and Hisarlık Tepesi/Troya VIIb2 and Tel-el Cüdeyde excavations of which findings were evaluated later, reveals clearly that the Hittite Empire vanished approx. in 1190 BC and it was the end of the Late Bronze Age and beginning of the Dark Age, that is the Early Iron Age (1190-850 BC). These settlements located in North-West, West, Central and Southern regions of Anatolia determine how the movements of people who were called Thracean-Phrygian migrations and the Sea People moved towards Anatolia, and brought to an end of the Late Bronze Age. Not fixing any center belonging to the Early Iron Age on the Black Sea coasts indicates that these movements of people were not by means of Northern Anatolia, that is the Black Sea.

Architecture of the Iron Age in the Central Black Sea Region shows different pecularities compared to the Land and Coastal zones. By the help of present data we have, the earliest samples of the Iron Age pottery in the Black Sea Region can be dated to the end of the Early Iron Age. During the Middle Iron Age important settlements in the Kızılırmak/Halys Bend are Boğazköy, Alaca Höyük, Hacı Bektaş Höyük (Suluca Karahöyük), KamanKalehöyük, Eskiyapar, Oluz Höyük, Alişar Höyük, Çadır Höyük and also in the south of the Kızılırmak/Halys, Kültepe, Sultanhanı, Yassıdağ, Topaklı and Porsuk.

The pottery possessed in these settlements, known as Alişar IV, are the painted potteries having composition of figures of deer styled in silhouette technique and a concentric circle motif and sometimes with geometrical motifs. It is observed that the styles of ceramics workshops in the Kızılırmak/Halys Bend and its south that had been producing monotonously since the Middle Iron Age had some changes since the Late Iron Age, especially due to their decorations. Instead of figures of deer in silhoutte, figures with a more natural view, using linear and reserve technique appeared. The figures of bird were more abundant in number and in view, and also figures of bull, donkey, roe, goat, lion, dog, fish and insect were used as the main elements in the compositions. Apart from this, various creatures such as bull with wings and sphinx, and also strange, unusual creatures that can not be identified appeared. The figures of human in a styled form which were few in the Middle Iron Age, started to be the most important thing in the Late Iron Age. Mother Goddess/Kubaba of Phrygians, who had been worshipped since the Neolithic Period, was depicted on the pottery during this period. We observe that the pottery workshops in the Kızılırmak/Halys Bend and also the ones in the south were influenced by the innovations and also the political events that occurred in the Late Iron Age and showed this on their productions. For instance, figures of horse and cavalrymen that appeared suddenly were most probably due to the Eurasian Horse-Riding Nomads. Besides, it is apparent that the figures of sphinx with crown and beard, depicted on the pottery had an influence of Western Iran that is Median-Achaemenid. Apart from the motifs and figures in the Late Iron Age, there were some notable changes in the paint decoration technique. The traditional colors of dark red, brown and black continued to be used in decoration; however, as an innovation, figures and compositions were started to be drawn in the frames with white and beige base. This frame technique was applied, after sometime, without using the white base. We acknowledge that the pottery workshops continued their productions in the Kızılırmak/Halys Bend, not only by keeping their traditional characteristics, but also reflecting the external influences during the period that is from the beginning of 5th Century BC to the middle of 4th Century BC, Hellenistic Period that is the Last Phase of the Late Iron Age.

As a result of archaeological survey carried out up to present, no settlement or camp site belonging to the Eurasian Horse-Riding Nomads in Anatolia, that is the Scythians and Cimmerians were determined. Besides, in the light of present data, it is under debate where the Scythians spread and in which regions they were. It is assumed that some tribes of Eurasian Horse-Riding Nomads who moved in to Anatolia through the Caucasia and destroyed Yassıhöyük/Gordion utterly in the end of the Middle Iron Age, then from Paphlagonia to the Central Black Sea Region and from there to the Eastern Black Sea Region.

Another culture that was effective in the Central Black Sea Region, was Achaemenids. Among the satrapies that were established in Anatolia by Achaemenids, we acknowledge that three satrapies comprise the Black Sea Region of today. The first satrapy to mention is Daskyleion that comprises NorthWest Anatolia, together with Paphlagonia and Mariandyns, land means western part of the Black Sea Region. The second satrapy named Katpatuka (Cappadocia) was ruling today’s Central Anatolia and probably the Central Black Sea Region. The third satrapy in the Eastern Black Sea Region was ruling the lands of Mushki, Tibarens, Macrons, Mossyniks, Marelis; the land between today’s Ordu and Trabzon provinces. The second satrapy named Katpatuka (Cappadocia) comprised the today’s Central Anatolia and the Central Black Sea Region; that is the central part of the coasts of northern Anatolia. As we acknowledge, apart from Phrygia, Paphlagonia and Kilikia were the tax regions (nomos) of Achaemenid King Darius the Great, Cappadocians are mentioned as ‘Syrian’, however Pontus is never mentioned, thus, this northern area was included in Cappadocia in 6th century BC. Cappadocia Satrapy most probably comprised the region of Anatolia from the Taurus Mountains reaching at the Black Sea. Cappadocia Satrapy was divided into two parts. The southern part was named as Major Cappadocia and the northern part as Minor Cappadocia or Pontic Cappadocia. We acknowledge that Gashka people who live seminomadic in the Cental Black Sea Region during the Iron Age, did not settle in permanently and also did not let any alien settle in the region. We observe that despite their powerful dominance, some settlements that appeared to be seen on the terrestrial of the Central Black Sea Region during the end of Early Iron Age and also acquired a character with its ceramics with painted decoration of Central Anatolia Iron Age, were dwelled in by the people whose place of origin was the Central Anatolia. We acknowledge that this policy of dwelling was effective completely in the Land and Coastal regions by degrees. In the light of all these evaluations, we can utter that the culture of the Central Black Sea Region during the Iron Age had the local pecularities of Central Anatolian Culture and was an extension to the north.

The work is devoted to the history of metallurgical production in Northern Eurasia during the Bronze Age, based on experiments carried out by the author and analyses of ancient slag, ore and metal. It should be noted that archaeometallurgical studies include a huge range of works reflecting different fields of activity of ancient metallurgists. Often, all that unites these is the term ‘metallurgy’. This work considers the problems of proper metallurgy, i.e. extracting metal from ore.
http://archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/displayProductDetail.asp?id=%7b0AD8DBA6-A46D-430A-81F2-5AB569FA5BD4%7d

The ‘Türk Altay Theory / Türk-Altay Kuramı’ is a true story of the early existence of the Türks in North Asia. Sayan-Altay’s successive indigenous cultures from 6000 BC to 6th-8th century AD, were connected each other by using archaeological methods. The Kuram has gone through hoops while it has pursued on the cultural traces of the Turks in North Asia. Indo-European hypotheses were the basis of the hoops. Such hypotheses ignored the existence of the Turks in the defi ned geographical area. It was not possible to make progress unless the claims that constitute the basis of such ignorance has been investigated. The Kuram did do it. This was the just reason for the
struggle of the Kuram with a series of Indo-European hypotheses. The Kuram has been raised on the three basic footing interrelated to each other. 1) The Runic inscriptions that we have called as ‘historical texts’ representing the Classical Turkic Period-2 in Altay, are the basic data set that make up the fi rst footing of the Kuram. 2) The historical texts, on the other hand, also identify a certain group of archaeological material. Actually such group of material, representing Classical Turkic Period-2, spread throughout the Sayan-Altay region, Mongolian territory, and Eurasian steppes. The rich archeological material that is inclined to run to the much earlier times, has enlightened the path of the Culture. 3) Described archaeological material that we can pursue towards the early stages of history led us to the Neolithic period of Yesnisey-Lena region where is the micro climatic isolated territory surrounded by the Angara river in the North, Lena river in the East, Baykal lake in the South and Yenisey river in the West. This living place was the Urheimat of the ancient Türks: Yenisey-Lena. The examination of the material made us access to the Urheimat. According to the Kuram, Turkic speaking people originated from Yenisey-Lena and they grown up in Altay region. At the end of the Late Upper Paleolithic Age (c. 12,000 BC), the Culture with the
identity of ‘Yenisy-Lena’, alredy spread to the World.

Аннотация. В начале позднего бронзового века в ряде культур Северной Евразии (синташтинская, петровская, ранняя алакульская, доно-волжская абашевская, потаповский тип) распространяется колесничество, главным признаком которого являются роговые и костяные псалии. Наиболее ранними из них являются щитковые псалии синташтинской культуры в Зауралье, и на их базе формируются псалии петровской культуры. Одновременно колесничество появляется в Карпатах, где с самого начала присутствуют как щитковые, так и стержневые псалии. Существует мнение, что колесницы и псалии были привнесены в Микены из степи. На самом деле, микенские колесницы и псалии отличаются от степных. Они более сопоставимы с карпатскими. Поэтому в Микенах появление этого нововведения связано с карпатскими импульсами. В финальный период синташтинской культуры, в пределах центральноевропейской фазы A2b, наблюдаются два встречных импульса, из Зауралья на запад и с Карпат на восток, в результате чего псалии появляются в доно-волжских абашевских памятниках и потаповских в Поволжье, а западные черты-в псалиях Синташты и Алакуля. Это сопровождалось распространением орнаментов карпато-микенского стиля от Украины до Зауралья. Ключевые слова: колесницы, эволюция псалиев, ПБВ, хронология и периодизация Цитирование. Григорьев С.А., 2022. Роговые и костяные псалии Евразии начала позднего бронзового века // Уфимский археологический вестник. Т. 22, № 1. С. 162-177.

The emergence of horse riding in Mongolia has recently gained attention in archaeological research (e.g. Houle 2016; Makarewicz et al 2018; Taylor and Tuvshinjargel 2018). Most of this research consists of zooarchaeological studies examining evidence of riding through osteological analyses of horse skeletal remains. This thesis represents an exploratory study on entheseal changes in human skeletal remains from the Bronze and Iron Age of Mongolia (c. 2500 BCE – c. 200 CE) to investigate patterns of repetitive physical activity that may be suggestive of horse riding. Entheseal changes refer to morphological alterations to bone caused by repetitive physical activity that are identifiable through bioarchaeological analysis (e.g. Hawkey and Merbs 1995; Villotte et al 2010). The study sample consists of 52 individuals from the National University of Mongolia and Züünkhangai, Mongolia. The “New Coimbra” method serves as the scoring procedure of entheseal changes in this study (Henderson et al 2016). Statistical analyses indicate patterns of entheseal changes that may be suggestive of repetitive and long-term horse riding are observed in individuals from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age (LBA/EIA). These patterns are supported by recent ethnoarchaeological research on contemporary Mongolian riding techniques as well as zooarchaeological observations of osteological remodeling on prehistoric horse crania (Taylor and Tuvshinjargel 2018). Therefore, this study offers evidence for horse riding emerging in the LBA/EIA, which may have influenced the economic and sociopolitical transitions that occur during the Bronze and Iron Age.

Some 2200 years ago, people belonging to the Pazyryk archaeological culture gathered together to bury their dead in mounds on high plateaus in the remote Altai Mountains in the center of Asia. Entire horses—and often groups of horses—were sacrificed at these funerals and interred with the men and women, presumed leaders and commoners alike. By employing an human-animal studies approach to these burials, in this chapter I digress from the archaeological position which views nonhuman animals as calories or constructs to one which includes animal others as impactful upon human social realities.

After grounding this approach in multidisciplinary theory, I bring into the discussion facets of horses, and of human-horse relationships, through both ethological studies of horses and an inside auto-ethnographic research strategy which uses my position within the context of those I shall term working riders: riders who live with and care for horses and possess the ability and knowledge to school them to be ridden. I touch on aspects of human-horse intersubjectivities and situate particular elements of the Pazyryk horse burials. I then attempt to phenomenologically recreate the actual killing of the Pazyryk horse from the perspective of the humans—and the horses—and suggest some mental and emotional processes that might have caused certain behaviors of both at the burial ceremony. Finally I reflect on the viability of creating relational archaeologies of human-animal interactions which allow for both essentialist and constructionist perspectives.

The gold technology in Northwest China underwent an important development during the early Iron Age, following the arrival of new technological skills from the central Asian steppes. These developments included the use of granulation, filigree, and sheet metal, working with mould or matrix. This paper presents a microanalytical study of an array of gold pendants excavated from the burial site at Dongtalede (9th-7th century BCE) in the Altai region of Xinjiang. It opens up new perspectives for exploring how cultural interactions were perceived, conveyed, disseminated and preserved through material culture in a society where there was little textual evidence. We conducted multiple non-destructive analyses to examine chemical composition and manufacturing techniques using a hand-held optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS). Our findings represent the earliest evidence of diffusion bonding technology in ancient China. We find that the stylistic features of the beech-nut pendants are closely linked to the Mediterranean world, but archaeometric analyses attested to local production. Comparing the pendants with the growing body of goldwork discovered at sites in Northwest China, Central Asia, the Southern Urals and the Eastern Mediterranean, demonstrates that there were extensive contacts across ancient Eurasia that occurred much earlier than the opening of the commercial Silk Roads.

In this paper the morphology of the Great Shigir Idol’s head and face carving is analyzed in comparison with the row of carved anthropomorphic sculptures made of wood and other raw materials, found at the territory of Europe and Trans-Urals and dated from the Mesolithic to the Bronze Age, inclusive. Moreover, some suggestions are given for the reasons of such ancient AMS-dates obtained by the wooden samples of the Big Shigir Idol. As a result, the conclusion is made about the contradiction between the results of the sculpture’s stylistic analysis and the bunch of its radiocarbon dating results, and that the date of a wooden log cannot correlate with the carving date, if we presume that the sub-fossil larch log was used. Nevertheless, further investigations should be performed in future to confirm or to deny the given hypothesis.

Цель исследования-рассмотреть краниометрические данные о популяционной изменчивости на территории Северной Евразии под углом зрения генетических и отчасти лингвистических фактов. Измерения 66 серий мужских черепов разных эпох (от мезолита до раннего бронзового века) с этой территории обработаны статистическими методами, специально предназначенными для изучения пространственных закономерностей, в частности, градиентов. С помощью неметрического многомерного шкалирования матрицы расстояний D 2 (с поправкой на численность) получена двумерная проекция взаимоположения групп, построено минимальное остовное дерево, показывающее кратчайший путь между точками в многомерном пространстве. Обнаруживаемые генетическими и краниометрическими данными восточно-западные градиенты на территории Северной Евразии свидетельствуют, видимо, не столько о смешении, сколько о незавершенности процесса дифференциации бореального надрасового ствола. Западный компонент, представленный в Сибири и Центральной Азии носителями афанасьевской культуры, вероятно, мало повлиял на генетический облик местных популяций. Восточный компонент, проникший в неолите из Забайкалья в Прибайкалье, смешался там с автохтонным палеосибирским. Главный генетический маркер коренного населения-аутосомный компонент ANE-присутствовал в Сибири с верхнего палеолита. Автохтонными следует считать и обе евразийские формации-северную и южную. Статистический анализ позволил включить в их состав новые группы, причем границы первой расширились на восток до Кузнецкой котловины, а второй-на запад до Среднего Прииртышья. Участие восточно-европейских групп в генезисе северной евразийской формации и протоуральской общности обнаружить не удается.

Over the past several decades, the anthropocentric lens through which domestication has been seen as entirely human-directed has shifted to a more ecocentric view “where domestication appears as a relation between two species” ( Noske 1997 :10; see also Boyd 2017). As this volume brings into perspective, definitions of domestication as a process wherein human subjects act upon animal objects have broadened to allow for the notion of coevolution and reciprocal adaptations between and among humans, co-domesticates and the habitats they share. We now recognize that nonhuman animals (hereafter: animals) possess agential qualities that influence humans, and that the process of domestication for any given species can neither be considered as a static point in time, nor as a fixed set of characteristics. This significant paradigm shift allows for – indeed, necessitates – a reassessment of prior interpretations which have assumed interspecies relations as unidirectional. In what follows, I suggest that for one such human-horse configuration, the Iron Age Pazyryk archaeological culture, influence between the species was bi-directional and that horses influenced not only human social structures, but also political ethos – that humans mimicked horses’ ways of being.