Displacement

Abstract:  The  term  identity  is  very  problematic  and  has  varying
degrees of scopes and meanings. The concept of “being” or “becoming”
of identity is a contextual term that is affected by time and space. The
interaction  and  togetherness  of  the  two  places  cultivates  conflict  of
identity in the person. No one can be independent of his/ her identity of
past  or  present.  It  is  the  political,  cultural  and  social  scenario  of  the
place  and  time  which  have  an  impact  upon  the  individual’s  identity.
Thus,  identity  relates  itself  to  the  individual,  social,  cultural  and
national aspect.
Amitav  Ghosh’s  Sea  of  Poppies  (2008)  re-enacts  the  history  of
indentured  labour,  the  story  of  their  problems  and  position  in  the
society,  their  dislocation,  the  anguish  of  departure  from  their
motherland, and the way they confronted the issues  of identity. Ghosh
in his novel has penetrated the issues of identity  of characters that are
related to their personal, socio-political and national arena. This paper is
an attempt to analyse the elements of diasporic, national, subaltern and
cultural identity that Ghosh has employed in this novel.

The number of forcibly-displaced people in the world now exceed 65 million, due primarily to violent conflict, persecution, and natural disasters. This course examines the hardships most refugees face during their journeys, in the process of resettlement and integration, and after return. It introduces students to the policies that govern the protection of and assistance to refugees, and the humanitarian responses by international organizations, nation-states, local governments, NGOs, and others in an effort to alleviate their suffering. The course also discusses the future challenges, such as climate-induced displacement.

In response to research that has downplayed or denied the reality of gentrification-induced displacement, critical urban geographers have called for rethinking the concept of displacement. This article takes up that call by examining the impact of new-build gentrification on the everyday place-making abilities of Polish immigrant tenants in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Based on nearly four years of work as a tenant organizer, this article looks at the forms of “everyday displacement” – the ongoing loss of the agency, freedom, and security to “make place” – experienced by immigrant tenants who struggle to remain in the neighborhood. Drawing upon Lefebvre’s spatial triad and Blomley’s work on the social relations of property, this article argues that everyday displacement is experienced through the production of new spaces of prohibition, appropriation, and insecurity that constitute a form of neighborhood erasure.

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets are widely used to repair the element of steel structures in rehabilitation. Many research has done in this techniques. Application of this strip to increase the strength of element and it is effective option to increased loads carrying capacity of section and can be repair due to corrosion. FRP strengthened section increase the initial cracking time and reduce the cracks, it also extend the fatigue life. The method used in the research work were flexural tests and the work form of similar studies on the strengthened steel beams. BFRP and GFRP sheet and epoxies of diverse material properties are bonding to the tension, compression and both flanges of I beam section and testing for four point load. In this study we create the model using ANSYS v.12.0. Maximum deflection of beam in ANSYS model and compare to the actual tested beam.

Facilitating access to asylum and other forms of refugee protection for the millions displaced by mass atrocities in Syria and Iraq is essential to the implementation of the international norm of the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP). This responsibility, however, has been disproportionately shouldered by several states in the Middle East and Europe. This article explores the challenges associated with refugee responsibility-sharing in the context of RtoP and draws on work in climate justice and political realism to articulate a framework for integrating culpability as a key criterion in allocating states' responsibilities to protect refugees. An empirical and normative assessment of U.S. responsibilities to protect refugees in the cases of conflict-induced displacement in Syria and Iraq outlines several potential paths of culpability. The article ultimately argues for greater attention to culpability, equity, and legitimacy within the discourse surrounding RtoP and refugee protection. The article also advocates linking the benefits of refugee responsibility-sharing with states' national interests and highlights several such links with regard to U.S. responsibilities in Syria and Iraq.

Popular Wisdom valorizes tourism as an industry inextricably intertwined with physical displacement. Whereas academicians emphasize that tourism was a product of technological revolutions linked to mass-transport which accelerated and improved the ways of traveling, less attention has certainly been given to the real origin of tourism. The present paper explores the influence exerted by the Bible (Old and New Testaments) in the configuration of modern tourism. Based on exegetical methods, this work shows how workers are frequently socialized in a diversity of norms (commandments). Tourism, which is characterized by a physical movement, allows these workers to break temporarily these duties to be cyclically reintroduced to their daily obligations once they return. This aspect of modern tourism can be very well compared with the ritual of confession or the purification of the soul. The guilt derived from the repression of the father in Freudian terms claims for a sacrifice to resume t...

Elastomer based pressure sensitive adhesives used in various peeling applications are viscoelastic and expected to be rate sensitive. The effects of varying peel velocity on adhesion energy and its dependence on the peel angle and rate of peeling are investigated. Experiments are conducted on an adhesive tape using a displacement-controlled peel test configuration. By adjusting the peel arm length, the peel velocity can be continuously varied though the extremity of the film is displaced at a constant rate, which results in nonsteady peeling. Constant peel rate tests are performed over a wide range of peeling rates for a fixed peeling angle, which results in steady state peeling. Based upon the experimental data, a power law relation for the adhesive energy of a packaging tape and its dependence on the rate of peeling is presented. The applicability of the rate dependent law for adhesion energy based upon the steady state experiments to the nonsteady peeling process is critically ex...

While  nation-states  often  claim  that  refugees  threaten  their  political  and  territorial integrity, this chapter shows how the opposite can be true: sometimes states need refugees. In late 2014 and early 2015, when parts of Iraq and Syria were overtaken by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), people seeking refuge in semiautonomous Iraqi Kurdistan became central to the public story told about Kurdish sovereignty. Their ethnic or regional group affiliation determined their integration or rejection by the Kurdish authorities. For example, on the one hand, Anbari people were suspected of being ISIS supporters because of their regional origin. They found themselves the target of suspicion, even as they were provided with refugee status and aid. On the other hand, minorities such as Yazidi and Kurds were brought into camps that looked more like planned cities.Ultimately, refugee presence in Kurdistan reinforced a garrisoned security state. In the name of protecting refugees, Kurdistan received international humanitarian support, but also a major thrust of military expertise and supplies by which to enforce its borders. By 2017, the Pentagon signed an agreement to give the Kurdish army, known as the Peshmerga, US$415 million (Al Jazeera 2016), along with part of the US$13 billion it was spending in the fight against ISIS. Defining and placing refugees became a core alibi to the construction of a security state that held the potential of becoming a U.S.-backed independent Kurdistan.  This  was  ultimately  not  the  case,  and  the  United  States  quickly  withdrew its support for Kurdistan after ISIS was officially defeated. Nevertheless, the centrality of refugees in the story of a weak nation-state reveals insights about the political role of refugees more broadly, even for states whose status is less tenuous or less obviously linked to refugee protection.

The micro-accelerometers are devices used to measure acceleration. They are implemented in applications such as tilt-control in spacecraft, inertial navigation, oil exploration, etc. These applications require high operating frequency and displacement sensitivity. But getting both high parameter values at the same time is difficult, because there are physical relationships, for each one, where the mass is involved. When the mass is reduced, the operating frequency is high, but the displacement sensitivity decreases and vice versa. The implementation of Displacement-amplifying Compliant Mechanism (DaCM) supports to this dependence decreases. In this paper the displacement sensitivity and operation frequency of a Conventional Capacitive Accelerometer are shown (CCA). A Capacitive Accelerometer with Extended Beams (CAEB) is also presented, which improves displacement sensitivity compared with CCA, and finally the implementation of DACM´s in the aforementioned devices was also carried out. All analyzed cases were developed considering the in-plane mode. The Matlab code used to calculate displacement sensitivity and operating frequency relationship is given in Appendix A. Keyword: Accelerometer Displacement Frequency MEMS Sensitivity

Forced migration is a global issue.
About 34 million of the world's inhabitants were identified in 2010 by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees as either refugees, internally displaced persons, asylum seekers or stateless people. Systematic inquiries are urgently needed to understand and improve the circumstances in which these people live, and to guide national and international policies and programs.
However, there are many ethical complications in conducting research with uprooted people, who have often been exposed to persecution and marginalisation in conflict situations, refugee camps, immigration detention settings, and following resettlement. This book brings together for the first time key scholars across a range of disciplines including anthropology, bioethics, public health, criminology, psychology, socio-linguistics, philosophy, psychiatry, social policy and social work to discuss the ethical dimensions, challenges and tensions of such research.
It encompasses the theoretical, conceptual, practical, and applied aspects of research ethics, while integrating different disciplinary perspectives. It is intended as a resource not only for researchers, students and practitioners but also for those conducting cross-cultural research more broadly. Many of its arguments, examples and concerns are pertinent to research with other vulnerable or marginalised populations.

This case study of recent efforts to deconcentrate poverty within the Skid Row area of Los Angeles examines processes of ‘weak-center ’ gentrification as it applies to a ‘service dependent ghetto, ’ thus filling two key gaps in prior scholarship. We document the collaboration between the government, business and development interests, and certain non-profit agencies in this process and identify two key mechanisms of poverty deconcentration: housing/service displacement and the criminalization of low income residents. Following Harvey, we argue that these efforts are driven by pressures to find a ‘spatial fix ’ for capital accumulation through Downtown redevelopment. This process has been hotly contested, however, illustrating the strength of counter-pressures to gentrification/poverty deconcentration within ‘weak-center ’ urban areas.

The process of accession of the immigrant population has passed of form parallel to the creation of his own associations. This fact can be considered in a beginning one more step in the configuration of a multicultural model, but also he presents an intercultural component in power, across spaces of interaction this one can turn into a reality. The present study shows intercultural spaces in neighborhoods that have been protagonists of the social and demographic change, who have implied the entry of an important number of foreign population. It is a question of socially vulnerable spaces, in ∗ Universidad de las Islas Baleares y sociologo del Proyecto de Desarrollo Comunitario del Ayuntamiento de Palma (Islas

Southeast Asian cities have long been produced as the ‘exemplary centres’ of the region, shaped in various and overlapping ways by the imperial gaze, nationalist visions (and their democratised versions), and by the familiar blueprints of international capital. Through such exemplary visions, the region’s cities have been designed to cultivate collective memories and subjectivities, as well as to project power and authority. In addition, and often as an integral result of the realisation of grand visions, regional metropolises are also dynamic sites of rapid urbanisation, of contested processes of expropriation and eviction, and places of dissent and resistant subject formation. Further, impoverished urban populations increasingly suffer environmental discrimination and bear the worst of the effects of contamination and climate change, while at the same time, discourses of hygiene, criminality, and uninhabitability are employed to denigrate the urban poor and their environments...

IntroductionThey bear upon them the traces of the particular cultures, traditions, languages and histories by which they were shaped. The difference is that they are not and will never be unified in the old sense, because they are irrevocably the product of several interlocking histories and cultures, belong at one and the same time to several "homes" (Hall "Cultural Identity" 222)Caribbean identity is important because it expresses the ethos of the people. To establish such identity, it is a difficult subject because there are multiple historical contributing elements. The Caribbean has many cultural roots. After the European had exterminated the indigenous population, they settled the Caribbean with people around the world and forced them to labor. Thus, people of the Caribbean have extensive backgrounds, making "identity" a problematic topic. Indeed, oppression and slavery marked the Caribbean history, which caused a long-lasting trauma in the mind o...

The contemporary concept of place rests on a paradox: in order to move seamlessly within and between places (real and virtual), one must possess a secure—primarily, legal and economic—connection to a place. Without this secure connection, being-in-the-world means being displaced. By drawing on examples in literature, anthropology, and the testimonies of displaced persons, this chapter illustrates that an over-insistence on the ontological primordiality of place potentially aligns phenomenology with the exclusionary dimension of place in the globalized 21st century. In response, I construct a critical phenomenology of forced displacement that is at once critical of the phenomenology of place, but also views phenomenology as critical to overcoming the contemporary paradox of place.

In this paper, using the exponential parametrization of Lie group of orthogonal dual tensors , the problem of the decomposition of a rigid displacement by a sequence of three displacements with specified screw axis is solved. It will be determined either the closed form the dual angles of the screw displacements (translation and rotation) or the necessary and sufficient conditions when this decomposition is possible. The results are coordinate-free and they are obtained using only algebraic elements of tensor calculus. In the specific case of a screw axis is perpendicular to the other two, the decomposition is possible for any rigid displacement. So, a result that generalizes the Davenport decomposition in case of rotation is obtained. For rigid motion, the kinematic equations that links the instantaneous dual angular velocity to the time variation of a dual Davenport angle are deduced. The cases of singularity of the decomposition are identified and a physical interpretation of these cases is given. The results interest the inverse kinematic of robotics, control problems and astrodynamics (full body relative orbital motion problem).

The biomechanics of skin and underlying tissues plays a fundamental role in the human sense of touch. It governs the mechanics of contact between the skin and an object, the transmission of the mechanical signals through the skin, and their transduction into neural signals by the mechanoreceptors. To better understand the mechanics of touch, it is necessary to establish quantitative relationships between the loads imposed on the skin by an object, the state of stresses/strains at mechanoreceptor locations, and the resulting neural response. Towards this goal, 3-D finite-element models of human and monkey fingertips with realistic external geometries were developed. By computing fingertip model deformations under line loads, it was shown that a multi-layered model was necessary to match previously obtained in vivo data on skin surface displacements. An optimal ratio of elastic moduli of the layers was determined through numerical experiments whose results were matched with empirical ...

The Sustainability and Social Inclusion Research Project is meant to articulate with the City of Fort Collins' own emphasis on social sustainability by investigating patterns of citizen participation in (and assessing who appears to benefit from) the social, economic, and environmental “goods” that are imagined to be the desired outcomes of local sustainability planning and development.

In this essay I want to figure out in which ways the Squat Group Kinderen van Mokum fit into what we know about contemporary problems in Amsterdam, especially concerning the youth. In analysing literature and comparing that to the characteristics of the activist group, I want to know in what way the activism of Kinderen van Mokum is a response to the problems that young people face in Amsterdam.

This paper explores the socio-psychological aspects of British national identification among British South Asians, which constitutes the largest ethnic minority group in Britain. Identity Process Theory can elucidate the social and psychological ‘functions’ of Britishness for social actors, offering a holistic account of national identification within this population. The paper provides a discussion of nationhood and the construction of national identity, temporal factors in national identification, its cognitive and affective aspects, the psychological ‘functionality’ of Britishness, and its social representations. It is argued that a civic, instrumental conception of Britishness might facilitate access to this identity among British South Asians.

This article explores exclusion and sense of displacement through the austerity experiences of young adults in Ballymun, a disadvantaged urban neighbourhood in Dublin, Ireland. Such youth encountered exclusion on the labour market, urban housing, and support services. As austerity intensified urban exclusion, youth's affective relations with their neighbourhood, their city, and the state transformed. Using the concept 'at-homeness', it is argued that reduced income and funding for social services resulted locally in a partial 'sense of displacement'. Nationally, the class character of austerity reduced sense of belonging as youth felt betrayed and unfairly treated. It is argued that social, economic and political developments affect at-homeness, and that reduced sense of belonging induced by austerity can lead to a sense of displacement, not through physical movement, but by estrangement from the places one inhabits through processes of abandonment. Therefore, sense of displacement is expanded beyond gentrification as it can emerge from socioeconomic transformations in a more-or-less stable physical and demographic environment.

In this article, I revisit my earlier project on local poetry practices by Japanese ‘war brides’ from the Second World War and explore a creative,  transnational home-making activity by focusing on one of my informants, Fuyuko Taira’s senryu poetry. Drawing on theories of global space and diasporic home-making practices, I suggest that her engagement in senryu involves a transnational spatial practice through the use of familiar everyday language. While the experience of displacement among Taira and
other so-called ‘war brides’ cannot be understood without a consideration of sociohistorical and economic constraints that characterized their emigration, my aim here is not to analyse how Taira’s senryu simply reflects her diasporic victimhood but to explore how she exercises her creative agency to make her new home familiar and habitable by engaging with the everyday poetry practice of alternation between ‘pause’ and ‘move’ in the midst of changing landscapes. I argue that to a member of the Japanese diaspora like Taira senryu can be thought of as a different mode of experiencing at once the local and the global in an organic way.

Displacement is increasingly common (affecting one in every 122 people) and also increasingly protracted (over half of the world’s 14 million refugees in 2015 have been displaced for over ten years). Circa 90% of these refugees and internally displaced people (IDPs) remain in the global South, and most of them, in turn, reside in urban spaces.[1] However, while it clear that we are facing a period of protracted displacement in (peri- )urban settings, it is less frequently acknowledged that this is also a period of overlapping displacements. This is the case in at least two senses. Firstly, refugees and IDPs have often both personally and collectively experienced secondary and tertiary displacement, as in the case of Palestinian and Iraqi refugees who had originally sought safety in Damascus only to be displaced once more by the on-going Syrian conflict, and of Sahrawi and Palestinian refugees who had left their refugee camp homes in Algeria and Lebanon respectively to study or work in Libya before being displaced by the outbreak of conflict in that country in 2011 (Fiddian-Qasmiyeh 2012). Secondly, refugees are increasingly experiencing overlapping displacement in the sense that they often physically share spaces with other displaced people in diverse spaces of asylum: Turkey hosts refugees from over 35 countries of origin, Lebanon from 17, Kenya 16, Jordan 14, Chad 12, and both Ethiopia and Pakistan 11 (Crawford et al: 2015). However, in spite of the widespread reality of these overlapping groups, and given the interest in ‘superdiversity’ and ‘cosmopolitanism’ in urban spaces across migration studies writ large (Vertovec, 2007; Derrida 2007), it is particularly notable that refugees’ positions, identities, beliefs and behaviours in relation to other groups of refugees remain almost entirely unexplored to date.

Indeed, a large proportion of studies of urban refugees focus on one particular refugee group in one city (i.e. Lyytinen 2015; Bartolomei 2015), while multisited, comparative studies often focus on one group dispersed across a number of cities or divided across a city and a camp setting (i.e. Fiddian-Qasmiyeh 2012, 2013; and Malkki 1995 respectively), or compare the conditions and dynamics of one group of refugees in one city with another group in another city (i.e. Sanyal 2014). In contrast, only a small number of studies explicitly examine the experiences of different refugees in the same city (i.e. Brown et al 2004; Fiddian-Qasmiyeh and Qasmiyeh 2010). Of particular relevance to the argument I make below vis-à-vis the ‘relationality’ of refugees in shared spaces of refuge, Buscher (2011: 21- 22) analyses the relative strength of social ties and networks within Somali, Congolese and Burundian refugee communities in the city of Kampala. While Buscher’s article thus recognizes the overlapping presence of refugees from different countries of origin in Kampala, it seemingly highlights both the relative isolation of Somalis and Congolese refugees from other refugee communities, and the extent to which fractures and mistrust characterize relations within the Burundi refugee community. This may helpfully demonstrate that segregation, rather than social integration via cohabitation, can maximize livelihood strategies for certain refugees (in this case, Burundian refugees), and yet this focus on nationality-based social networks continues to render invisible the relationality of refugees in spaces inhabited by multiple, and often overlapping, groups of refugees in urban contexts.

A Fortress in Brooklyn highlights Hasidic agency in urban change. While those with only a passing knowledge of Hasidic life might look at the community’s most visible markers—the sheitels, the shtreimels, the commitment to religious orthodoxy—and mistake Satmar Hasidim for habitual preservationists or apolitical isolationists, Deutsch and Casper make the opposite case, persuasively presenting Hasidic New Yorkers as active and organized participants in the social production of urban space. The book shows what happens when a community seeks, and to a large degree achieves, spatially bounded self-determination in a city where it remains a tiny minority.

This study examined the relationships among adaptive coping, individual resilience, community resilience, and absence of anxiety among internally displaced survivors. Household interviews were conducted among 200 survivors of Super Typhoon Haiyan living in a resettlement area in Tacloban City 15 months after they were displaced from their homes. Rather than focusing on trauma, this study took a more positive and agentic approach using the conservation of resources theory as frame. Correlational analyses revealed a significant relationship between adaptive coping and individual resilience, adaptive coping and community resilience, and individual resilience and community resilience. Regression analyses also showed that individual and community resilience each uniquely predicted absence of anxiety among disaster survivors. Implications for practice are discussed, specifically the potential value of interventions that not only nurture individual resilience but also enable community resilience. Disasters often connote destruction, pain, loss, and trauma. However, not everyone is affected by disasters in the same way as there are those who are more vulnerable to their impact. For example, studies show that individuals who are chronically exposed to social and economic deprivation and those who face structurally rooted