Cultural Landscape Management

This participatory photography study was conducted at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota in fall of 2001 as a grounding for future campus planning and design. Over thirty students and faculty took photographs of places, people, and events in the college campus that they valued or felt expressed Carleton's distinctive "sense of place" or culture. Photos and accompanying written descriptions show general consensus in the key roles of natural landscapes, friendships, and learning in place attachment.

Praca porusza problematykę wpływu mieszkańców różnych narodowości na obraz współczesnego Wrocławia. Problematykę ukazano na trzech różnych płaszczyznach: historycznej, materialnej (substancji budowlanej) i społecznej, a także w ujęciu: ogólnym i szczegółowym. Rozwarstwienie na okresy historyczne i odrębne kultury, umożliwiło uporządkowanie przedstawionej, bardzo złożonej problematyki.
W pracy przedstawiono założenia urbanistyczne, które umożliwiły powiązanie ich z dawnymi mieszkańcami oraz użytkownikami. Celem było określenie stanu pamięci obecnej społeczności o dawnych funkcjach tych obiektów oraz o ich obecnym znaczeniu w życiu miasta. Pod uwagę wzięte zostały najważniejsze obiekty kultury, administracji, świątynie, obiekty handlowe, przemysłowe i zabudowa mieszkaniowa związane z różnymi kulturami, dla których materialne i niematerialne miejsce lub detal pamięci zostały zarejestrowane na stosownej mapie. Zebrane wyniki badań mają posłużyć określeniu w jakim stopniu informacje o minionych kulturach są zachowane zarówno w sferze materialnej jak i niematerialnej miasta. Mają one pomóc w ukazaniu znaczenia minionych kultur oraz związanych z nimi wydarzeń lub obiektów dla upamiętnienia i zaznaczenia ich wpływu na obecną kulturę miasta.

The Suffolk Coast and Heaths Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) has been designated for its special, nationally important qualities. Any development within the Area, including farm reservoirs, should respect its distinctive character, and ought to contribute towards maintaining or enhancing that character. This guide describes what can be done to conserve and enhance the AONB when planning farm reservoirs.

Konkan's rich coastal heritage includes archeological remains, historic settlements, historic monuments and other cultural resources which form many complex cultural landscapes
The varied typology of Built and natural heritage, and its historical, cultural, ecological significance. This region has developed by the human interventions in the past, and how the various cultures evolved which enriched this land culturally.

The project will shed light upon one of the first designated Eco-sensitive area of Murud-Janjira, in central konkan, in Maharashtra. This area is comprises of 37 km. coastal stretch from Chaul to Rajpuri.

The aim of this paper is the analysis of the territory as cultural heritage and its protection by heritage regulations. A review of theoretical concepts about the territory as cultural heritage element is presented, as well as a general revision about the evolution of heritage laws in relation to such elements. This theoretical review is complemented by the analysis of case studies, showing the evolution and application of different concepts and legal instruments to protect territories based on cultural heritage laws. Finally, the paper discusses the problems in the management of protected cultural territories and different ways to improve such management.

El artículo presenta los trabajos para la delimitación y protección administrativa del conjunto de necrópolis megalíticas del río Gor como Bien de Interés Cultural, defendiendo que supone un hito al trasladar al ámbito de la protección patrimonial la dimensión territorial y paisajística que tiene el megalitismo. Se repasa brevemente la historia de la protección del megalitismo en Andalucía, y se argumenta el rol fundamental que ha desempeñado el análisis territorial y paisajístico a la hora de proponer una extensa delimitación para el denominado "Paisaje Megalítico del río Gor". Junto a los criterios teóricos se ha empleado una metodología basada en el empleo sistemático de SIG para identificar las áreas de valor patrimonial a proteger.

The article presents the project for the delineation and administrative protection of the megalithic necropolis of the Gor river valley in Granada (Spain). The project constitutes a milestone by transferring to the scope of heritage protection the territorial and landscape dimension inherent to megalithic phenomenon. The paper briefly reviews the history of megalithic protection in Andalusia and analyzes the landscape and archaeological records presents in the Gor river valley. It also argues the fundamental role played by territorial and landscape analysis in proposing an extensive delimitation for the so-called "Gor River Megalithic Landscape". Together with the theoretical criteria, the methodology reinforces the territorial approach through the systematic use of GIS to identify the areas of heritage value to be protected.

ABSTRACT: A critical element for the conceptualization of historical landscapes is the trinity “space-time-man”.
Speaking strictly for Greece, the major type of historical landscapes is considered to be the numerous archaeological sites, spread all over the country. Their protection and restoration is governed by a wide range of official instructions and rules for good practice.
However, as international cultural heritage is increasingly considered to be shared and common, there is a great demand for the intense promotion of these sites, thus leading to an extroversion, which sometimes surpasses the durability of the sites themselves, as well as the capabilities of their managers and receivers. Therefore, while a site gets its “historical” identity through numerous parameters -like time and decay, its “reconstructed” version often seems to be unmoving and detached from its rich past.
The problem is mainly theoretical, however with an immediate real impact, as it relates to the historical interpretation and the limits of intervention as well. The aim is to start a creative discussion which would lighten the whole issue, proposing both realistic and inspired solutions.

Challenged by the modern territorialization, the linkage consolidating civil societies had known in the 20th century such alteration that today a question about their foundation arises. Particularly in the countries where the exploitation of landscape took precedence over its comprehension, addressing an environmental justice with ecological ethics stimulates the societies to think newly the use of spaces. Today the re-appropriation through the education on the environmental construction process of landscape by people conscious of these abuses allows recreating the social links. This is what we observe as analysing the reasons and projects of Design Community led by a Japanese landscape architectural team, studio L.

In this chapter, we explore the relationship between intangible cultural heritage and historic urban landscapes, using the ideas of heritage in the context of India. The basic concept of heritage in Indian context is referred as dharohara that projects and maintains roots and identities of cultural landscapes. This is further explained as ethical code of life. Taking in view UNESCO’s guidelines on the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), the Indian concept of ICH is defined in terms of continuity of tradition, inclusiveness in making people’s social identity, cultural representation, and fellowship of community. Among 470 such ICH as defined by UNESCO, 13 exist in India; two of these - Rāmalīlā and Kuṁbha Melā - are associated with historic-holy cities of India and serves as nexus of the culture and urban space. The performances, activities and ongoing development strategies in these cities are befitting into the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) - the 2030 Agenda/Target 11.4 that emphasises preservation, protection and conservation of national and cultural heritage, taking in view the local conditions, policies and orientation. We specifically focus on the case studies of two historic-holy cities, Varanasi and Ayodhya, illustrated with Rāmalīlās and pilgrimage circuits and associated rituals, to justify the validity of ICH as resource for development of historical urban landscapes and shaping of sustainable heritage city system. Under the mission of two ‘heritage-development’ programmes of HRIDAY and PRASAD, the government of India has already been operating such measures in historic-heritage cities, with strong vision that such heritage-inclusive development would serve as catalyst for the fulfilment of the SDGs and national strategies of development of historic urban landscape in the purview of making them vibrant and liveable centres of global harmony, spiritual awakening, peace and deeper understanding.

In the context of Croatian national legislation the instrument of landscape plan does not have institutional foothold. The necessity of introducing landscape plans in the spatial planning system is emphasized by the European Landscape Convention. Landscape plan is recognized as a document that purpose is to provide long-term preservation and development of certain landscape by harmonizing different interests and thus is particularly important in the case of rural landscapes. Landscape plan should have an important role in improvement of those protection and management models that, due to its conservation orientation, which prevents sustainable development, are inappropriate for rural areas (Croatian case).
This paper will present the plan for revitalisation of UNESCO’s cultural landscape Stari Grad Plain on the island of Hvar that is known as being specifically problematic area where inconsistency of protection and development interests additionally affects the agricultural abandonment.
Methodology encompasses: collecting the data through field observation and discussion with stakeholders and experts, database digitalisation (pedology, relief, land use, hydrology, natural and cultural heritage, etc.), landscape typology, assessment of cultural, ecological and visual qualities, and assessment of attractiveness for new/old activities. Synthesis of the above steps resulted in creating several scenarios of revitalization plans substantiated with simulations of new land use principles.
The contribution of this work is in innovative methodological framework for the revitalization of rural landscapes applicable within the protected and other rural areas. Also, the large GIS database is established which allows subsequent adding and modification of data as well as the modelling and harmonizing the final proposals.

Forests of the Bakony Mts. (Hungary) give shelter, food and raw material to humans since their appearance. The number of secondary utilisations of forests is practically endless. In the past,
forests were of basic importance for supplying forage for the extensive animal husbandry in Hungary. The most significant side-use of the forests was grazing, collecting foliage of trees, collecting acorn and litter for stables. As a consequence of grazing in the forests, special land use types evolved, namely
wood pastures and grazed forests. Chance for the maintenance of these plant communities has been constantly decreasing as animal husbandry became intensive. To recognize their importance and the economical significance in the past, it is necessary to review their history, evolution and development
as well as their state in different times and the current conditions.

Archaeological Site of Ani along Turkey’s border with Armenia is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2016 as a relic historic city of the medieval period. Its location on the Silk Roads had enabled a fusion of Armenian, Georgian, Byzantine and Islamic traditions into a new architectural language that later spread in a wider region. Visible monuments include buildings by a particular architecture school that developed at this Armenian Bagratid capital, and the earliest Turkish mosques in this first city conquered by the Turks in Anatolia. This paper traces how this dual identity, of an Armenian-Orthodox and a Turkish-Islamic capital, motivated archaeological research and restorations at Ani.

Masyarakat Minahasa memiliki ciri dan karakter lokal yang unik dan bervariasi dengan filosofi dan pandangan hidup yang telah berakar ratusan tahun dan di ekspresikan secara vertikal dalam hubungan lansekap-manusia dengan Tuhan penciptanya, dalam hubungan horizontal dengan masyarakat lainnya dan hubungan masyarakat dengan lingkungannya. Penelitian ini mengkaji lansekap budaya etnis Minahasa yang bermukim di perdesaan dengan melihat aplikasi konsep 'keseimbangan' lansekap dan response masyarakat terhadap pembangunan pesat saat ini dan tekanan perubahan budaya yang berlangsung sangat cepat. Dengan melihat interaksi masyarakat terhadap alam, penelitian ini bertujuan memetakan lansekap budaya yang 'nyata' (tangible) dan 'abstrak' (intangible) yang masih dimiliki dan melekat dan berlanjut pada masyarakat Minahasa kontemporer. Penelitian ini juga menganalisis Norma tradisional, kepercayaan dan nilai-nilai hidup yang mendukung perencanaan, desain dan pengelolaan lansekap permukiman berdasarkan filosofi yang mempertahankan dan meng-konservasi lansekap budaya. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kualitatif induktif dengan metoda Etnografi, yang melakukan dengan survey dan rekaman visual, interview. Penelitian ini dengan mengambil studi di Kecamatan Kema Minahasa Utara sebagai objek penelitian.

Como tem sido tratada a questão da paisagem como bem patrimonial no Brasil? Quais instrumentos foram utilizados, quais estão atualmente disponíveis e quais são as perspectivas? O autor aborda o histórico de reconhecimento de bens de natureza paisagística, a contribuição dos órgãos estaduais, o tombamento como instrumento legal único e a nova chancela da paisagem cultural brasileira. Ele conclui analisando as perspectivas da implementação da chancela e a necessidade da consolidação do planejamento paisagístico no Brasil.

How was the issue of the landscape as cultural heritage dealt with in Brazil? What tools were employed in the past, which ones are available today and what are the future perspectives? The author analyzes the history of the recognition of landscape assets, the contribution of state agencies, the listing of a property as a the unique and specific legal instrument and the new Brazilian cultural landscape seal. Finally, he investigates the perspectives and specificities of
the consolidation of landscape planning in Brazil.

¿Cómo ha sido tratado el tema del paisaje como patrimonio cultural en Brasil? ¿Qué herramientas se utilizaron ayer, cuáles están disponibles hoy y cuáles son las perspectivas? El autor analiza la historia del reconocimiento de los bienes paisajísticos, la contribución de las agencias estatales, la restricción como instrumento jurídico único y el nuevo sello del paisaje cultural brasileño. Concluye analizando las perspectivas y especificidades en la consolidación de la planificación del paisaje en Brasil.

Come è stata affrontata in Brasile la questione del paesaggio inteso come patrimonio culturale? Quali strumenti si sono utilizzati ieri, quali quelli disponibili oggi e quali le prospettive? L'autore analizza la storia del riconoscimento dei beni paesaggistici, il contributo delle agenzie regionali, il vincolo come strumento giuridico unico e il nuovo marchio del paesaggio culturale brasiliano. Conclude analizzando le prospettive e le specificità nel consolidamento della pianificazione paesaggistica in Brasile.

Review and analysis of the setting of the Neolithic monuments that make up the Orkney World Heritage Site to inform planning and management. Blended landscape archaeology, landscape architecture and GIS analysis to inform long term planning and management. Commissioned by Historic Scotland.  Document informed later Management Plan and other local planning documents.
Note: co-authors not currently on Academia.edu

Text of the 6th Annual Landscape Research Group Lecture, delivered December 2016. From personal background and recent visits to contrasting cultural landscapes, the author begins to identify contemporary areas for enquiry and neglected issues. Areas discussed include well-being, loss of habitat, the view from the road, landscape destinations, is 'Countryfile' enough?, environmental education and volunteers and their future.

Phitsanulok is one of the most interesting provinces in the North of Thailand. It is an important hub and an ideal base for visitors wishing to explore the lower North and western Northeast. For today’s visitor domestically and internationally, the primary heritage attraction in Phitsanulok is Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat, an old Buddhist temple standing near Nan River.  The locals normally call it “Wat Phra Si”. Many Thai visitors visit Wat Phra Si when they reached Phitsanulok.  The visitors mostly planned to visit this temple at the first place in the morning, so they could perceive traditional living cultures at the temple and its surrounding areas.
Demanding of the visitation at the same place and time is now making this primary site in jeopardy. Carrying capacity is the main issue of the site. The secondary heritage attraction in Phitsanulok is highly required to spread tourist load and offer viable destination option to Wat Phra Si.

Wat Chulamani is the best secondary heritage attraction to spread tourist load from the primary place in the morning time. It is a Buddhist temple, located on the eastern bank of Nan River. The identification and assessment of all cultural heritage attractions in the temple and its surroundings are done in accordance with various evidence conveying significance between events, places, and people who created and used them in the past. The significances of the place and its settings are identified and analyzed to understand their own values to local communities and visitors in terms of historic, aesthetic, scientific, and social perspectives. These values certainly support Wat Chulamani to sustain its standout in the existing world.

The overall significance would fully attract all visitors to visit this secondary heritage place if the effective interpretation and presentation are available. The existing interpretive tools at Wat Chulamani are carefully assessed. Improvement of the interpretive signs, guiding, information center, and guidebooks are recommended. Uses of brochures, media tools such as website, and special activities are also discussed for the better interpretation publicly, enabling the public to participate with the temple regularly. All interpretive tools shall be properly and diversely arranged for various groups of the visitors locally and globally. To ensure authenticity of the contents and stories of the place presented to the visitors, all interpretation shall be provided by the local community. Young generations are recommended to involve into the interpretive service as well. To be proud of these heritage attractions belonging to them, they would be ready to preserve this heritage place for future generations without a doubt.

The conservation policies, critical issues, and plans are explored to ensure that Wat Chulamani and its settings will be conserved in a way that protects its significance whilst sustaining the overall heritage values for the future generations.

Maken groene kavelgrenzen als heggen, hagen en houtwallen van oudsher deel uit van het cultuurlandschap? Nee, dat is niet zo. Openheid veranderde onder invloed van economische krachten in kleinschaligheid, en omgekeerd. Vorm volgt functie, vroeger en nu. Dus groeit nu het belang van de functies natuur, biodiversiteit en recreatie, dan is het logisch dat dat tot landschappen leidt die daar ook wat vorm betreft in voorzien. Dat kunnen kleinschalige landschappen zijn, met heggen en hagen, nieuwe, op plekken waar ze nodig zijn, soms andere locaties dan eerdere. Nieuwe ‘behaaglijke’ gebieden.

Los Llanos de Moxos son conocidos por sus extensas llanuras inundables, bosques de galería, islas de bosque y construcciones de tierra edificadas en tiempo precolombino.  Siendo un tema central de la Arqueología Amazónica la agricultura y su impacto en el desarrollo de las sociedades, las construcciones artificiales de tierra  descubiertas  hacia los años 1950´s fueron la primera prueba de que Moxos  “si” poseía sistemas de agricultura complejos.  Dichas obras no solamente conformaban grupos de campos elevados de cultivo aislados, como planteó Denevan en los años 60` s.  Nuestras investigaciones dan cuenta que las lomas, los campos elevados y los terraplenes formaban  asociaciones gigantes para la utilización de sistemas de manejo y control del agua  mediante canales y terraplenes de extracción de este líquido a diques de represamiento. Uno de los sistemas hidráulicos más utilizados fue el de represamiento de agua a gran escala en las orillas de ríos y arroyos y sus meandros. La existencia de represas de agua para la agricultura y el manejo de humedales a gran escala constituye un logro cultural fundamental que permitió el control de los niveles del agua para la inundación de extensas áreas para la piscicultura, silvicultura y manejo de humedales en cuencas hidrográficas, aspecto que cambia por completo la idea de sociedades de jefaturas o Reinos que se tenía, siendo probable la existencia de un “Estado de llanura”. En el presente artículo se describen los sistemas hidráulicos de represamiento del Arroyo Comoivaca.

Resumen

El fenómeno de los parques patrimoniales está creciendo en Estados Unidos y Europa y se extiende por otras áreas a medida que el sector terciario gana peso en la economía y las dimensiones de la cultura y el ocio tienden a hibridarse. Los parques Patrimoniales son iniciativas heterogéneas que colocan el patrimonio cultural en el centro de las políticas de ordenación territorial y desarrollo económico, buscando la reinvención de territorios amplios y la participación de las comunidades locales en el planeamiento. Su relevancia deriva de su potencial influencia en la configuración macroterritorial de regiones amplias y en la articulación de las áreas protegidas tradicionales. Pese a ello, han recibido una escasa atención académica hasta el momento. Este trabajo expone los resultados de una investigación realizada a partir del estudio de la literatura disponible y busca la apertura del asunto a la interpelación académica, tanto de las disciplinas técnicas como sociales.

Palabras Clave

Transformaciones socioterritoriales, patrimonio, gestión territorial

The transition towards post-productivism: heritage areas, cultural parks and spatial planning.

Abstract

The heritage area phenomenon is growing in the United States and Europe and is spreading over other areas where the tertiary economic sector is gaining weight and the dimensions of culture and leisure tend to hybridize. Heritage areas or parks are heterogeneous initiatives that place cultural heritage at the heart of spatial planning policy and economic development, aiming at the reinvention of large territories and local community participation in planning. Their relevance stems from their potential influence on the territorial configuration of broad regions and their impact upon the articulation of traditional protected areas. Notwithstanding this, they have attracted scant academic attention so far. This paper presents the results of an investigation that has analyzed most available literature on the topic, with the aim to open the issue of heritage areas to academic scrutiny of both technical and social disciplines.

Keywords

Socio-territorial transformations, heritage, territorial management

Since 2009, the Madinat Albalat project, implemented in the Islamic archaeological settlement with the same name in Romangordo (Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain), attempts to respond to the different interests that converge in it, which refer to the various groups or collectives it serves (the scientific community and society in general). Its collaborators, including the author of this paper, try to research and preserve this archaeological settlement without sacrificing other purposes related to rural sustainability. Thus, the project aims to establish itself as an instrument to facilitate a seamless collaboration with public and private institutions and to create a helpful link with its redundant communities to contribute to the sustainability of its entire region.

The paper reveals the main directions and key features of the indigenous landscape management in the northern part of Western Siberia. This transformation activity has included controlled burning, changing hydrology, tree girdling and cutting, reindeer grazing, and digging. It was found out that some of the forms of indigenous activity
(as controlled burning, changing hydrology and tree girding) has had rather limited coverage. Traditional beliefs that support certain practices aimed at changing environmental conditions, or on the contrary – hindering such activities, have played a significant role in this regard. As a result, the northern natives of Western Siberia has
historically had two parallel, fundamentally different approaches to environmental management, each of which has been ideologically supported by a certain type of worldview. Accordingly, there have been cultural barriers to the wide dissemination of the activities directly aimed at changing landscapes, and if the adoption of such practices had occurred, it would have been invariably accompanied by a paradigm shift in the traditional beliefs.

The preservation of Cultural Heritage in historically rich third world countries is a complex issue. Historical urban parks in particular face various challenges relating to management and evaluation. This paper tackles formulating a pragmatic process for managing historical urban parks in Egypt through a comparative analysis between distinguished foundations in the field. These are UNESCO's World Heritage Convention (Global), Med-O-Med (Intercultural, Mediterranean and ME countries), NPS (National, USA), TCLF (Non-governmental, USA) and Barcelona's City council (Local, Spain). The research is verified through survey among professionals in relevant fields in Egypt, to authenticate the applicability of the recommended proposal.

Community Forests play an important role within the urban green space. Such forests represent nature close to where people live, offer unique recreational settings, and provide special educational environments, e.g. for children and people with special needs. The objective of this article is to link recreational forest use and management by elaborating a sustainable development concept for a peri-urban forest and by showing approaches of how local communities can participate in the processes of planning, designing, establishing, and managing their forest.
This article contributes the example of the participatory development concept for Balfour Forest. The area is located in northern Israel, and it is part of a replanted forest network around Nazareth. It constitutes a cultural landscape that origins from the 20th century, representing the unique legacy of forestation efforts in Israel, with some plantings dating back as far as the British Mandate Period.
The case of the Balfour Community Forest is presented and approaches to shaping peri-urban forests according to the (ever changing) preferences and needs of local urban societies are discussed. Such approaches imply that peri-urban forests are managed on the basis of differing local needs and use preferences in order to become sustainable cultural landscapes.

In the summer of 2021, enormous wildfires in the Mediterranean eliminated huge areas of mainly coniferous forest, destroyed adjacent settlements and claimed the lives of many people. The fires indicate effects of climate change and expose consequences of rural demographic changes, deficits in regional and touristic development planning and shortcomings in forest policy. This forum article highlights the dimensions of the problem, calls for a paradigm shift and shows solutions. Land abandonment, woody plant encroachment and non-reflective afforestation are leading to increasing amounts of combustible biomass. To prevent disastrous fires in future, fundamental changes in tree species composition, forest structure and management are essential. Plantations of reseeding pines are to be substituted by spacious or periodically open woodlands of long-lived trees with resprouting capacity such as Mediterranean oaks. Biomass-reducing practices including wood-pasture have to be revived in rura...

The honorary association “Mosaik Wachau” was founded 2015 in Spitz to support the integration in the Wachau (Lower Austria) of people fleeing from war and destruction. Currently “Mosaik Wachau” cares for 34 people from Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Ukraine and Syria. In order to provide the asylum seekers in the Wachau with the possibility of a meaningful occupation, to prepare them for future job hunting and to give them an idea of possible future working opportunities in the region, cultural landscape working events were initiated in 2016, in which the refugees participate by helping to preserve the core elements of the Wachau cultural landscape (designated by the UNESCO as a World Heritage Site), namely the dry stone walls and dry grasslands. In this way, this activity is not only worthwhile from the point of view of nature preservation but also of integration, by passing on traditional local knowledge to fellow citizens and helping to familiarize them with their new home country. [article in German]