Council of Europe

Las nuevas tecnologías generan amenazas y retos asociados a los derechos fundamentales, especialmente aquellos relativos a la vida privada. Una de estas amenazas, propia de la naturaleza del mundo digital, es la total ausencia de límites espacio-temporales, la cual genera una permanencia de datos potencialmente perjudiciales y universalmente accesibles en Internet. Como solución al problema se ha planteado reconocer y regular el omnipresente y controvertido “derecho al olvido”, entendiéndolo como un derecho a borrar, ocultar e incluso cancelar los datos personales vinculados a hechos pasados que puedan afectar a la dignidad y el libre desarrollo de la persona. El presente artículo acomete el estudio de los recientes desarrollos normativos y jurisprudenciales relativos al reconocimiento y régimen jurídico del denominado derecho al olvido a tres niveles (CdE-UE-España) y desde una perspectiva constitucional, enlazándolo dentro del marco jurídico de la protección de datos en Europa, así como los retos futuros a los que se enfrentará.

PDF oficial disponible en: https://ebuah.uah.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10017/32729/nuevos_martinez_AFDUA_2017.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

El pasado 27 de marzo de 2019 el Consejo de Europa aprobó su "Recomendación CM/Rec(2019)1 del Comité de Ministros de los Estados miembros para prevenir y combatir el sexismo". No es una cuestión menor, ya que es la primera vez que se propone una definición de sexismo y se establecen ciertas obligaciones para los Estados, toda vez que se ha constatado que, a pesar de la múltiple producción legislativa al respecto, aún persiste una brecha entre las normas y las prácticas así como entre la igualdad de iure y la de facto.

This chapter investigates whether the Holocaust was the catalyst for the adoption of a number of seminal texts in the postwar 'human rights revolution', including the United Nations Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). An examination of published and archival source material reveals that the negotiations over the drafting of these documents were marked by a total or near-total silence on the mass murder of Jews. The article concludes with an analysis of why during the drafting process the framers of these texts, including Jewish delegates whose family members had been killed in the Holocaust, refrained from invoking the slaughter of European Jewry at the same time as they called attention to other Nazi crimes.

[For a more in-depth analysis of the Holocaust origins of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, see my 2012 article in the Journal of Genocide Research]

// - - - With link to full text / Abstract in Polish is included below
This  article  explores  legal  consequences  arising  from  Italy’s  European human rights legal commitments in confrontation with the migration crisis. The so-called  Arab  Spring  resulted  in  a  great  influx  of  illegal  migrants  who,  from  obvious  reasons,  chose  mainly  the  territory  of  Italy  as  the  first  safe  space  for  their  living  or  as  a transit country. At the beginning the process did not seem to become such a disaster and  human  rights  drama.  The  main  purpose  of  the  Authors’  analysis  is  to  present  the  attitude  of  two  main  human  rights  organs  of  the  Council  of  Europe,  namely  the  European  Court  of  Human  Rights  as  well  as  the  Committee  on  the  Prevention  of  Torture,  Inhuman  or  Degrading  Treatment  or  Punishment.  Against  the  background  of  the  analysed  documents  the  Authors  try  not  only  to  present  the  above-mentioned  legal  consequences,  but  also  discuss  the  further  role  of  Italy  in  the  ongoing  migration  crisis.  It  is more than sure, that in the present day state of affairs Italy cannot be longer left alone  as  this  is  in  strong  contravention  with  the  overwhelming  idea  of  solidarity  which  has  been  a  foundation  of  the  European  integration,  including  the  collaboration  within the European Union.

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Autorzy koncentrują swoją uwagę na konsekwencjach prawnych, wynikających z europejskich zobowiązań praw człowieka Włoch w konfrontacji z kryzysem migracyjnym. Słynna Arabska Wiosna spowodowała ogromny napływ migrantów, którzy – ze zrozumiałych przyczyn – wybierali terytorium Włoch jako pierwsze bezpieczne miejsce do życia lub kraj tranzytu w poszukiwaniu nowego miejsca przeznaczenia. Proces ten początkowo nie zapowiadał tak wielkiej katastrofy ani dramatu praw człowieka dla obu konfrontujących się stron. Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie stanowiska dwóch najważniejszych organów ochrony praw człowieka Rady Europy, tj. Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka oraz Komitetu Zapobiegania Torturom, Nieludzkiemu bądź Poniżającemu Traktowaniu lub Karaniu. Na podstawie analizowanych dokumentów Autorzy prezentują europejskie konsekwencje prawne dotykające Włoch, jak również podejmują dyskusję nad dalszą rolą tego kraju w postępującym kryzysie migracyjnym. W obecnym stanie rzeczy jest więcej niż pewne, że Włochy nie mogą dłużej być osamotnione, gdyż pozostaje to w silnej sprzeczności z wiodącą ideą solidarności, która legła u podstaw europejskiej integracji, w tym w ramach Unii Europejskiej.

The objective of the present article is to determine the specific characteristics of the established international legal framework for the application of genetic technologies and to identify general guidelines that influence states' policies in this area. Genetic technologies evolve rapidly, raising a number of ethical and legal issues and directly affecting human rights. At the universal level, there is still no international treaty containing uniform rules in this field. At the regional level, the experience of the Council of Europe deserves further study. National approaches to the legal regulation of applying genetic technologies differ since States retain a great deal of discretion in regulating these issues. Though the Council of Europe Member States enjoy a margin of appreciation in regulating the use of genetic technologies, a number of common distinctive features underlying the international legal framework in this area can still be singled out. These are informed consent, prohibition of reproductive human cloning, prohibition of germ line modification with certain exceptions. They arise primarily from the Oviedo Convention, the Protocols thereto and the ECtHR practice. Soft law documents adopted at the UN, UNESCO and the Council of Europe contribute to the process of their formation, too, but to a lesser extent. The efforts undertaken at the European and universal level shape modern international legal regulation in the field and set up the course of action for States to follow.

This position paper presents specific recommendations in ten areas of the work of the Council of Europe where reforms are needed in order to strengthen the organisation’s ability to pursue its mission and restore its credibility after several crises negatively affected it in 2014-2019.

Media have played an important role in framing the public debate on the “refugee crisis” that peaked in autumn of 2015. This report examines the narratives developed by print media in eight European countries and how they contributed to the public perception of the “crisis”, shifting from careful tolerance over the summer, to an outpouring of solidarity and humanitarianism in September 2015, and to a securitisation of the debate and a narrative of fear in November 2015.

The development of the doctrine of good faith in common law has faced many challenges. This is because the courts have been reluctant at accepting the role of good faith in common law jurisdictions.Directives such as Unfair Contract Terms, Late Payment in Commercial Transactions and Commercial Agents have forced common law courts to recognise the role of good faith in English and Irish law. This essay, in particular, will consider the doctrine of good faith in commercial agency under Council Directive 86/553/EEC. The Directive 86/653/EEC on the coordination of the laws of the Member States relating to self-employed commercial agents imply an obligation that commercial agents must act dutifully and in good faith.

In the past three decades, there has been increasing research carried out on the role of heritage and its processes in achieving broader sustainable development objectives beyond heritage conservation. As part of this movement, people-centered approaches and participation have been widely integrated into international regulations and guidelines on heritage management, stimulating the implementation of case studies-based research worldwide. Despite the wide advocacy of participatory heritage practices’ contributions to more inclusive and culturally sensitive local development in a great variety of projects, there is limited research into the roles these practices can have in addressing sustainability objectives. How are these roles addressed in international heritage regulatory frameworks, and what forms of participation are promoted for their fulfillment? This paper seeks to answer this research question through a content analysis of international declarations, conventions, guidelin...

Zgodnie z rozporządzeniami polskiego Ministerstwa Edukacji i Nauki od 1 stycznia 2022 roku obowiązuje niższa subwencja na naukę języka niemieckiego dla uczniów mniejszości niemieckiej. Dlatego, począwszy od kolejnego roku szkolnego, czyli od 1 września 2022 roku zostanie zmniejszona liczba godzin szkolnych (45 minut) przeznaczonych na te zajęcia z obecnych trzech do jednej w tygodniu.

Oczywiście to jawna dyskryminacja, bowiem takiego obniżenia subwencji oraz liczby godzin nauki języka mniejszościowego nie zastosowano względem innych uznanych w Polsce mniejszości narodowych czy etnicznych. Dlaczego wzięto właśnie mniejszość niemiecką „na celownik”? Po pierwsze, to numerycznie największa uznana mniejszość we współczesnej Polsce. Po drugie, przez ostatnie trzy dekady po upadku komunizmu, przywódcy i parlamentarzyści mniejszości niemieckiej lojalnie wspierali działania wszystkich polskich rządów (w tym i PiSu), nawet jeśli skutkowało to naruszeniem najważniejszych interesów kulturowo-etnicznych polskich Niemców. Po trzecie, w pełnej zgodzie z polskim interesem narodowo-etnicznym, liderzy mniejszości niemieckiej wspierali i wciąż wspierają nieuznawanie największej mniejszości, czyli Ślązaków. I to pomimo ścisłych związków rodzinno-społecznych pomiędzy górnośląskimi Niemcami a Ślązakami. Paradoksalnie, nie niemiecki, a właśnie śląszczyzna stanowi język dnia codziennego Niemców w Górnym Śląsku.

Jednobrzmiące protesty obecnych liderów mniejszości niemieckiej,[2] jak i ich poprzedników[3] oraz przedstawicieli RFN[4] są spóźnione o co najmniej 30 lat. Jak jest tak źle, to dlaczego wcześniej nikt nie reagował? Przecież elity mniejszości niemieckiej oraz władze RFN powinny sobie jasno zdawać sprawę, iż na poziomie ideologii rządy postkomunistycznej Polski kierują się zasadami polskiego nacjonalizmu etnicznojęzykowego wypracowanego przez Romana Dmowskiego na przełomie XIX i XX stulecia. To właśnie jego zwolennicy w międzywojennej Polsce przeprowadzili przymusową asymilację mniejszości na niwie edukacji.

The thesis presents research which attempts to conceptually comprehend the Council of Europe procedural law based on a wide approach towards understanding the international procedural law. Herewith the author suggests the Council of Europe law to be considered as a special subsystem for the international- legal system. The determination of the place of the Council of Europe Law in the international legal system contributed to the study of the “European Law” concept. It was established that the correct use of the term “European Law” to refer to an independent legal system has not yet found a proper argument. It is proved that the «European law» in the narrow sense – is the system of legal norms, principles and values of the European Union and the Council of Europe, where common principles and values as a basis for its narrow sense. The thesis structure reflects the fulfillment of the general goal and major objectives.
The author creates conceptual fundamentals of the Council of Europe procedural law (the conceptual and categorical apparatus, the system of principles and norms for the Council of Europe procedural law). The research relies on the studies in the field of general theory of law and the theory of international law while distinguishing between general and specific principles of the Council of Europe procedural law. The functional approach is used to systemize the norms of the Council of Europe procedural law.
On the basis of philosophical, broad understanding of procedural law, it has been determined that the Council of Europe procedural law – is the legal integrity, based on a system of legal values and consisting of ordered procedural legal norms and principles governing legal proceedings under the law-making process and realization of Council of Europe law.
It is proved that the understanding of the Council of Europe procedural law narrowly confined to the judicial process. The judicial process of the Council of Europe is a complex of legal procedures that govern the trial of the case before the European Court of Human Rights or the Administrative Tribunal of the Council of Europe. The judicial process of the Council of Europe is aimed at control the implementation by Member States of their obligations under the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms or control the performance of official rules by the Council of Europe, respectively.
The structure of the Council of Europe procedural law has been defined. The notion of “functional structure of the Council of Europe procedural law” is introduced following the functional approach. The main elements of this structure are distinguished and analyzed – the lawmaking and the realization
of law. Derivative elements of the lawmaking include the external and internal lawmaking processes of the Council of Europe. Whereas the constitutive, judicial, monitoring processes, as well as the process of implementation of the Council of Europe law into the Member States’ national legal systems are considered to be derivative elements of the realization of Council of Europe law.
The theoretical and practical aspects of the Council of Europe law implementation in Ukraine have been analyzed. Implementation of international law (the Council of Europe law, in particular) is featured as a kind of realization of law process. The author analyzes the scientific and practical issues on the Council of Europe treaties implementation to the Ukrainian legal system, as well as legal support to the European Court of Human Rights’ case law implementation and execution of judgments. The thesis equally presents the theoretical and practical issues on the Council of Europe procedural law.
Key words: the international procedural law, the Council of Europe procedural law, the law-making process, the constitutive process, judicial process, monitoring process, implementation process, Council of Europe treaties, the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the European Court of Human Rights.

An issue of efficiency of humane treatment of prisoners and its importance to efficient resocialization of prisoners has been subject to many debates and research analysis. The educational component of the imprisonment which leads to successful reintegration of offenders in societies can be achieved in a number of ways. However, efforts of prisons administration will be lost if “the pains of imprisonment” will not be limited. By navigating through an execution of deprivation of liberty from admission of a person to penal institution to his/her release, the Authors focus on “human factor” paying special attention to relations between: prisoners-guards, prisoners-prisoners, and guards-guards. Situations in which imprisonment may be a particular hardship (e.g. owing to overcrowding, lack of sanitary standards, discrimination, unauthorized use of coercive measures or disciplinary sanctions) are also described. However, an important part of the book is dedicated to presentation of methods of increasing efficiency of social rehabilitation: main instruments of social rehabilitation, including with an importance of ensuring prisoners contacts with the outside world, access to education, work, medical treatment, spiritual assistance, as well as treatment programs.
The book offers theoretical and practical insight into Polish and international standards, examining similarities and differences between Polish (e.g. the Code of Penal Execution of 1997) and international (e.g. the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950) hard-laws, as well as soft-laws of the United Nations (the “Mandela Rules” of 2015) and the Council of Europe (“the European Prison Rules” of 2006). Traditional criminal and penitentiary discourse is illustrated with the case-law from Polish courts, as well as the European Court of Human Rights and the Human Rights Committee
This book opens a “penitentiary saga”. The next monographs will be dedicated to “administrative detention” of immigrants, as well as untried prisoners, i.e. detainees pending trial.
More information about the book (including the table of content) can be found at the Publisher’s web page at: https://wydawnictwo.umk.pl/pl/products/5353/treatment-of-prisoners-international-and-polish-perspective

Pace, democrazia, sviluppo economico e sociale costituiscono nel contempo le motivazioni e le finalità del processo di integrazione europea. È quanto si riscontra sia dal punto di vista teorico, come emerge per esempio dagli scritti di Lord
Lothian e Luigi Einaudi, dal celebre ‘Manifesto di Ventotene’ firmato da Altiero Spinelli ed Ernesto Rossi, o dalla 'Dichiarazione’ resa pubblica il 9 maggio 1950
dall’allora Ministro francese degli Affari esteri, Robert Schuman, sia sul piano concreto, alla luce dell’attività del Consiglio d’Europa, delle Comunità europee e dell’Unione europea che a quelle è definitivamente subentrata.
Quelle stesse ragioni e quegli stessi obiettivi si trovano altresì, in particolare in Europa, a monte e a valle della tutela delle minoranze, della garanzia dei diritti linguistici e della promozione della diversità linguistica e culturale. Questo
intervento intende affrontare il rapporto tra pluralismo linguistico, tutela e integrazione europea e quindi definire il contesto in cui è stata adottata la Carta europea delle lingue regionali o minoritarie.
L’itinerario proposto unisce documenti ufficiali elaborati in seno al Consiglio d’Europa e alla CSCE-OSCE, iniziative
assunte da parte delle istituzioni comunitarie – risoluzioni approvate dal Parlamento europeo, pareri espressi dal Comitato delle Regioni, progetti finanziati dalla Commissione europea – ed alcune previsioni presenti nei più recenti
Trattati dell’Unione europea, da quello di Maastricht a quello di Lisbona.

Mass surveillance has grown significantly through the technological advancements to which the world has been witness. The extensive reach such surveillance can have came especially to light as a result of the disclosures made by Edward Snowden in 2013.  His revelations also lead to an increase in concern regarding the respect and protection of the right to privacy. His revelations made people more aware of being surveilled and made governments and international organisations feel the need to tackle on-going surveillance; to justify the use of such surveillance, to argue for regulation of such surveillance or to eliminate such surveillance. 

Arguments favouring mass surveillance emphasise that the right to privacy is subject to justifiable interference, and therefore promote the benefits mass surveillance provides in order to justify it as such. They emphasise such surveillance’s contribution to security and to the prevention of crime ex ante. Undoubtedly, such arguments hold that mass surveillance is indispensable and therefore cannot be eliminated, despite the existence of the right to privacy.

However, mass surveillance can undermine broader democratic processes and impact a range of human rights including those impacting personal integrity, the freedom of expression, association and assembly, the right to fair trial, and the right to privacy. Therefore, the impact of mass surveillance on human rights, including the right to privacy can be especially harmful. The fact that mass surveillance is said to not work, and can become even more dangerous due to its potential for abuse, are other arguments used against the practice of mass surveillance.

The reality of the world we live must also be taken into account. We live in a world that is increasingly being threatened by terrorist attacks, and with governments exhibiting great reluctance in doing away with mass surveillance. However, also to be considered is the right to privacy as a human right and the extent to which one can interfere with such a right – what is the limit? What is the right balance between the practice of mass surveillance and its alleged security benefits against the right to privacy? Ought mass surveillance be established as an unlawful interference with the right to privacy?

This research will be undertaken for a variety of reasons. The most influential factor has been the prevalence of the dangers mass surveillance poses to the right to privacy, as well as the very great amount of material available on the subject matter. Another reason is the relevance of this thesis to the world we live in. The objects we purchase such as, but not limited to: our mobile phones, our televisions, our laptops and global positions systems can all be used to ‘spy’ on us. The practice of mass surveillance impacts our every day lives; therefore the analysis of its regulation is of utmost relevance. This thesis therefore provides me with the opportunity to assess arguments for and against mass surveillance, and the extent to which mass surveillance should be regulated in the light of the right to privacy.

This research aims to start by considering arguments for the application of mass surveillance, such as the need to protect national and individual security. Then, arguments for the elimination of mass surveillance based on the need to protect the right to privacy will be considered. The research will then consider as to how these two opposing arguments can be mitigated into finding a middle ground, by looking at the standards being suggested by the UN, the ECtHR, the COE, the Commissioner for of Human Rights, the Venice Commission, the PACE, and couple of civil society actors. Ultimately, the research will aim at reaching a conclusion as to whether mass surveillance can be established as an unlawful interference of the right to privacy, or not.

« Il n’y a pas d’oranges fascistes. Il n’y a que des oranges » : cette phrase du ministre français des Affaires étrangères, Georges Bidault, prononcée devant l’Assemblée nationale française, en 1948, lors d’un débat sur l’Espagne franquiste, résume à elle seule les relations établies par les Etats fondateurs des Communautés européennes avec les dictatures d’Europe du sud au cours des trois décennies qui suivent la seconde guerre mondiale. Les discours commémoratifs contemporains évoquent une intégration européenne axée dès l’origine sur la défense des droits de l’Homme. L’« Europe des droits de l’Homme » et l’« Europe économique » empruntèrent pourtant des voies séparées, l’une, sous la forme d’un Conseil de l’Europe consacré pour l’essentiel à la protection des droits de l’Homme mais dépourvu de force de dissuasion et l’autre, au travers de Communautés européennes dotées de pouvoirs réels mais peu réceptives aux préoccupations non économiques. Ce livre retrace le processus de convergence de ces deux pans majeurs de la construction européenne à travers l’évolution des relations entretenues par ces organisations internationales avec les dictatures méditerranéennes. Si la démocratie et les droits de l’Homme devinrent, avec le temps, des composantes essentielles du processus d’intégration européenne, ils le durent en grande partie aux réseaux de solidarité internationale et à l’activisme d’acteurs politiques déterminés à prouver qu’il existait bien des « oranges fascistes ».

The publication presents key youth policy developments in Eastern Partnership countries and in the Russian Federation. It also focuses on challenges that young people and youth organisations from the region face, and presents selected foreign mechanisms of youth policy support.

What makes up a capital city? In this first comprehensive look at the architectural and urban visions for a European capital, Hein examines how these visions compare to the reality of the three headquarter cities for the European Union: Strasbourg, Luxembourg, and Brussels. Tracing the history of the EU and its creation of the new political entity of the polycentric capital, Hein explores the impact that European unification has on visionary projects and the transformation of EU member cities. Widely researched, the book also brings in architectural projects that have remained largely unknown until now. Using architectural and urban history as a lens, Hein examines the past five decades of European unification. Also analyzed for the first time are the debates, plans, projects, and constructions-both realized and failed-that accompanied this process. Looking to the future, Hein asserts that the task of these three capital cities is to balance the needs of a collective Europe with national, local, and-increasingly-regional demands.

https://litgid.com/catalog/yuridicheskaya/international_sports_law_textbook_for_bachelor_students/

The Textbook was prepared in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Education as applied to specialization  40.03.01 "Jurisprudence" (Bachelor (degree) qualification) and the syllabus of the academic discipline "International Sports Law", approved by the International Law Department of the Kutafin  Moscow State Law University in January 2017.
The Textbook consists of 17 chapters. They correspond to the themes of the syllabus of the academic discipline. Its General part is devoted to the history, object, subjects, sources, special principles of international sports law, the process of regulation of international sports relations at the universal level (within the framework of the United Nations, its specialized agencies and programs), at the regional level (within the Council of Europe and the European Union) and at the bilateral level. The Author makes a corresponding distinction with the object, subjects, sources, special principles of lex sportiva, a set of corporate norms elaborated by the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee, international and national sports federations. Special attention is paid to the study of ways of resolving sports disputes through arbitration and appeal proceedings in the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), by means of judicial proceedings in the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU).
The Special Part of the Textbook identifies problem areas that require additional efforts to implement international legal and corporate regulations: the use of doping in sport, violence and hooligan behavior of spectators and fans, environmental protection when organizing international sports competitions, economic crimes and discrimination in international sports, protection of property rights with regard to television and radio broadcasts of international sports competitions, the use of Olympic symbols, countering threats to a healthy lifestyle.
The Textbook will be of interest for Bachelor students of law, lecturers of higher education institutions, practicing lawyers, staff members of organizations of the Olympic and Paralympic movements, as well as for all those whose academic interests and practical activities are connected with international law, sports law and lex sportivа.

In April 1967, a group of colonels seized power in Greece. Since Greece was a member-state of the Council of Europe and held an association agreement with the European Community, both organizations had to define their positions vis-à-vis the new military regime. Very soon, politicians in the parliamentary assemblies of both organizations started to cooperate with the aim of imposing sanctions on Greece. This article examines the inter-organizational dynamics between the European Community and the Council of Europe on Greece during the colonels’ regime. It argues that the European Community imported concrete policy positions and even normative ideas which had first emerged in the Council of Europe. In so doing, the Community prepared the ground for its future human-rights policies.

"Azerbaijan and the Council of Europe" in the book of "Main Directions of the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1991-2016)", published by Center for Strategic Studies under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, 2017, pp. 569-594, http://sam.az/uploads/PDF/AXS-25%20il.pdf

Dit rapport is een eerste analyse van het Papiaments als een historisch in het Europees deel van Nederland gesproken taal, geschreven in het kader van het bezoek van het comité van experts van het Europees Handvest voor regionale talen of talen van minderheden van de Raad van Europa aan Nederland ter beoordeling van de inspanningen van Nederland als lidstaat bij het Handvest in het najaar van 2019. Doel is de vraag te beantwoorden of het Papiaments in het deel van Nederland waarvoor het handvest geratificeerd is een "regional or minority language" is.

Commissioned by the Georgian Centre for Strategy and Development (GCSD) as a component of a four-year multi-tier programme on ‘Enhancing the Capacity of Georgia in Preventing Violent Extremism and Radicalization’ funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Norway, this Handbook was developed to facilitate Georgia’s ‘Permanent Interagency Commission on Elaboration of the National Counterterrorism Strategy (CNCS)’ Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (P/CVE) policy development and cooperative programming processes.

In a field crowded with documentation and narratives on diverse P/CVE approaches, this Handbook’s objective is to focus the audience’s attention on counter-terrorism and P/CVE best practice at international and European levels. At the same time, the Handbook enables practitioners from state institutions to sustain institutional P/CVE knowledge and to develop capacity to address P/CVE issues across Georgian society. The Handbook can also be used for training purposes, as well as by other stakeholders to develop their own capacity to implement projects aimed at understanding and limiting the threat of violent extremism.

Beginning with an introduction to the evolution of terrorism over the last fifty years, the Handbook outlines the challenges of terrorism to democratic states, and the legal and policy dimensions of effective counter-terrorism and extremism prevention. The Handbook then addresses specific thematic issues, including institutional frameworks for P/CVE, cooperation between state and society, radicalization prevention, the return of foreign terrorist fighters and their families, and broader counter-terrorism and P/CVE communication challenges. Placing an emphasis on developing original material and incorporating a variety of relevant and easily accessible best practice materials, the aim across all seven chapters is to ensure that a ‘Whole-of-Society’ approach to P/CVE issues is emphasised in a user-friendly format.

Against the background of fifty years of terrorism, democratic societies are still exposed to a variety of risks posed by local and strategic terrorism. Although waves of terrorism occur in peaks and troughs, as contested and ungoverned spaces continue to harbour often well-funded and supplied terrorist and insurgent groups, social and technological developments compound the significant risks posed by even small terrorist movements and cells. To counter these threats, the legal and policy framework for counter-terrorism and counter-extremism programming will continue to evolve, not least to disrupt online terrorist recruitment, communication, and radicalization activities, and also to limit the transit of terrorists across international travel networks. In this context, every democratic society faces the dual challenge of maintaining their preparedness to counter terrorist threats, and to adapt their P/CVE approaches to contain new or persistent terrorist threats.

In the interim, Georgia, as with other European democracies, will remain exposed to a variety of counter-terrorism and P/CVE challenges. Limiting Georgia’s exposure to international terrorist networks, creating effective counter-terrorism policy, ensuring effective P/CVE practice, and enhancing Georgia’s cooperative security efforts will require further development of existing P/CVE capacities, particularly in terms of maintaining substantive institutional and multi-stakeholder approaches to terrorist and radicalization threats. In so doing, Georgia will continue to contribute to European and international security.

En ce début de XXI e siècle, la pauvreté, la précarité et les inégalités aff ectent un nombre croissant de personnes sur le continent européen. Ces phénomènes fragilisent non seulement la cohésion sociale des sociétés européennes mais violent les droits humains, aussi bien les droits sociaux que civils et politiques, et questionnent le fonctionnement de la démocratie. En eff et, comment les personnes en situation de pauvreté peuvent-elles faire entendre leurs voix dans des sociétés polarisées, où plus de 40 % du patrimoine et 25 % des revenus sont détenus par 10 % de la population ? Ce guide est le fruit de deux années de travail collectif mené dans le cadre du projet « Les droits humains des personnes en situation de pauvreté ». Il a été préparé avec le concours de nombreuses personnes et organisations, dont des personnes en situation de pauvreté, des chercheurs, des associations et des représentants des autorités publiques. Outre qu'il off re une étude critique de la situation actuelle, en analysant les inégalités et la pauvreté par le prisme des droits humains, de la démocratie et des politiques de redistribution, ce guide invite également le lecteur à explorer les pistes d'une stratégie renouvelée de lutte contre la pauvreté permettant de rétablir le sens de la justice sociale. Il avance des propositions qui visent à dépasser la stigmatisation et la catégorisation, en ouvrant des voies d'apprentissage pour bâtir des biens communs par le partage, en évitant le gaspillage et en renforçant dans la conscience publique le principe de respect de la dignité humaine en tant que droit de tous. Le Conseil de l'Europe regroupe aujourd'hui 47 Etats membres, soit la quasi-totalité des pays du continent euro-péen. Son objectif est de créer un espace démocratique et juridique commun, organisé autour de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme et d'autres textes de référence sur la protection de l'individu. Créé en 1949, au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale, le Conseil de l'Europe est le symbole historique de la réconciliation.

On the 18th of December 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union delivered the historic Opinion 2/13, where it ruled that the draft agreement on the accession of the European Union to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms is not compatible with Article 6(2) of the Treaty on European Union or with Protocol (No 8) relating to Article 6(2) TEU.In terms of practical effects, the Court’s long list of objections to the draft agreement as expressed in Opinion 2/13, blocked, at least temporarily, the road towards the accession of the EU to the ECHR. Furthermore, in symbolic terms, Opinion 2/13 reflected the Court’s fundamental disagreement with the Commission, the Council, the European Parliament, and the 24 Member States that submitted their observations in the context of the Opinion request, all concluding that “the draft agreement is compatible with the Treaties”. Finally, in terms of internal organization and function, Opinion 2/13 exposed the division between the Court and the Advocate General Kokott, who had concluded in her View that under certain conditions, the draft agreement is compatible with EU law. It is, therefore, evident that there are many aspects of Opinion 2/13 that require thorough analysis and interpretation. The core of this Thesis is an attempt to answer the following questions:

1. Did the Court fully and adequately justify its negative Opinion to the question of the European Commission on the following issue: “is the draft agreement providing for the accession of the European Union to the European Convention for the protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, signed in Rome on 4 November 1950 (‘the ECHR’) compatible with the Treaties?”?

2. How is the protection of human rights in Europe affected by the Court’s rejection of the accession of the EU to the ECHR and what is the way forward?

The protection of fundamental human rights across Europe reminds the issue of the European Union (EU)
accession to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The analysis of the interaction between the Court
of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is essential for a better
understanding of the multi-layered human rights architecture in Europe.
With reference to multi-level components, this study focus on the following issues in order to find out whether the CJEU and ECtHR consist two sides of the same coin - meaning that they adjudicate human rights in the same way - or if they constitute different currencies – meaning that they have different impacts in human rights protection. An overall appraisal of the cohabitation of these two judicial powerhouses will be made by reference
to the state of human rights protection within the regional mechanisms and their impact at national level.

Україна зробила свій цивілізаційний вибір на користь європейських цінностей та ідеалів – демократії, верховенства права, поваги до прав і свобод людини. Попереду багато завдань, що маємо виконати на шляху реформ. Інтеграція в європейський інформаційний простір – одне з цих
завдань. Одночасно, це й виклик на спроможність української нації – усіх
громадян нашої держави здолати перешкоди на цьому шляху. Впевнені, об’єднавши зусилля та не покладаючи рук, з цим викликом ми впораємося.
Авторський колектив

The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion encompasses a wide range of religious and non-religious beliefs as well as philosophical and ethical convictions. The legal recognition of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, which is protected under Article 9 of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) is often met with scepticism by religious traditionalists, in fear that it can undermine the role of religion by recognising pluralism and equating religious with other beliefs. The more liberal have displayed similar doubts as to the implications of embracing religious freedom in secular European societies. The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion is perhaps one of the most controversial rights in international human rights law and has divided scholars and practitioners alike for years. This article does not delve into the depths of scholarly debate on the controversial aspects of Article 9 ECHR, but it rather aims to outline the current position of the European Court of Human Rights, the Council of Europe's primary judicial organ, that has explored through its jurisprudence some of the most provocative social issues that relate to thought, conscience and religion.

Scopo di questo progetto di ricerca è lo studio dei mutamenti in atto nel continente europeo al cospetto delle politiche linguistico – educative sviluppate dal Consiglio d’Europa (CoE) negli ultimi decenni, per analizzarne l’impatto sui sistemi d’istruzione e verificare la coerenza dei grandi principi e valori su cui esse si fondano rispetto all’ideologia dominante, che si ispira ai precetti del neoliberismo e della globalizzazione dei saperi e delle conoscenze, nonché alle dinamiche omologanti insite nei sistemi economici, politici e sociali della società occidentale.

The organisation of the European continent is still influenced by the history of countless old preferential zones of cooperation.
This history shapes the European Union (EU) but also other international organizations such as the NATO or the Council of Europe. Inside the EU, such legacies are visible in the so-called “Core Europe”, as well as in the perennial temptation to develop a “variable geometry” Europe. Those  orientations contrast with those who wish to reduce European integration to a mere free-trade area, much like the British project discussed in 1956-8. The issue for the post-Brexit EU is to manage diversity by overcoming those old preferential zone of cooperation, all the while without ignoring them.