Constraints

In this thesis, I have examined whether the current approach to competition policy is suitable for the distinct characteristics of the digital economy. It is particularly difficult to define the relevant market and rely on market share test as a proxy for market power in the digital economy mainly because of its dynamic nature. As the market boundaries shift so rapidly in dynamic markets, having a static perspective when defining the relevant market might fall short when assessing competitive constraints that an undertaking may face in the near future. In this regard, this thesis calls for a change in the traditional assessment of market power, and it proposes to replace the relevant market/market share paradigm with a more economic effects-based method, such as estimating the elasticity of residual demand. By doing so, competition authorities can assess competitive constraints from a broader perspective without necessarily being limited to a particular relevant market or any formalistic structure.

In order to identify the most suitable way to assess market power in the digital economy, this thesis is structured as follows. Chapter II explains what digital economy is, how it emerged, and what makes it different from the rest of the economy by identifying its distinguishing characteristics. After providing an overview of the digital economy, Chapter III gives more theoretical insight to the concept of market power. First, it explains the importance of market power within the social market economy. In the second part, it introduces various definitions of market power as provided by different institutions and scholars, describing the defining characteristics of these definitions afterwards. Having explained the concept of market power, Chapter IV focuses on how market power is assessed. By doing so, it explains not only the traditional indirect assessment of market power, but also the direct assessment of the latter. After clarifying what the digital economy is, as well as the concept of market power and how it is assessed, Chapter V evaluates the suitability of current understanding of market power in the digital economy. Then it explains what the challenges of assessing market power in the digital economy are when applying conventional techniques. In the light of these findings, it finally suggests a blueprint of how to assess market power in the digital economy. Lastly, Chapter VI provides the summary of findings and the final conclusion.

In this paper we introduce a model as a foundation for het-erogeneous services, therefore unifying web services tech-nologies in SOA (Service Oriented Architecture), specif-ically, SOAP/WS * and RESTful models. This model ab-stracts away from service implementations, in order to verify and to enforce some important security properties.

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Climate change challenges also present opportunities for influencing related regulations and Government intervention and creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship in individual corporate and collaborative responses to break free of constraints, help people to benefit and cope and achieve sustainable growth. Engagement and consultation with stakeholders to appreciate their perspectives and requirements may be advisable. Better understanding of developments and their impacts upon others can identify opportunities. Changing direction can be challenging and may require collective action. Better understanding of influencing factors and policy options can help to determine future scenarios.

The purpose of this study was to determine the motives, the brakes and the ways of using Social Networking Sites (SNS) based on dimensional models that describe national cultural values explaining and predicting behavior. The study used a qualitative method, we conducted face-to-face in-depth interviews with 32 Tunisian, 29 Indian, 20 Pakistani, 20 French and 20 Cana-dian participants. The data was collected and transcribed in each of the five countries by independent researchers for each country. However, the analysis of the data was carried out by a single researcher to eliminate bias. We concluded that cultural environment influences the way people communicate and use social networking sites. The sources of motivation, the brakes and the reasons for the non-use of SNS also depend on cultural aspects of each society. We conducted an intercontinental study where the countries studied represent the four continents of the World, namely North America, Africa, Asia and Europe.

The study was to find out the root causes of drastically declining the area under groundnut crop in Kadapa District of Andhra Pradesh. Results revealed that most of the groundnut farmers were marginal and small who expressed their options ranked in the following manner. The rank I was less remunerative prices for the produce (93%) followed by high cost of cultivation (91.67%) ranked II, uncertainty weather conditions (rainfall)(90%) ranked III, labour scarcity at crucial operations (sowing, weeding & harvesting) (85%) ranked IV facing difficulty in controlling the damage caused by the wild boars in their field (83.33%) ranked V, high wages of labour (80%) ranked VI, damage caused by monkeys (75%) ranked VII, root rot disease (73.33%) ranked VIII, low yields & high seed cost (70%) ranked IX, virus diseases (50%)ranked X, untimely availability of seed (38.33%) ranked XI, red hairy caterpillar damage (33.33%) ranked XII, insufficient groundnut water (25%) ranked XIII, and high weed problem (16.67%) ranked XIV. For the above reasons most the farmers were not able to grow groundnut crop in the district.

Manipur, one of the NorthEastern states in India has the advantage of the vast cultivated area, which has remained free of the contamination from chemicals, with very low or zero use of agrochemicals, can be instantly converted to organic farming. From the available records it is found that the conversion from conventional to organic farming is increasing over time in Manipur; although in a very slow rate. The activities of different organizations had influenced the farmers over large areas to convert as an organic cohort. The present study was undertaken tostudy the constraints faced by the farmers associated with organic farming. The study was conducted in four districts of Manipur (two each from hill viz. Ukhrul and Senapati, and valley viz. Imphal-West, Imphal-East), selected purposively because there was a tradition to cultivate crops organically. The study revealed that economic constraints were perceived highest followed by institutional andpolicy aspects, infrastructural and situational aspects, and managerial constraints. The lowest level of constraints faced on personal aspects. It is suggested that the government should establish organic input agencies, assured market for organic produce, setting up of policies to assure remunerative price to improve organic cultivation in Manipur.

Dans cette communication, nous présenterons la complexité de la Supply Chain liée
aux différentes sources d’incertitudes. Nous proposerons aussi une formulation mathématique des
différentes interactions entre l’entreprise et ses partenaires (Client, Fournisseur). L’objectif de
notre formulation est de planifier l’activité interne de l’entreprise en tenant compte des
contraintes externes imposées par la chaîne.

Traditionally, economic analysis of agricultural technology adoption (or lack thereof) has focused on imperfect information, risk, uncertainty,
institutional constraints, human capital, input availability, and infrastructure as potential explanations for adoption decisions [1-3]. In studying
agricultural technology adoption, analysis of the adoption of high yielding varieties (HYV) in India has been particularly influential. Kohli and
Singh [3] found that inputs played a large role in the rapid adoption of HYVs in the Punjab on of the prosperous state in India. They claimed
that the effort made by the Punjab government to make the technological innovations and their complementary inputs more easily and cheaply
available allowed the technology to diffuse faster than in the rest of India. On similar lines study is conducted in Mauritius to learn feasible and
acceptable model of technology adoption. Mauritian economy is based on service industry. And farming is done only to satisfy local demand. At
points heavy imbalance is observed in demand and supply, hence the study becomes more important.

Access control policies are used to restrict access to sensitive records for authorized users only. One approach for specifying policies is using role based access control (RBAC) where authorization is given to roles instead of users. Users are assigned to roles such that each user can access all the records that are allowed to his/her role. RBAC has a great interest because of its flexibility. One issue in RBAC is dealing with constraints. Usually, policies should satisfy pre-defined constraints as for example separation of duty (SOD) which states that users are not allowed to play two conflicting roles. Verifying the satisfiability of constraints based on policies is time consuming and may lead to errors. Therefore, an automated verification is essential. In this paper, we propose a theory for specifying policies and constraints in first order logic. Furthermore, we present a comprehensive list of constraints. We identity constraints based on the relation between users and roles, between roles and permission on records, between users and permission on records, and between users, roles, and permission on records. Then, we use a general purpose theorem prover tool called Prover9 for proving the satisfaction of constraints.

The traditional hand operated method of time table is very time consuming and usually ends up with various classes clashing
either at same room or with same teachers having more than one class at a time which is being resolved by Automated time table scheduling. This project introduces a practical timetabling approach capable of taking care of both hard and soft constraints required specially for preparing time table in colleges with large number of students and limited resources like class-rooms or
labs. The automated time table scheduling provides easier ways for teachers and student to view their timetable once they are
finalized over the application, having individual login id and passwords, and also some staff usually takes the previous year’s timetable and modify it but still it is a tedious job to incorporate changes. To overcome all these problems we propose to make an automated system. This paper also presents an evolutionary algorithm (EA) based approach to solving a heavily constrained
university timetabling problem which has been used in other projects also.

AWEJ Volume.5 Number.2, 2014   
                                                                                                                                    Pp.133-141



The Teaching of Translation at the University Level: Constraints and Aspirations

Dr. Ahmed Mohammed Al-Quyad
English Department, University of Sana’a, Yemen

.

Abstract
This paper is an attempt to address the situation of translation learning and teaching at the university level with special reference to its teaching in the universities of the Arab World/ countries. It is worth pointing that the paper is a kind of reflection touching upon certain aspects of translation learning and teaching with specific focus on the three dimensions/ aspects being the learner, the teacher and the teaching material(s). 
Keywords: aspirations, constraints, university level, teacher, learner, teaching, learning

This article seeks to define and illustrate the notion of 'constraint' as it applies to literary translation. After a brief discussion of various ways in which the concept of constraint intersects with literary translation, the focus turns to the notion of 'elasticity', which describes tensions exerted upon the translator by factors particular to a given translation project, whether these are stylistic, formal, lexical, or intentional literary constraints. This tension forces the translator to work 'otherwise' and dictates to a certain extent where the translator must situate him or herself along a continuum of 'faithfulness' that ranges from material form to semantic meaning. Four examples are taken from the author's own work as a literary translator, drawing on translations of 'constrained' texts of progressive difficulty by Marcel Schwob, Raymond Queneau, Olivier Salon, and J.-A. Soubira. Finally, this illustration of varying textual elasticity and constraint is examined from a sociological angle, which seeks to explore practical constraints of literary translation in today's American literary marketplace.

The present study was carried out during 2016 in Fulbaria Upazila, Mymensingh District. Both primary and secondary data were analyzed to achieve the objectives of the study. Primary data were collected from 30 intermediaries in the supply chain of vermicompost marketing. A specialized market for vermicompost was not observed in the study area. The major portion of vermicompost i.e. 90% was found to be marketed directly from producers to the users. The users were farmers, Bangladesh army, Tea garden and research institution. Maximum volume was marketed to the farmers i.e. 75%. Some users were found to buy vermicompost from cooperatives. Particular vermicompost trader was not found to be involved in the process of marketing within the study area. Most of the produced vermicompost was utilized within the district and only a very small amount was sent for usages to other districts. Head load/shoulder load, van, rickshaw and auto rickshaw were the common modes of transportation. Market information was collected through the internet, mobile phone and personal visit to the producers. Price was commonly determined through rapid interaction of the supply and demand. For fixing the buying and selling price, open bargaining, going market price and prefixed prices methods were followed. Cooperatives average purchase price was Tk. 82.67, average sale price Tk. 105, Marketing cost Tk. 8.62 per kg. Marketing margin and net marketing margin of cooperatives was found to be Tk. 22.33 and Tk. 13.71 per kg. In the study area, producers share at consumer's taka for vermicompost 78.73% and marketing efficiency of vermicompost 2.68 in channel II. More than 90% farmers expressed that lack of market information and lack of marketplace are major constraints toward vermicompost marketing.

On a parfois compris les calligrammes d'Apollinaire comme « ludiques » plutôt que mimétiques, mais qu'est-ce à dire plus précisément ? Profondément engagé dans la révolution esthétique de son temps, Apollinaire cherchait-il par-là à opposer aux règles anciennes de la versification, plutôt qu'une liberté « absolue », une nouvelle forme de contrainte, où l'écriture poétique serait déterminée par les nécessités du dessin ? La valeur esthétique des calligrammes d'Apollinaire ne relèverait pas alors de la beauté des dessins qu'ils forment, mais surtout d'une expérimentation visant rien moins qu'une réinvention fondamentale des moyens de la représentation et de l'écriture au sens large.

Title and Abstract: " Apollinaire's calligrammes: a new poetic constraint? "-Apollinaire's poem-drawings were sometimes seen as " ludic " rather than mimetic, but what does that mean precisely? Deeply engaged in the aesthetic revolution of his time, he was perhaps trying to oppose the old rules of versification, not so much by claiming an " absolute " freedom, as with a new form of poetic constraint, in which the poetic writing itself would have to comply with the necessities of the drawing. The aesthetic significance of his calligrammes wouldn't then come from the beauty of the drawings they form, but above all from the experimentation that aims no less than a fundamental reinvention of means of representation, especially that of writing in a broader sense.

Depuis quelques décennies, le Nord de la Côte d'Ivoire est confronté à une dynamique de précarisation sociale et économique du fait de nombreux paramètres (crises sociopolitiques, changement climatique, sécheresses, volatilité des prix agricoles etc.). Cependant, l'une des opportunités socio-économiques qui est la filière anacarde se trouve confrontée à des mutations particulières portées par la crise socio-politique qu'a connue le pays. Dans un tel contexte de vulnérabilité où le système de commercialisation intérieure présente de nombreuses contraintes, une démarche a été proposée dans cette étude. Il s'agissait de comprendre et d'expliquer les changements induits par le délitement de la filière anacarde pendant la crise socio-politique, tout en identifiant les contraintes, les potentialités et les opportunités. L'étude repose sur des notes d'observations participantes, des entretiens semi-structurés, des enquêtes et une revue documentaire. Ainsi, les crises sociopolitiques de 2002 et postélectorale de 2010 ont fait intervenir de nouveaux acteurs, de nouvelles zones d'ombres dans la filière anacarde. Face à ces modifications, les producteurs et les acheteurs se sont adaptés par la mise en place de stratégies.

This qualitative case study examines creative cognition processes and constrained thinking (e.g., conceptual combination, use of analogies, and initial problem formation) to identify how brands can enhance their creative output. Using Apple's " Get a Mac " campaign as a case, this study explores how constrained thinking can be employed to help brands, specifically arts organizations, identify, target, and enhance their consumer culture. Organizations and entrepreneurs can learn from this case to consider various ways they can apply creative cognition approaches to cultural management.

Linear Programming is a family of mathematical programming that is concerned with the allocation of scarce or limited resources i.e. raw materials, partially finished products, labour, investment capital or time to several competing activities on the basis of given optimality. It is employed in operation research for the purpose of optimization of linear functions subject to linear equality and inequality constraint. An optimal allocation may be one that maximizes some measure of benefit or utility, such as profit, or minimizes some measure of cost. The technique of linear programming is used in wide range of applications, including agriculture, industry, transportation, economic, health system, social science, and military. In this paper we will solve a linear programming problem using python language. As an analyst, we try to find a good optimal solution for the decision maker to make a final decision. Our attempt is to give the mathematical description of the product-mix optimization problem. The objective of this paper is to find the best mix that maximizes profit. To obtain the solution to this Linear program, we have to write a short program in Python to call PuLP’s modeling functions, which will then call a solver. Then we will obtain the graph using python commands, which will give the shaded area enclosed by the constraints called feasible region, which is the set of points satisfying all the constraints. To find the optimal solution we look at the lines of equal profits to find the corner of the feasible region which yield the highest profit. This corner can be found out at the farthest line of equal profit which still touches the feasible region.

The study focuses on the anagrams of Michelle Grangaud, a member
of the group Oulipo. The analysis of two anagrams reveals a fundamental paradox: does the anagram allow the poet’s voice to express itself? Jean Starobinski’s study of Saussure’s anagrams serves to reveal the anagram’s origins. In fact, Saussure unearths what he calls poetic “intent” and “custom.” According to Starobinski and Saussure, the anagram reflects the combinatory art of poetic language. From another theoretical angle, Jean Baudrillard believes that the anagram guarantees
“the destruction of linguistic laws.” Grangaud’s anagrams fall right in the
middle of these theoretical positions. However, Grangaud does admit
to experiencing a “loss of identity” because the anagrammatic form leads to “non-intentional discourse.” Could non-intentional discourse be a form of lyricism?

Σκοπός της έρευνας ήταν η διερεύνηση των παραγόντων που συνθέτουν την έννοια
των ανασταλτικών παραγόντων στο χώρο του ελληνικού παραδοσιακού χορού και να
διερευνηθούν πιθανές διαφορές των παραγόντων σε σχέση με το φύλο. Στην έρευνα
συμμετείχαν 339 γονείς των οποίων τα παιδιά συμμετείχαν σε χορευτικές ομάδες
(164 άντρες και 175 γυναίκες). Για την μέτρηση των ανασταλτικών παραγόντων
χρησιμοποιήθηκε το ερωτηματολόγιο των Alexandris και Carroll (1997a) αφού
πρώτα προσαρμόστηκε για το πεδίο των παραδοσιακών χορών. Από την ανάλυση των
αποτελεσμάτων προέκυψαν πέντε παράγοντες ανασταλτικών παραγόντων.
Συγκεκριμένα η «έλλειψη χρόνου», οι «προσωπικοί και ψυχολογικοί λόγοι», τα
«εμπόδια εγκαταστάσεων και υπηρεσιών», οι «οικονομικοί και τα προβλήματα
προσέγγισης» και η «έλλειψη παρέας». Επιπλέον προέκυψαν στατιστικά σημαντικές
διαφορές ως προς το φύλο σε σχέση με τον παράγοντα «ατομικοί και ψυχολογικοί
λόγοι» με τους άνδρες να σημειώνουν μικρότερες τιμές (Μ.Ο. 3,1) από τις γυναίκες
(Μ.Ο. 3,5), καθώς και ως προς τον παράγοντα «προβλήματα εγκαταστάσεων και
υπηρεσιών» με τους άνδρες να σημειώνουν επίσης μικρότερες τιμές (Μ.Ο. 3,5) από
τις γυναίκες (Μ.Ο. 3,8). Οι επικεφαλής των πολιτιστικών φορέων οφείλουν να βρουν
τρόπους ώστε να εξαλείψουν τους αποτρεπτικούς παράγοντες και να ενισχύσουν με
κατάλληλες προτάσεις και προγράμματα την πρόθεση των γονιών για συμμετοχή

This qualitative case study examines creative cognition approaches and how Apple’s “Get a Mac” campaign employed creative cognition to successfully democratize consumer culture and enhance brand loyalty. An in-depth analysis of Apple’s “Get a Mac” campaign evaluates how creative cognition approaches enhance consumer culture and identity. Additionally, this study discusses strategic communication needs of arts organizations. Lastly, this study discusses how arts organizations and arts entrepreneurs might learn from this case study to consider various ways to apply creative cognition approaches within arts management.

After the discovery of the DNA in the 1950´s, 20th century biology focused on the concept of the gene. In the 21st century, however,
the concept of organism is regaining its primary role in biological
thought. At present there is a rapidly growing literature verifying that
living beings are able not only to deeply reorganize themselves but also
to modify their genomes. The emergence of a theory of organism requires, however, first the elaboration of a logic of organismic causality that proceeds from organismic phenomenality. In the following I will attempt to outline what I label "logic of organisms." In order to achieve this aim I will first try to articulate a "logic of mechanisms" because it constitutes a sharp contrast to the "logic of organisms."

Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Vol. 6. No.4 December 2015 
                                                                                                                                                                  Pp. 373 - 388


   

Syllabification in Najdi Arabic: A Constraint –Based Analysis


Mohammad AlAmro
English Language Center
Institute of Public Administration, Saudi Arabia







Abstract
This paper seeks to show how the optimality theory regulates the syllabification of Standard Arabic, in general, and Najdi Arabic in particular. The arrangement of phonemes in the syllables is ruled by constraints. This paper shows how Najdi Arabic repairs the words adopted from Modern Standard Arabic to conform to Najdi Arabic constraints. The data is adopted from different sources such as previous studies, and the researcher’s own data. Although a number of studies have been conducted on Arabic, this is the first study that implements the optimality theory to account for Najdi Arabic syllabic structure. Issues tackled here include epenthesis, syncope, the markedness of sonority hierarchy, vowel shortening, cluster tolerance and apocope. The analysis here is conducted at the word level.
Keywords: constraint, markedness, Najid dialect, optimal theory, sonority, syllabification

Lambanog is liquor. The most popular variety is produced from the distilled coconut sap, while the less popular one comes from the distilled sap of Nypa fruticans Wurmb, or-sasa lambanog‖ as it is called in Infanta, Quezon, Philippines. This study focuses on the lambanog actors in the mangrove areas, a place not merely spaces for nipa palm trees grow but also spaces that take care of them, steadily allowing them to make lambanog and earn a good livelihood. However, instances occur when lambanog production declines as a result of environmental and structural constraints. How the working groupresponds to these impediments, and how the Enterprise sustains are the topics of interest in this research. Site visit, participant observation and key informants interview guided by semi-structured questionnaire checklists were conducted to gather the data. Findings revealed that lambanog actors have encountered natural constraints like climate change, flooding, and the nipa palmtrees are getting older. It is also found that government and organization leaders promoted the shift in distillery technology from traditional firewood to a modern rice hull. This shift eliminated the need to cut trees in the upland and lowland forests for use as fuel. Rational to this strategy was in the environmental sense, however, this campaign to shift technology from conventional to modern also brought new problems, what we call-structural constraints.‖