Bioindicators

geopark naturtejo Meseta Meridional, geology and Paleontology office, centro cultural raiano. Av. Joaquim Morao 6060-101 idanha-a-nova, Portugal 2 Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichita, universita di trieste, via lazzaretto vecchio 6, 34123, trieste, italy universita di udine, via Palladio 8, Palazzo Florio, 33100 udine, italy natural history Museum of the lesvos Petrified Forest, Sigri, lesvos island, greece cnrS, cerege, universite Aix-Marseille, europole de l’Arbois, BP 80, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Changes in the expression of isoenzymes, peptides and nerve cells of T. angustula and T. fiebrigi stingless bees were evaluated after in vitro contamination with Sanson® 40SC (nicosulfuron) and 200 Gramoxone® (paraquat) herbicides, and also the use of such bees as bioindicators of the presence of pesticides. After contamination, analyses of changes in expression of isoenzymes esterases (EST), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nerve cells employing CEC (critical electrolyte concentration) were conducted. The herbicide nicosulfuron causes partial inhibition of esterases from T. angustula and T. fiebrigi. The herbicide paraquat promotes total inhibition of esterase activity in T. fiebrigi from the concentration of 1%, and in concentrations of 10% and 100% in T. angustula. The superoxide dismutase isoenzymes showed an increase in their relative activity after contamination with paraquat at 10% and 100% in both species. No changes were observed for MDH and peptid...

Eutrophication degrades numerous estuaries worldwide and a myriad of assessment metrics have been developed. Here, we apply an example of a previously developed metric (Lee et al. 2004) designed to indicate incipient estuarine eutrophication to validate this technique in an already eutrophic estuary end-member, Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey. The metric, termed ‘Nutrient Pollution Indicator’ (NPI) uses eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) as a bioindicator and is calculated as the ratio of leaf nitrogen content (%N) to area normalized leaf mass (mg dry weight cm-2). Eelgrass samples were collected along the entire length of the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor from June to October 2008 to determine if leaf chemistry and morphology reflect eutrophication status and a north-south gradient of nitrogen loading from the Barnegat Bay watershed. Nitrogen content, area normalized leaf mass, and NPI values all significantly (p < 0.05) varied temporally but not spatially. NPI values did not significantly correspond to the north-south gradient of nitrogen loading from the Barnegat Bay watershed. The NPI metric is therefore not deemed to reliably indicate estuarine eutrophic status. Differences between sampling effort (number of stations) and replication did not bias the overall conclusions.

The Mediterranean Sea has been described as one of the most affected areas by marine litter in the world. Although effects on organisms from marine plastic litter ingestion have been investigated in several oceanic areas, there is still a lack of information from the Mediterranean Sea. The main objectives of this paper are to review current knowledge on the impact of marine litter on Mediterranean biodiversity, to define selection criteria for choosing marine organisms suitable for use as bioindicator species, and to propose a methodological approach to assessing the harm related to marine litter ingestion in several Mediterranean habitats and sub-regions. A new integrated monitoring tool that would provide the information necessary to design and implement future mitigation actions in the Mediterranean basin is proposed. According to bibliographic research and statistical analysis on current knowledge of marine litter ingestion, the area of the Mediterranean most studied, in terms o...

River regularization plays an important role in socio economic development. However, it also modifies the natural flow system of the river and its biotic and abiotic characteristics, causing significant impacts on rivers. To evaluate the impacts on the macroinvertebrate community caused by dam construction on the Poxim-Açú River, metrics of composition and community structure of the macroinvertebrates were analyzed, as well as ecological and biological traits of the region. Macroinvertebrates were collected at three sites located downstream the dam, before (2013) and after (2015) dam construction. The water quality was classified as "good" to "excellent" according to the biotics indices. The alterations of the flow regime of the river after the dam construction influenced the macroinvertebrate communities, modifying their diversity, equitability, richness, and the number of individuals.

The study “Update of national and international resource use indicators” contains three main parts. In the first part central resource indicators for Germany such as Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) and Total Material Requirement (TMR) were updated until 2008. In 2008, Germany extracted 30% less used materials and 52% less unused materials compared to 1980 with a particular decrease in the extraction of soft coal. At the same time there was an increase in direct imports and exports as well as indirect flows associated with imports and exports.
Altogether, domestic material consumption (DMC) decreased by 27% to 1.3 billion tonnes in 2008. Similarly, per capita domestic material consumption declined by 29% to 15.8 tonnes between 1980 and 2008. However, total material requirement (TMR) only fell by 15% in absolute terms (by 19% in per capita terms) reaching almost 2 billion tonnes in 2008. The second part of this study updates and analyses global trends relating to direct material use between 1980 and 2008. Global extraction (used and direct) and material consumption increased by 79% up to 68 billion tonnes during the investigated period. Physical trade volume
increased by 158% up to 10 billion tonnes and material productivity (in regards to DMC) increased by 38%. The final part of the study identifies further research questions that will need to be addressed in order to improve the quality of selected indicators of material analysis.

The differences of lead heavy metal accumulation in water, sediment and among seagrass of Thalassia hemprichii (roots, rhizomes and leaves) were conducted on Ambon Island, Maluku. Samples were taken from two areas ( Inner Ambon Bay and the southern part of the Ambon island) with a total of nine sampling sites based on seagrass distribution and land use. Pb was analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Pb metal content in the sediment is higher than the water and correlated significantly with the roots. The content of Pb on seagrass T. hemprichii showed a consistent pattern of accumulation at all the sites, where the Pb content in roots is higher than in the leaves and it is higher in the leaves than in the rhizomes. Thus the roots of the seagrass T. hemprichii can be used as bioindicators as well as biomonitoring of heavy metal pollution in the marine waters.

A bioindicator is an organism sensitive to environmental changes and, therefore, its absence or scarcity indicates that there is some factor that is modifying the normal conditions of the environment. Amphibians are excellent bioindicators for several reasons: they are sensitive to contaminants such as heavy metals or pesticides, being a good model for endocrinological or ecotoxicological studies, also, in some species a very representative number of individuals can be obtained, since some frogs lay thousands of eggs, besides, it is relatively cheap to keep them in the laboratory, they are easily manipulated (in general they do not represent harm to people), do not require much space and in some species, their embryos and larvae are transparent and large enough to be handled. An additional advantage for amphibians is that they are vertebrates, so that the alterations or pathologies that affect their development by adverse phenomena or contact with toxic substances can be compared with human development.

Long-term non-linear ecosystem-scale changes in water quality and biotic communities in coastal lagoons have been associated with intensification of anthropogenic pressures. In light of incipient changes in Johnson Bay (an embayment of Chincoteague Bay, Maryland-Virginia, USA), examination of nitrogen sources was conducted through synoptic water quality monitoring, stable nitrogen isotope signatures (δ15N) of in situ bioindicators, and denitrification estimates. These data were placed in the context of long-term and broader spatial analyses. Despite various watershed protection efforts, multiyear summer time studies (2004-2007) suggested that high levels of terrestrially derived nutrients still enter Johnson Bay. Total nitrogen concentrations in Johnson Bay were 132% the concentrations in the broader Chincoteague Bay during the late 1970s (mean 2004-2007 was 40.0 to 73.2 μM). Comparing total nitrogen concentrations in Johnson Bay to St. Martin River (consistently the most eutrophic region of these coastal bays), Johnson Bay has increased from 62.5% to 82.5% of the concentrations in St. Martin River during the late 1970s. Though specific sources of nitrogen inputs have not yet been definitively identified, the long-term increase in total nitrogen concentrations occurred despite increased and continued conservation and protection measures. We suggest that investigating nutrient sources can reveal potentially ineffective nutrient policies and that this knowledge can be applied towards other coastal lagoons.

1 UMR 5561, Biogeosciences, Université de Bourgogne – CNRS Boulevard Gabriel Bat. Gabriel 21000 DIJON, France [email protected] 2 UMR 5594, ARTéHIS, Université de Bourgogne – CNRS-culture Boulevard Gabriel Bat. Gabriel 21000 DIJON, France 3 AgroParis Tech., Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique 16 rue C. Bernard 75231 PARIS Cedex 05, France 4 UMR 6008, Laboratoire de chimie et microbiologie de l’eau, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, ENSIP 1 rue M. Doré 86022 POITIERS cedex, France 5 UMR 7583, LISA, Universités Paris 7-Paris 12 – CNRS 61 av. du Gal de Gaulle 94010 CRÉTEIL Cedex, France 6 UMR 7041 ARSCAN « Archéologie et sciences de l’Antiquité », Université de Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne 3 rue Michelet 75006 PARIS, France 7 Cabinet vétérinaire rue de la paix 63630, SAINT-GERMAIN-L’HERM, France 8 UMR 6249, Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Université de Franche-Comté CNRS 16 route de Gray 25030 BESANÇON Cedex, France. 9 I.N.R.A. UR 251-PESSAC, Physico-chimie et Ecotoxicologie des SolS...

Peri-urbanization involves forms of land altered resulting in a complete restructuring of vegetation and composition of species. The study aims to describe the species richness, evenness, species diversity through the identification, abundance of resident and migratory avifauna in relation to seasonal variation in a northwestern peri-urban area of Karachi. The study was conducted in Gulshane Maymar, Ahsanabad, Abdullah Gabol Goth, Gadap town, and adjacent raw areas such as Super Highway link road upto Mokhi Nala. The status of each bird species was recorded. The total number species were found to be 26 with a total count of individuals of N=6515. The study was based on a time frame of 10 months from February-November 2014. Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index was found to be 2.273, Simpson Index of Diversity was calculated to be 0.97, Margalef's Index 2.847 and Pielou's Index 0.698. Birds were identified using field guides by Z. B. Mirza (2007) and Richard Grimmett, Tom Roberts and Tim Inskipp (2008). Introduction Over 10,000 varied species of birds reside presently on the Earth. Out of which about (83%) dwell in the continental regions whilst the remaining in islands [1]. Birds dispersed unequally and variably in expressions of numbers and population in the various biogeographic realms. Neotropical region is the richest of all asset 36% of all recognized land bird species. The second is Afrotropical having 21% species which is followed by Indomalayan with 18% species, Australasian containing 17% species, and Palearctic with 10% species, Nearctic 8% species and Oceanic realms having 2% species [1, 2]. Fauna of Pakistan consist of Palearctic and Oriental origins [3]. As stated by Roberts (1991), there are 660 species of birds in Pakistan. The bird's number of species according to [4] is 670 species. From Sindh 356 species of birds have been recorded of which globally threatened are 17 species [5]. In addition 329 Species of birds have been recorded from the region of Indus Delta in Pakistan [6]. Much of the studies have been conducted on avifauna of coastal, urban and rural areas of Karachi but adequate information is not available on different peri urban areas of Karachi. According to a recent study from the year 2008 to 2012, a total of 172 bird species are recorded comprising of seventeen orders, and fifty families [7]. In this research, the focus is on procedures that obtain estimates of population size or density. The focal point is on the identification of different birds species found in an area with mixed conditions of urban and natural environment and that peri-urban areas attract more avifauna as compared to urban sites because these areas have more innate vegetation and conditions which are natural as well as varied surroundings to support different birds. Equipped with such information over a figure of years, one can track down the changes in population levels and, wherever suitable, compare population levels between diverse sites.

The study of climate change and air pollution is very important in present circumstances throughout the world. Several methods including biological methods are being used for monitoring of environment to assess the climate and air pollution vulnerability. Among the biological methods the use of lichens as a bio-indicator has been very popular for such studies. Lichen, being a natural indicator of climate change and air pollution effects, is very useful for these studies particularly in mountain region. Therefore, a review of the work done in different parts of the world to study the climate change, air pollution and heavy metals using lichen as natural indicator has been presented and the gap areas have been identified for further studies in connection to climate change and air pollution vulnerability using lichen as an indicator.

Culturas ancestrales sugieren periodicidad lunar sobre la materia en los cultivos vegetales lo cual durante años fue objeto de controversia en cuanto a sus efectos, sin embargo existe un apreciable número de publicaciones que sustentan la existencia de dicha influencia en algunas especies eucariotas y materia inanimada que en un futuro nos darán mayores respuestas útiles. Se evaluó la influencia de las fases lunares en variables que representen el crecimiento, desarrollo y germinación del Rábano (Raphanus sativus), controlando factores de confusión; no se utilizaron plantas testigo ya que no es posible aislar la fuerza de gravedad lunar. Los resultados muestran que no existe diferencia en el porcentaje de germinación por fase lunar. La variable biomasa subterránea con un valor P=0,015, sugiere mejor calidad en producción del Raphanus sativus si es sembrado en Luna Nueva. Existen factores de confusión por descubrir y queda aún en controversia junto al saber si la periodicidad lunar se expresa o refuerza en presencia de otras variables cósmicas.

The hoverflies (Diptera Syrphidae) as Bioindicators of Biodiversity
The hoverflies, the Syrph the Net database and a dicotomic key to the
Italian genera of Syrphidae
When studying biodiversity, biological indicators in the form of living organisms observed in the field can be the best tools for collection of information about species diversity.
A good biodiversity bioindicator should: have high species (or other taxa) richness in a wide spectrum of habitats and ecological niches; show taxonomic stability; possess biological features linked to the environmental parameter under study; be readily identifiable; be amenable to standardised sampling methods; have its ecology
and geographical distribution adequately known. The Syrphidae (hoverflies) are a family of Diptera Aschiza which satisfies these criteria. There are more than 6000 described species of hoverfly in the world, approximately 900 of which are found in Europe. In the Italian syrphid fauna there are 94 genera and 520 known species.
Our work shows the use of hoverflies as bioindicators of biodiversity, thanks to the “Syrph the Net” database and to the dichotomous key for the identitification of the Italian genera of Syrphidae.
Syrph the Net (StN) is a database which uses the Microsoft Excel and Word softwares. Its development started in 1990. From the beginning, its aim was to produce a predictive tool to assess the capacity of sites and their habitats to support biodiversity
and to aid in identifying priorities in the management of biodiversity itself. A review of its first 20 years is included in this volume.
A central premise of the StN database is that syrphid species are sufficiently closely associated with particular habitats for each habitat (in a CORINE sense) to have its own characteristic assemblage of syrphids, making it possible to predict the potential syrphid fauna of a site from the habitats occurring there. Syrphid larval biology is
unusually diverse and different syrphid species have larvae in most parts of nearly all freshwater and terrestrial macrohabitats. They are only absent from the deeper water of large water bodies like lakes and rivers and from cave s ystems. In consequence, a site list of syrphid species can provide information about most parts of nearly all the macrohabitats found there. The links between syrphids and macrohabitats and
syrphids and microhabitats make prediction of site faunas possible. Comparison between the observed and predicted syrphid fauna can then be used to identify which parts of a site are “underperforming” in maintaining its potential biodiversity and which parts instead have a good Biodiversity Maintenance Potential (BMP).
In the years 2003-2011 the Ecological Station of the Natural History Museum of Ferrara coordinated the study of the hoverfly fauna of 12 localities in the province of Ferrara. Sampling was performed in a standard manner using Malaise traps operated for at least 8 months in each locality. The hoverflies were collected in 70° ethanol, sorted and then dry mounted if necessary for species identification. All the
material from these surveys is stored in a collection at the Museum.
Presence/absence data were used in multivariate analyses and to perform the StN procedure. Cluster analysis divided the sampled sites into three well defined clusters: the first one is coincident with the Natura 2000 SCI “Bosco della Panfilia”, a forest located on the left bank of the Reno river and clearly different from the other sites. The second cluster gathers 6 sites that are still disturbed by man’s activities
or were heavily disturbed until recently. The last cluster is made up by 5 localities, three of them are forest ecosystems inside the SCI-SPA Natura 2000 site of the Po River, another one is a natural oasis with restored wetland and forest habitats and the last one is an almost undisturbed area still under Army management, characterised by hedges and meadows that are cut for forage once or twice a year. MDS
analysis confirmed the alignment of the localities along a gradient ranging from the forested habitat of the Bosco della Panfilia to a conventional agricultural ecosystem called “Fondo Rastello”.
Some very interesting species were collected: Anasimyia contracta and Tropidia scita are typical of marsh habitats, Brachyopa scutellaris and Ferdinandea cuprea are species of forests with old trees, Epistrophe melanostoma is found in periodically submerged forests and Xanthogramma citrofasciatum is typical of dry clearings
with good soil drainage. Pipiza festiva was detected for the first time in the floodplain of the river Po.
The StN procedure has been performed both for single localities and for selected sites grouped together, in cases where it was possible to detect a common reference habitat: as in the 4 localities belonging to the SCI-SPA of the Po river and the 3 localities with an urban park function, in the surround to the city of Ferrara. The values of BMP were never high, even if good situations were not lacking. The best preserved area proved to be the military area Palmirano zona radar (BMP = 61%). Three sites along the Po river were well preserved (Isola Bianca BMP =
60%, Acquedotto and Bosco di Porporana BMP = 51%), while the Cave riverine site, located in an area with many infrastructural intrusions, was one of the worst performing, with BMP = 24%. However, the floodplain forests taken as a whole have shown a good level of performance, with BMP= 62%. The forest Bosco della Panfilia has PMB = 46%, an intermediate value probably relating to the absence of
old trees. As a group the urban parks had BMP = 56%, even though individually the three sites had low values (24, 34 and 39%): the different habitats considered together have a good potential for the preservation of biodiversity in the urban ecosystem. A pond ecosystem in an agricultural landscape had BMP = 35%. Both the sites “Traghetto” and “Oasi Valentini”, that show a mix of forest and recently restored wetland ecosystems, reached BMP = 44%: these ecosystems are still rather
young but the sites host many unexpected species that prefer forest habitats (“Traghetto”) or species requiring high environmental quality (“Oasi Valentini”), proving that the sites are developing.
Our research shows that, in spite of a monotonous landscape in the Eastern part of the Po River plain, some areas still remain as important sources of biodiversity.
We go from the heavily disturbed and poor sites such as “Fondo Rastello” and “Cave” to other localities such as Palmirano and Acquedotto, where the number of hoverflies species doubles, or the forest “Bosco della Panfilia” that hosts as many as
5 exclusive species out of 83 collected. But each site could improve its performance in supporting biodiversity if adequately managed and the importance of no area should be underestimated, in ameliorating landscape connectivity.
The list of Syrphidae recorded from Ferrara Province has been compared with the list of Italian species expected in association with the CORINE habitats recorded in the province. The StN procedure applied to a larger area (Ferrara Province) highlighted the types of habitat in a better state of preservation. In addition a list of expected species for the Ferrara Province has been produced.
The volume includes a dichotomous key to the genera of the Italian hoverflies: this should be a tool useful in preliminary analyses of the communities of Syrphidae, making it easier to adopt the hoverflies as bioindicators of biodiversity.
Finally, the book is completed by a checklist of the 94 hoverfly species found in the Province of Farrara during this study, and by others in the period 2003-2011. Distribution maps have also been prepared for the species, using a database managed with ArcView 3.2. The maps are available on line in the Museum’s website at the URL http://storianaturale.comune.fe.it/index.phtml?id=564.

Tanah dapat didefinisikan sebagai medium alami untuk pertumbuhan tanaman yang tersusun atas mineral, bahan organik, dan organisme hidup. Bagi ekosistem darat, tanah merupakan titik pemasukan sebagian besar bahan ke dalam tumbuhan. Melalui akar-akarnya tumbuhan menyerap air, nitrat, fosfat, sulfat, kalium, tembaga, seng dan mineral esensial lainnya. Dengan semua ini, tumbuhan mengubah karbon dioksida (dimasukkan melalui daun) menjadi protein, karbohidrat, lemak, asam nukleat dan vitamin yang dari semuanya itu tumbuhan dan semua heterotrof bergantung. Bersamaan dengan suhu dan air, tanah merupakan penentu utama dalam produktivitas bumi (Kimball1999 dalam Anone, tanpa tahun).  Tumbuhan dapat hidup dengan baik di lingkungan yang menguntungkan. Suatu tumbuhan atau komunitas tumbuhan dapat berperan sebagai pengukur kondisi lingkungan tempat tumbuhnya, disebut indikator biologi atau bioindikator atau fitoindikator. Atau dengan istilah lain tumbuhan yang dapat digunakan sebagai indikator kekhasan habitat tertentu disebut tumbuhan indikator.

Corticolous lichens grow on barks of living host trees. Their ubiquitous distribution and sensitivity to  pollutants makes them ideal model organisms to biomonitor air pollution and assess air quality. But before these lichens can be used as bioindicators, it is imperative that baseline information on their diversity in a given area must be established for comparison. In this study, the diversity of the corticolous lichens was evaluated in two different sites of Romblon State University Main Campus, Odiongan, Romblon. Sampling ladders with 10 x 10 cm contiguous quadrats were used to assess the diversity of corticolous lichens from different tree species within 10 x 10 m plots set-up in the study sites. Results showed that site 2 (LDV= 170.2) showed the highest  lichen diversity values than site 1 (LDV= 117.9). At least nine different species of corticolous lichens were reported in this research study. Our research is one of few studies in the Philippines looking at the application of corticolous lichens in biomonitoring environmental quality.
Keywords: corticolous lichens, species diversity, bioindicator, biomonitoring

El objetivo del libro es hacer una compilación de los indicadores biológicos de ambientes acuáticos continentales usados en CoIombia (capitulo 3) dentro de un marco conceptual previo (capítulo 2). Dichos indicadores no se han validado estadísticamente, por lo cual deben utilizarse con precaución hasta que existan estudios específicos sobre su capacidad real de bioindicación. También se presentan los principales índices y sistemas bióticos utilizados en este tipo de estudios (capítulo 4) y se incluyen algunos conceptos generales sobre los bioensayos (capítulo 5) , ya que esta técnica se usa con relativa frecuencia para establecer el efecto de diversos contaminantes sobre algunas especies.

Las algas son la base de la cadena alimenticia y son responsables de la mayor parte de la productividad primaria por lo que su utilidad para evaluar y/o monitorear la contaminación se basa en que algunas especies pueden reflejar los efectos de los contaminantes en el agua de mar a través de su presencia, ausencia o estado fisiológico. Si bien las algas son uno de los grupos más utilizados como bioindicadores en ecosistemas marinos, para metales pesados estas pueden exhibir concentraciones mucho más altas que las que se encuentran en otros organismos. La falta de información sobre el patrón de absorción para distintas especies es una de las desventajas que sugieren más estudios para identificar que especies podrían ser
utilizados eficientemente. Las pruebas de toxicidad con algas examinan la respuesta de una sola especie, en un tiempo determinado, y no consideran las interacciones dentro de la comunidad, lo que puede tener repercusiones importantes durante la evaluación de la productividad de los ecosistemas marinos. En la mayor parte de las pruebas o ensayos descritos en la literatura los principales efectos que se evalúan son la tasa de crecimiento, la fotosíntesis y la reproducción. En este capítulo se
discutirá el uso de las macroalgas como bioindicadores de contaminación desde el punto de vista de su respuesta a fenómenos de eutrofización y como acumuladoras de metales, al ser estos dos enfoques en los que se centraron los trabajos iniciales con estos organismos, y se abordará su empleo en pruebas eco-toxicológicas, haciendo énfasis en las respuestas fisiológicas más importantes como variables de respuesta
para las pruebas experimentales sugeridas por la literatura. Finalmente, se recomienda definir estándares metodológicos y el establecimiento de líneas de base en estos organismos para el biomonitoreo de los diferentes contaminantes que puedan
estar impactando el medio ambiente.

Abstract. Algae are on the base of the food chain and are responsible for most of the primary productivity in the oceans, therefore its usefulness to evaluate and/ or monitor pollution has been based on the fact that some species may reflect the
effects of such contaminants in seawater through their presence, absence or due to algae physiological state. Although marine algae are one of the most commonly used organisms as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution on marine ecosystems,
these can exhibit much higher concentrations than those found in other marine organisms. The lack of information on absorption patterns for the different species of macroalgae is one of the disadvantages that suggest more experimental and field studies to identify which species could be efficiently used as bioindicators.
Moreover, toxicity tests using algae have examined the response of a single species in a given time, and in general does not consider the interactions within the algal community, which may have important implications for assessing the productivity of marine ecosystems. In most of the tests or assays described in the literature the main effects are evaluated in terms of growth rate, photosynthesis and reproduction. This chapter will initially discuss the use of macroalgae as pollution bioindicators from the point of view of their response to eutrophication and metal accumulation, as these two approaches where studied in the first place. Their use in eco-toxicological tests will be addressed emphasizing the most important physiological responses in the experimental tests reported by the literature. Finally, we suggest that in these organisms methodological standards should be established
and baselines studies are required for biomonitoring the different contaminants impacting the marine environment.

In the context of an ecological approach of assessing pollution in lakes, biomonitoring render a strategic
method for estimating ecosystem health. Rapid bioassessment method using benthic macroinvertebrates as ecological
indicators was successfully applied in two study lakes, Veli-Akkulam and Vellayani lake of Kerala. The lakes were
surveyed for a period of two years for recording physicochemical variables of water and estimating the diversity of
benthic macroinvertebrates and biotic indices. The spatial and temporal variability in macroinvertebrate communities
and water quality showed noticeable ecological degradation in Veli-Akkulam lake. The taxonomic groups recorded
from Veli-Akkulam lake included Nematoda, Oligochaeta, Mollusca and Diptera. Conversely in Vellayani lake the
majority of the invertebrate taxa were dominated by aquatic insects of the order Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Odonata,
Hemiptera, Coleoptera. The pollution index HFBI values in Vellayani lake ranged from 3.35 to 4.33, while in Veli-
Akkulam lake it ranged from 6.63 to 8.25, indicating very poor water quality conditions in the latter. The percentage
EPT taxa and BMWP score showed distinct variation between Veli-Akkulam and Vellayani lakes, with highest
biological monitoring working party score recorded at Vellayani lake, substantiated by the presence of pollution
intolerant taxa such as Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera. Very low BMWP score values recorded at Veli-Akkulam lake
stations reflected the presence of pollution tolerant taxa particularly Oligocheates and many of the dipteran insects
with 24 genera under 15 families. The present paper discusses the reasons for ecological degradation of the Veli-
Akkulam lake and effectiveness of macroinvertebrates as bioindicators in pollution monitoring studies.

Secara garis besar Quality Control merupakan sebuah alat ukur yang sangat baik untuk mengendalikan suatu unit produk dengan melihat tingkat kecacatan. Selain 7Tools yang terdapat dalam Quality Control merupakan sebuah alat yang telah banyak membantu pekerjaan manusia saat ini. Jadi hal ini sangat berguna untuk keberlangsungan suatu produk dalam sebuah perusahaan.

ABSTRACT: Environmental pollution constitutes a serious threat to the existence of ecosystems, hence environmental monitoring becomes a constant element for its management and prediction. Class Insecta has many potential  representatives that can be used as environmental bioindicators as they have a higher level of structural and functional organization, and have more complex morphology, physiology, more developed sense organs, complex behavior and are characterized by a greater diversity of species, therefore, they can  more precise, more rapid and more variable to reflect disturbance of their environment, a xenobiotics may penetrate into the organisms via air, water, soil, dust and food, through the skin, respiratory system and alimentary tract. The use of bioindicators is an innovative approach for assessing various types of environmental mismanagement, including pollution, soil health high input farming, inappropriate disposal of wastes, contamination, etc. Globally, insect role as bioindicator to human support policy decisions for conservation and to evaluate functional consequences of human disturbance on ecosystems are recognized and we are ignoring this in India, hence it is discussed.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de contaminantes ambientales en peces (Tilapia: Oreochromis sp) mediante el uso de biomarcadores en los ríos Santiago y Verde en el Estado de Jalisco y la presa Miguel Hidalgo en el Estado de Sonora. Los biomarcadores evaluados fueron: fragmentación del material genético mediante ensayo cometa y micronúcleos en sangre periférica para evaluar la exposición a agentes genotóxicos y vitelogenina mediada como fósforo en plasma  para evaluar la exposición a disruptores endocrinos

Para facilitar y homogeneizar el tratamiento y la interpretación de la información generada en las redes de control biológico se presenta una colección de fichas descriptivas de los organismos fitobentónicos que incluyen: nombre científico, común, sinónimo, propiedades, descripción, ecología, ruta taxonómica e índices y métricas, foto o ilustración incluyendo la propiedad y el autor. Esta guía ha sido elaborada por la Dirección General del Agua y forma parte de una colección de cinco tomos.

Air Pollution Tolerance Index is used to select plant species tolerant to Air pollution. Hyderabad is the capital of Indian State of Telengana and occupying 650 sqkms ,along the banks of Musi river. It is a metropolitan city with high population and traffic, dust, suspended particles, smoke and Heavy pollution in the Environment. We have collected Plant samples from our campus only. As the College is located in the heart of the city, there is high level of pollutants accumulated in the Environment. Screening of plants for their Sensitivity/Tolerance levels to air pollution, is important because the sensitive plants can serve as Bioindicators and tolerant plants as controlling the air pollution in Urban and Industrial areas. This Research work indicates the APTI and certain Biochemical properties of trees available in our campus. In this context 4 Physiological and Biochemical parameters have been studied like pH, Relative Water Content, Ascorbic Acid and Total Chlorophyll Content. The results will be helpful for future planning, which brings out possible control measures in air pollution and also to protect the Biodiversity for Future Citizens of Hyderabad.

ABSTRACT: We estimated the diversity and abundance of ants and nymphalid butterflies on the ground and in the canopy; and of plants in six different forest sites in Venezuela. Statistical analysis using eight different diversity indices for each species group revealed large variations among them. Ground ants appeared to be the most reliable bioindicators, even when only the five most common species are sampled. Results showed in addition that ground ant diversity is correlated to that of canopy ants and that vegetational diversity is linked to butterfly diversity but not to that of canopy ants. Ant species diversity in the canopy was always less than that of the ground. We conclude that no simple index or taxon describes completely complex ecosystems, thus, biodiversity assessments require tools still to be developed.