Artificial Intelligence and Law

A profound irony now engulfs that AI software industry.  In order to create AI programs to meet universal ethical standards, they must install those standards into the minds and belief systems of AI research program managers, AI architects, developers, and program code writers  before they write the code  for moral and ethical AI software programs.  The sticking point of that irony is that the AI industry currently does not have a logical, universal, and timeless set of values, morality, and ethic for advanced AI decision-making.  The values, morality, and ethics that are discussed in the following chapters does provide the universal and timeless standard. 
The resolution to AI’s predicament will be found in this short paper. 
If AI is to become humane in its decision-making, then it must take on the values that are innate to our species, and react by presenting moral and ethical options that erupt from those values.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar aspectos da relação entre inteligência artificial e atos processuais mais simples, para isso trata de enfoque prático acerca dos atos processuais que podem ser robotizados pelas tecnologias de inteligência artificial. Este estudo se pauta em pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, mediante análise bibliográfica e documental, para fins de estudo qualitativo das potencialidades da delegação da prática de atos processuais mais simples para algoritmos de inteligência artificial. Os resultados demonstram a necessidade de definição de regras padrão, mediante arquitetura de decisões baseada em heurísticas pensadas pelo juiz da unidade jurisdicional, a fim de que haja celeridade, segurança e razoabilidade no modelo a ser observado. Neste cenário, o desenvolvimento de inteligências artificiais processuais (o robô processual) apresenta fatores de boas possibilidades de melhoria da qualidade da prestação jurisdicional.

The use of Information Communication Technology (ICT) has permeated every profession, sector and facet of life. Although it has been slow in its application to legal practice in Nigeria, the prospect of ICT in law is promising and unending and it has resulted in the ield of Arti icial Intelligence (AI) and Law. AI and Law has many branches of which legal document automation forms an important part with high applications to drafting agreements. The paper examines the functionality of a programme written by the irst author that automatically generates land sale agreements between natural persons, with the aim of ascertaining if the programme conforms with the appropriate provision of applicable laws. The paper examines the laws applicable to land sale agreements in Nigeria and inds that the document produced by the programme conforms with the provisions of these Laws. The paper also examines the issues that may arise in the use of the programme or similar programmes.

In both private and public justice systems, online dispute resolution (ODR) technologies are profoundly affecting people’s access to justice and redress and the nature of their procedural experiences. Automation and artificial intelligence play a key role in delivering the promise of ODR. At the same time, there are challenging normative and practical concerns regarding the ability of “machine made justice” to meet appropriate procedural and substantive standards. The article presents a conceptual framework for evaluating the role of technology in dispute resolution and its effect on procedural justice. Subsequently, it proposes an instrument for evaluating procedural justice experiences in ODR; and reports the results of a study comparing the impact of automated (software-powered) and human-powered online mediation and arbitration on disputants’ procedural justice experiences. Finally, the article discusses the implications of its findings on ODR process design, regulation, and pra...

During the last years member states and EU agencies have turned to AI-powered applications to find solutions to some of the problems arising in the context of asylum procedures and this, in turn, is giving rise to a number of legal issues that need to be addressed.
This chapter (to be published in the book of the Pedagogical University
of Krakow- Institute of Law and Economics Conference "New technologies and artificial intelligence. Legal and practical aspects of the trust ecosystem") focuses on these legal issues: First, some of the current and potential AI tools used in international protection will be presented. Then, the categorization of AI-applications depending on their risk levels proposed by the EU Commission in its proposal for an “Artificial Intelligence Act” will be briefly explained. Finally, the main legal problems that arise from the current or potential use of specific AI tools in asylum procedures will be identified.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the legal and ethical issues raised by the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in predicting criminal behavior. In fact, ever since Cesare Lombroso’s L’uomo delinquente, scientists, on one side, and jurists, on the other, have been discussing the ‘criminal brain’. Violence risk assessment tools have been applied in criminal courts for more than sixty years, yet the discussion has found once again importance thanks to the development of new AI techniques (such as machine learning) and to their application in both the medical and the criminal justice area. The new frontier is represented by the enhancement of these instruments through the combination of AI and neuropredictions. This paper presents critical reflections on the benefits and drawbacks of applying these technologies to predictions of violence in criminal justice. The inquiry concludes with a number of open questions which are hoped will contribute to the ongoing debate and work as a primer for future investigations on the matter.

In today’s world Mobile security is a big concern for everyone because with the lateral advancements in the mobile systems the security is still an area of opportunity. Now day’s Mobile phones are used for Banking, Shopping, Storing the financial information’s like credit card numbers & important passcodes. Mobile Devices are the replacements of computers in many instances. But no such advancement is being done in mobile security. Some of the ways that are commonly used for mobile security are Static Passwords; Pattern recognitions, Biometric, Face recognitions. It’s very easy for the hackers to guess the passwords or break the backend algorithms of these applications. So, there is a need to make the machine intelligent enough to decide the unauthorized user by artificial intelligence layer incorporated in to it with the help of data sciences. With the advancement in Data sciences various numbers of algorithms can be made which can learn the way a user uses a cell phone like typing speed on emails, typing speed on SMS, Dialing speed etc. In case of any deviation for a longer period of time in any of the above metric will ask for a security question that is only known to the authorized user. The Paper focuses on developing & integrating an algorithm in the mobile devices that will add an artificial intelligence layer in the mobile security.

The EU Product Liability Directive (Directive 85/374/EEC-PLD) provides for strict liability of producers for defective products. This paper examines its applicability de lege lata and de lege ferenda to software updates of automated vehicles. It is concluded that to regard software updates as 'products' under the PLD entails many legal and practical challenges. These relate to the notion of 'product', the time that the update is put into circulation, the notion of 'defect', the burden of proof especially as to causation, and the calculation of time bars. Applying the PLD to software updates seems to create more problems than the ones the Directive is meant to solve. Therefore, it is submitted that the PLD is inapplicable both de lege lata and de legel ferenda to software updates. It is simpler and more logical to consider software updates of automated vehicles as a maintenance service.

Selection of an industrial robot for a specific purpose is one of the most challenging problems in modern manufacturing atmosphere. The selection decisions become more multifaceted due to continuous incorporation of advanced features and facilities as the decision makers in the manufacturing environment are to asses a wide varieties of alternatives based on a set of conflicting criteria. To assist the selection procedure various Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approaches are available. The present investigation endeavours to mitigate and unravel the robot selection dilemma employing the newly proposed Multiplicative Model of Multiple Criteria Analysis (MMMCA) approach. MMMCA is a novel model in which all performance ratings are converted into numerical values greater than and equal to unity and converting all non-benefit rating into benefit category. Each normalized weight is used as the index of corresponding normalized ratings those are multiplied to obtain the resultant ...

Automobiles are the technological innovation that has most influenced the 20th century’s social, economic, and legal structure. More than 100 years after the introduction of the auto, in an era again displaying extensive technological change, vehicular traffic is set to undergo major, radical, abrupt transformations. This book describes the scenarios and prospects stemming from the emergence of highly automated, connected driving. The key contribution of artificial intelligence will usher in an unprecedented mobility paradigm combining efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability. Current and forthcoming problems, challenges, and at times tragic choices associated with the imminent “mobility revolution” are analyzed in the light of the Law and Economics method, of which the author Guido Calabresi (Yale University) is one of the founding fathers and (for over the past 50 years) a visionary scholar, and in the perspective of a dialogue between law and technology conducted by Enrico Al Mureden (University of Bologna) - professor of Civil Law and Product Safety, Product Liability and Automotive - through a systematic reading of the traditional categories of civil law and the harmonized technical standardization that dominates the automotive sector globally.

Presentation of the book by Enrico Al Mureden
2.12.2021 - 10 am - Geneva University

A computação tem apresentado um crescimento exponencial, sendo interligada a este fator a evolução da inteligência artificial e seu crescente uso em diversas áreas e nos mais diversos lugares, que vão desde os centros de pesquisa mais desenvolvidos a processos que estão presentes na vida de grande parte dos indivíduos. Não obstante o aumento das potencialidades e aplicabilidades da inteligência artificial, a abordagem do tema no âmbito jurídico não tem tido a mesma velocidade no Brasil, sendo que nos Estados Unidos e na União Europeia já se tem formulado discussões mais profundas quanto aos limites desta, especialmente diante do surgimento de casos onde se torna possível verificar que esta inteligência tem chegado a conclusões não previstas pelos projetistas, como foi o caso onde a máquina passou a apresentar viés discriminatório. Deste modo, o questionamento de como a inteligência artificial será abordada frente ao direito fundamental à igualdade considerando a possível ocorrência de discriminação, em duas perspectivas: nos dados escolhidos para embasar os programas de inteligência artificial e na formulação dos programas inteligentes, ambos com seus respetivos resultados apresentados. Inicialmente será realizada breves considerações a respeito da inteligência artificial, especialmente estabelecendo um panorama geral de como esta está sendo tratada no âmbito jurídico na atualidade, abordando ainda a questão da discriminação, para, em um segundo momento, através da análise dos casos do reconhecimento facial e do COMPAS demonstrar através de evidência a possibilidade.

In a friendly interdisciplinary debate, we interrogate from several vantage points the question of “personhood” in light of contemporary and near-future forms of social AI. David Gunkel approaches the matter from a philosophical and legal standpoint, while Jordan Wales offers reflections theological and psychological. Attending to metaphysical, moral, social, and legal understandings of personhood, we ask about the position of apparently personal artificial intelligences in our society and individual lives. Re-examining the “person” and questioning prominent construals of that category, we hope to open new views upon urgent and much-discussed questions that, quite soon, may confront us in our daily lives.

For "AI and Law—Ethical, Legal, and Socio-political Implications." Ed. John-Stewart Gordon. Special Issue of AI & Society: Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Communication.

https://rdcu.be/cc0OT (Full Text)
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-01129-1
https://philpapers.org/rec/GUNDWI

Games can be used as simulations to check the effectiveness and viability of an Artificial Intelligence technique. In this study, a competitive RoShamBo AI is developed and its performance is measured using the first International RoShamBo Tournament test suite. The AI stores a history of its opponent's move and checks for repetition to predict the opponent's next play. A training program was also developed that finds the best performing bot variant by changing the bot's behavior in terms of increasing the history's window size. The developed AI is shown to rank high in the competition. This indicates the potential of using the core technique (of the proposed variant) as an Artificial Intelligence bot to similarly applicable games. Index Terms— Artificial Intelligence, Game Theory, Rock Paper Scissors, RoShamBo, First International RoShamBo Tournament test suite

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of computer science branches and is used to solve problems with symbolic reasoning. Expert systems (ESs) are one of the prominent research domains of AI. We developed declarative, online procedural rule-based expert system models for psychological diseases diagnosis and classification. The constructed system exploited computer as an intelligent and deductive tool. This system diagnoses and treats more than four types of psychiatric diseases, i.e., depression, anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and hysteria. The system helps psychology practitioner and doctors to diagnose the condition of a patient efficiently and in short time. It is also very useful for the patients who cannot go to a doctor because they cannot afford the cast, or they do not have a psychological clinic in their area, or they are ashamed of discussing their situation with a doctor. The system consists of program codes that make a logic decision to classify the probl...

Die Polizei erprobt Methoden künstlicher Intelligenz bei Videoüberwachung und Datenauswertungen. Dieser Beitrag untersucht anhand der jüngst reformierten Polizeigesetze, wie das Polizeirecht den Einsatz von KI sachgerecht einhegen kann.

The German Police uses methods of artificial intelligence for video surveillance and data analysis. This article discusses how to regulate the use of AI for police purposes and examines some relevant provisions in the reformed German Police Laws.

Yapay Zeka bütün kuralları değiştiriyor. Çalışma kitabını edinin.

Yapay Zeka yeni kullanılmaya başlanan bir alandır. Bir başka deyişle, işletmeler yeni Yapay Zeka teknolojilerinde uzmanlaşırken bir yandan da yeni müşterilerin ihtiyaçlarını ve yeni düzenlemelerden kaynaklanan gereksinimleri gözden geçirmek zorundadır. Bu çalışma kitabı size yardımcı olmak için tasarlanmıştır. Bu kitabın okurları uzman tavsiyeleri, sektördeki en iyi uygulamalar ve kanıtlanmış Yapay Zeka stratejileriyle şunları öğrenebilir:

-Hızlı bir şekilde Yapay Zeka kullanmaya başlama
-Yapay Zeka çözümlerinizi satmak ve yeni müşteri adayları bulmak için pazarlama stratejileri geliştirme
-Yapay Zekanın temsil ettiği yeni gelir fırsatları ve bunlardan nasıl yararlanılacağı
-İşletmenizin işe alması gereken teknik beceriler ve bunların nasıl eğitileceği
Ve daha birçok konu
Bugün kullanmaya başlayın. Yapay Zeka çalışma kitabını indirin ve işletmenizi geleceğe hazırlayın.

La Direzione, d'intesa con l'Editore celebra, con questo "Speciale Venticinquennale", i 25 anni di vita della rivista Notariato, affrontando un tema di grande rilevanza per il presente e soprattutto per il futuro del Notariato, come emerge dalle risposte dei partecipanti alla Tavola Rotonda su "Professioni legali e nuove tecnologie" e dai numerosi scritti che la completano.

The Direction, in agreement with the Publisher, celebrates, with this "Twenty-five Year Special", the 25 years of life of the magazine Notariato, addressing a topic of great importance for the present and above all for the future of the Notariat, as emerging from the responses of the participants in the Round Table on "Legal professions and new technologies" and the numerous writings that complete it.

The book under review here, Defeasible Deontic Logic, consists of thirteen pa-pers and an introduction, dealing with the combination of the two themes deontic reasoning and defeasible reasoning. Many of the papers are quite technical and although some of the authors are ...

Using textual analysis methodology with Hofstede's cultural dimensions as basis for cross-national comparison, the manuscript explores the influence of cultural values of trust, transparency, and openness in Nordic national artificial intelligence (AI) policy documents. Where many AI processes are technologies hidden from view of the citizen, how can public institutions support and ensure these high levels of trust, transparency, and openness in Nordic culture and extend these concepts of "digital trust" to AI? One solution is by authoring national policy that upholds cultural values and personal rights, ultimately reinforcing these values in their societies. The paper highlights differences in how Nordic nations position themselves using cultural values as organizing principles, with the author showing these values (i.e., trust through clear information and information security, transparency through AI literacy education and clear algorithmic decision making, and openness by creating data lakes and data trusts) support the development of AI technology in society. The analysis shows that three cultural values are upheld and influence Nordic national AI strategies, while themes of privacy, ethics, and autonomy are present, and democracy, a societal building block in the Nordics, is especially prominent in the policies. For policy development, policy leaders must understand that without citizen involvement in AI implementation or lacking citizen AI education, we risk alienating those for who these services are meant to utilize and improve access for.

Machine Learning has become a popular tool in a variety of applications in criminal justice, including sentencing and policing. Media has brought attention to the possibility of predictive policing systems causing disparate impacts and exacerbating social injustices. However, there is little academic research on the importance of fairness in machine learning applications in policing. Although prior research has shown that machine learning models can handle some tasks efficiently, they are susceptible to replicating systemic bias of previous human decision-makers. While there is much research on fair machine learning in general, there is a need to investigate fair machine learning techniques as they pertain to the predictive policing. Therefore, we evaluate the existing publications in the field of fairness in machine learning and predictive policing to arrive at a set of standards for fair predictive policing. We also review the evaluations of ML applications in the area of criminal...

This article provides an assessment of the interplay between copyright, contract freedom and antitrust law in the current digital platform economy, as it was settled by the European legal strategy for a (fair) digital single market. It primarily focuses on the Digital Single Market (DSM) Directive and the Digital Markets Act (DMA) Proposal, evaluating if competition law instruments represent exceptional or structural remedies to correct the current failures of contract freedom and copyright enforcement within the delicate balance between authors, editors and online platforms.

The paper proposes the results of a research industry project concerning predictive maintenance process optimization, applied to a machine cutting polyurethane. A company producing cutting machines, has been provided with an online control system able to detect blade status of a machine supplied to a customer producing polyurethane components. A software platform has been developed for the real time monitoring of the blade status and for the prediction of the break up conditions adopting a multi-parametric data analysis approach, based on the simultaneous use of unsupervised and supervised machine learning algorithms. Specifically, the proposed method adopts a k-Means algorithm to classify bi dimensional risk maps, and a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) one to predict the alerting levels based on the analysis of the last values for some process variables. The analysed algorithms are applied to an experimental dataset.

In the field of computer vision, Automatic detection of human emotions is a topic of great importance. In the past, researchers used facial expression recognition (FER) systems for extracting emotions from face expressions. In this research paper, a novel approach is purposed to predict the satisfaction of customers. The purposed system used a traditional system of facial expressions and facial emotions model for predicting the customer satisfaction. The purposed approach has several stages. In the first stage, pre-processing of images is done, which basically detects the face in the images then images are resized. In the second stage, feature extraction algorithms and Facial Landmarks are used, that basically extracts features from the videos of facial expressions. In this stage testing and training datasets are generated. The dataset consists of facial expressions of Sadness, Fear, Neutrality, Happiness, Surprise, Anger and Disgust. The customer's satisfaction is predicted on three levels satisfy, not-satisfy and neutral, A "Happy expression" represents satisfy customer, "Bad expression" represents not-satisfy and "an average expression" represent a neutral customer. Support vector machine (SVM) is used to predict the emotion. Evaluation of the classifier is done using a Confusion Matrix technique (CM). The databases KDEF and CK+ are used for testing the purposed approach. However, the rate of prediction of the purposed approach is 99.16% from CK+ dataset.

In this paper, we analyse the structure of evolving moral dilemmas with an eye of regard for the increasing importance of the role of artificial intelligence in such context. Starting with the analysis of the famous trolley problem experiment as formulated by Philippa Foot, we consider subsequent variants of this moral dilemma conceived throughout the years, culminating with formulations of the trolley problem concerning artificial intelligence, in which self-driving vehicles will have to make life or death decisions autonomously. In doing so, we investigate the basis for the construction of dilemmatic questions both for humans and machines by considering the problem from a philosophical, social and neuroscientific perspective. After considering and analysing the trolley problem in utilitarian and deontological terms, we follow Rittel and Webber’s footsteps, by highlighting the fallacies of the deontological and utilitarian traditional ‘one-right-answer’ approach, where a solution i...

Comunicação apresentada no Webinar "IA e Robótica: Desafios para o Judiciário", integrado no Projeto "Desafios da IA e da Robótica para o Direito" integrado no JusGov - Centro de Investigação em Justiça e Governação (E-TEC/DH/Jus-Lab), da Escola de Direito da Universidade do Minho. Dia 30 de abril de 2021.

Rapid development and use of artificial intelligence ('AI') is creating significant regulatory challenges in many domains. In the intellectual property sphere, Stephen Thaler's Artificial Inventor Project ('AIP') is challenging traditional concepts of who-and what-can be an 'inventor' for patent registration. With the filing of patent applications across multiple jurisdictions, managing inventor status of AI systems while ensuring innovation incentivisation is preserved is the question before patent offices, courts and legislatures globally. The AIP's aim is to clarify, if not advance, AI 'inventor' eligibility. Thaler, the AI engineer behind the Project, has sought inventor status for his 'sentient' machine DABUS, in order to patent inventions 'autonomously' made by it. Australia's 2021 Federal Court decision affirming machine inventors constitutes a world first-with other jurisdictions that have substantively considered the matter denying status. This article analyses the respective judgments and arguments raised, concluding the Australian decision to be out of step internationally, and with High Court authority and classic statutory interpretation. It nevertheless argues the need for focused dialogue around the intersection of AI and intellectual property, directions forward, and, as with other regulatory fields, the need for this intersection to remain the purview of legislative bodies rather than courts.

Concerns about “black box” machine learning algorithms have led many data protection laws and regulations to establish a right to human intervention on decision-making supported by artificial intelligence. Such interventions are presented as a means to protect the rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests of data subjects, either as a bare minimum requirement or as a central norm governing decision-aiding artificial intelligence. In this paper, I claim that contestability by design approaches can be used to address two kinds of issues with current legal implementations of the right to human intervention. The first kind is the uncertainty about what kind of decision should be covered by this right: while a narrow reading of rules such as GDPR Article 22(3) would include all sorts of fully-automated decisions, I show how a broader interpretation can provide more effective protection for data subjects against side-effects of automated decision-making. The second class of issues ensues from practical effects of the right to intervention, or the lack thereof: within a clear conceptual framework, data subjects might still lack the necessary information to exercise in practice their right, or the biases and limitations resulting from human intervention might leave them worse off than they were under the purely automated decision. After discussing how those effects can be identified and measured, I then explore how the proper protection of the rights of data subjects is possible only if the possibility of contesting decisions based solely on automated processing is not an afterthought, but instead a requirement at each stage of an artificial intelligence system’s lifecycle.

The present publication is the first volume in a series on “Intellectual Property, Practice and Analysis”. It is dedicated to draft guidelines for examination of trademarks in “Sakpatenti”, the National Intellectual Property Center of Georgia, according to European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) guidelines on European Union Trademarks. The guidelines are designed to bring together, systematically, the principles of practice derived from the jurisprudence of National and European courts, the case-law of Sakpatenti’s Chamber of Appeals as well as EUIPO’s Boards of Appeals. They provide an important source to develop coherent, predictable decisions in the field of intellectual property rights in Georgia, in harmony with EU law.
The accurate enforcement of intellectual property rights is the next stage of the Georgian and EU law approximation process. It is therefore important to acknowledge international approaches and to reflect the general practice of the European Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO). Intellectual Property Rights are emphasized in the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement which is an essential part of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and Their Member States, Of the One Part, and Georgia, of the other Part (“Association Agreement”). It contains an economic integration mechanism with the EU and opens up the EU market for Georgia. According to the Association Agreement, each final decision taken by Sakpatenti shall be duly reasoned.
The current publication is drafted to ensure that the obligations according to the Association Agreement are met and that the respective trademark registration legislation and procedures in Georgia are transparent, rational and well-grounded. This publication examines one of the absolute grounds for the refusal of trademark applications: namely, public order and the accepted principles of morality. Various cases are analysed in detail, examples are presented and the Guidelines for the investigation of the Georgian law on Trademarks, Article 4(1)(g) are drafted. This norm stipulates one of the absolute grounds of refusal for trademark registration, namely, if a sign or a combination of signs “insults or is contrary to national dignity, religious sentiment and traditions and moral standards”. Consequently, Georgian law as well as EU and international trademark legislation stipulates public order and accepted principles of morality as grounds for the refusal of trademark registrations which shall be assessed according to the EUIPO’s Guidelines for Examination and both National and EU case-law.
The aim of this publication is to raise public awareness about intellectual property rights. It is intended to be used in practice by trademark experts, applicants, trademark attorneys, lawyers, judges and any person interested in this subject-matter.
Insofar as it is the first publication in the series “A Commentary on the Georgian Law on Trademarks”, Sakpatenti would be grateful to receive any comments and suggestions.

(In Georgian language : ევროკავშირის ინტელექტუალური საკუთრების უწყების (EUIPO) ექსპერტიზის სახელმძღვანელო პრინციპები და საქართველოს პრაქტიკა )

წინამდებარე წიგნში ეროვნული და ევროკავშირის კანონმდებლობის სისტემური, შედარებით-სამართლებრივი მეთოდით ანალიზის საფუძველზე, ასევე, საერთაშორისო პრაქტიკის, კერძოდ, ევროკავშირის ინტელექტუალური საკუთრების უწყებაში (EUIPO) ექსპერტიზის სახელმძღვანელო პრინციპების, ადამიანის უფლებების, ეროვნული სასამართლო და კონსტიტუციური სამართალწარმოების პრაქტიკიდან გამომდინარე, განხილულია სასაქონლო ნიშნები, რომელთა რეგისტრაცია ეწინააღმდეგება ზნეობრივ ნორმებს: საჯარო წესრიგს და მორალის აღიარებულ პრინციპებს; განმარტებულია სასაქონლო ნიშნის რეგისტრაციაზე უარის თქმის ერთ-ერთი საფუძველი, რომელიც განსაზღვრულია „სასაქონლო ნიშნების შესახებ“ საქართველოს კანონის მე-4 მუხლის პირველი პუნქტის „ზ“ ქვეპუნქტით. ზემოაღნიშნული ნორმა გაანალიზებულია საქართველოს კონსტიტუციითა და ადამიანის უფლებათა და თავისუფლებათა ევროპული კონვენციით გარანტირებულ გამოხატვის თავისუფლებასთან მიმართებით, ასევე, საქართველოს სახელმწიფოსა და საქართველოს სამოციქულო ავტოკეფალურ მართლმადიდებელ ეკლესიას შორის დადებული შეთანხმების ჭრილში. ნაშრომში ჩამოყალიბებულია სასაქონლო ნიშნის რეგისტრაციისას ექსპერტიზისთვის სახელმძღვანელო პრინციპები საერთაშორისო სტანდარტების შესაბამისად, რაც სასარგებლო იქნება მოსამართლეებისთვის, საქპატენტის თანამშრომლებისთვის, პატენტრწმუნებულებისა და ინტელექტუალური საკუთრების უფლებებით
დაინტერესებული ნებისმიერი პირისათვის.
© საქპატენტი, ელენე სეხნიაშვილი

This book has sought to bring together two seemingly unrelated topics; Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Nigerian Legal System. The aim was to explore ways they can affect each other, and how the disruption of AI can be managed with the right legal framework.

To do this, it was necessary to commence this study by providing foundation knowledge about AI, its features, manifestations, and possible areas where it poses a challenge to the law. This was necessary because the topic of AI is not a popular topic of discussion, especially among African legal scholars. This was followed by a study of review of related literature on the subject matter of this book.

It was found that in the few cases where legal scholars, not just in Africa, but globally, discuss AI, their focus is on how it will affect the legal profession, as opposed to the general society or the system of laws for their countries. By focusing on the Nigerian Legal System, this long essay earned its mark of distinction from the previous body of literature. Considering the wide scope of the topic, it was necessary to focus on some specific aspects of the legal system. The chosen areas were the adjudicative process, the laws of tortious negligence and strict liability, then a general regulatory framework for AI in Nigeria.

This book proposed the development of an indigenous AI system merged with ADR mechanisms that would reduce the incidence of court congestion alongside a complete legal framework of how it would operate. To give this context, the High Court Laws of Lagos State were utilised. This book also considered the challenges that AI might pose to the tort of negligence in Nigeria in its current form, and concluded that for all purposes, the liability for any harm caused by AI should lie with humans, not the tool, as they do not possess, and are not capable of legal personality, the way humans are. An ethical and regulatory framework was also developed to guide the application, development, and use of AI in Nigeria.

The quest to explain the output of artificial intelligence systems has clearly moved from a mere technical to a highly legally and politically relevant endeavor. In this paper, we provide an overview of legal obligations to explain AI and evaluate current policy proposals. In this, we distinguish between different functional varieties of AI explanations-such as multiple forms of enabling, technical and protective transparency-and show how different legal areas engage with and mandate such different types of explanations to varying degrees. Starting with the rights-enabling framework of the GDPR, we proceed to uncover technical and protective forms of explanations owed under contract, tort and banking law. Moreover, we discuss what the recent EU proposal for an Artificial Intelligence Act means for explainable AI, and review the proposal's strengths and limitations in this respect. Finally, from a policy perspective, we advocate for moving beyond mere explainability towards a more encompassing framework for trustworthy and responsible AI that includes actionable explanations, values-in-design and co-design methodologies, interactions with algorithmic fairness, and quality benchmarking.

Despite its promises, there is reluctance towards incorporating AI, not only in Arbitration, but the legal sector at large. Such reluctance emerges, not from a preference of conventional and cumbersome methods of legal practice, but from the manner in which AI  modifies the practice of arbitration, raising serious ethical dilemmas.  AI tools that render rulings or predictions, raise poignant questions about the duties and skills of an arbitrator, some of which may be inherently human.  AI Arbitration however, continues to diversify in an unregulated environment.
This paper seeks to inquire whether this use of artificial intelligence, in the adjudication processes of arbitration is legally ethical. One shall investigate whether the practice of using AI tools in the process of decision-making, enabling software generated awards resonates with our ethical obligations of resolving disputes as part of an institution.

Her ne kadar yapay zeka (AI), ve yapay zekanın şirketler ve sektörler üzerindeki itici güç olarak olası etkileri için duyulan heyecan hızla yayılıyor olsa da, şirketlerin yapay zekanın avantajlarından nasıl yararlanacaklarına dair içgörüler ve gerçekten neler yaptıkları oldukça sınırlıdır.

Bu çalışmada, yerel şirketlerle yapılan yeni anket, görüşme ve vaka çalışmalarından elde edilen bilgilerle Türkiye’de mevcut AI durumunun anlık fotoğrafı sunulmaktadır. Çalışma, gündemdeki AI konusunun stratejik olarak önemini, olası etki ve avantaj alanlarını, şirketlerin adaptasyon açısından olgunluk seviyesinin analizini içermekte olup, çalışmada AI uygulaması sırasında başarı için gerekli becerilerle ilgili rapor edilmiş yeterlilik seviyeleri incelenmektedir.

Şirketlerin şu anda AI faaliyetlerini nasıl yönetmekte olduğunu ve önlerindeki zorluk ve fırsatlara nasıl yaklaştıklarını daha derinlemesine kavrayın.