Aquatic Ecology

Plastic pollution is a global concern, leading to the abundance of macro-and microplastics (MPs) in the marine environment and subsequent accumulation in many marine organisms, particularly small pelagic and oceanic fish species. These small fishes are usually considered as the non-target catch or by-products of marine capture fisheries. However, these by-catch fishes convert into fishmeal due to their excellent nutritional value, and thereby, it used as the primary ingredient of artificial feeds for aquaculture and livestock animal production. The fishmeal and fish feed facilitates MPs' entry into the aquaculture systems when the MPs− contaminated feeds are supplied to cultured fish for regular feeding. Thus, MPs get access to interact with the elements of the culture pond ecosystem and leading to subsequent alterations in the physiological and behavioral attributes of cultured fishes. Consequently, MPs may accumulate in the edible portions of cultured fishes, which may cause severe physiological disorders in fish consumers. Thus, human exposure to MPs becomes a significant threat to global public health. Therefore, this review discussed the factors associated with MPs' introduction to the aquaculture systems via fishmeal. In addition, this article enlightened the possible consequences of MPs on the pond ecosystem, cultured fish physiology, and consumer health. We hypothesized that the growing concern among people about MPs might be impacted the demand for aquaculture goods. This study recommended taking necessary steps towards improving the MPs' screening process during fish feed production and focusing on more exclusive studies to elucidate the impacts of MPs on sustainable aquaculture production.

Recently, a novel approach to a highly sensitive and quantitative detection of rare earth element (REE) ions including La3+, Eu3+ and Tb3+, by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, has been reported. The detection of REE ions is based on the catalytic nature of REE ions targeting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), thus monitoring of the ions can be achieved by reading the level of intact DNA by PCR. Despite of its high sensitivity (at ppb to ppt levels), the conventional PCR-based REE detection protocol requires certain length of time (1-2 hours). In the present study, we modified the PCR-based REE detection protocols by employing the high-speed PCR, and performed the automated and rapid detection of La3+ in small-sized aqueous samples within 5min.

50-day's free access https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1dnnLB8ccr0ST ........................................................................................................................................... Cyanobacteria are notorious for producing harmful algal blooms that present an ever-increasing serious threat to aquatic ecosystems worldwide, impacting the quality of drinking water and disrupting the recreational use of many water bodies. Remote sensing techniques for the detection and quantification of cyanobacterial blooms are required to monitor their initiation and spatiotemporal variability. In this study, we developed a novel semi-analytical approach to estimate the concentration of cyanobacteria-specific pigment phycocyanin (PC) and common phytoplankton pigment chlorophyll a (Chl a) from hyperspectral remote sensing data. The PC algorithm was derived from absorbance-concentration relationship, and the Chl a algorithm was devised based on a conceptual three-band structure model. The developed algorithms were applied to satellite imageries obtained by the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO™) sensor and tested in Lake Kinneret (Israel) during strong cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. bloom and out-of-bloom times. The sensitivity of the algorithms to errors was evaluated. The Chl a and PC concentrations were estimated with a mean absolute percentage difference (MAPD) of 16% and 28%, respectively. Sensitivity analysis shows that the influences of backscattering and other water constituents do not affect the estimation accuracy of PC (~2% MAPD). The reliable PC/Chl a ratios can be obtained at PC concentrations above 10 mg m−3. The computed PC/Chl a ratio depicts the contribution of cyanobacteria to the total phytoplankton biomass and permits investigating the role of ambient factors in the formation of a complex planktonic community. The novel algorithms have extensive practical applicability and should be suitable for the quantification of PC and Chl a in aquatic ecosystems using hyperspectral remote sensing data as well as data from future multispectral remote sensing satellites, if the respective bands are featured in the sensor.

We evaluated several factors influencing the taxonomic richness of macrophytes, benthic invertebrates, snails, and fish in a series of northern Wisconsin lakes. We chose the study lakes to decouple the potential effects of ionic strength of lake water and stream connection, two factors that are usually highly correlated and therefore have been confounded in previous studies. In addition, our study lakes covered a wide range in a variety of characteristics, including residential development, abundance of exotic species, nutrient concentrations, predator abundance, and lake size. Species richness within each of the four taxonomic groups was significantly positively related to ionic strength (as measured by specific conductance); we also found secondary associations with other variables, depending on the specific group of organisms. The relationship between richness and lake area was dependent on the specific conductance of the lake and the vagility of the organisms; less vagile groups of organisms showed stronger and steeper species–area relationships in low-conductivity lakes. Further, after variance owing to specific conductance was removed, the presence of stream connections was positively related to species richness for fish, snails, and macrophytes as well as familial richness in benthic invertebrates. Our results indicate that lakes with relatively more groundwater input have lower extinction rates for all four groups of taxa and that lakes with stream inlets and outlets have enhanced immigration rates for fish, snails, benthic invertebrate families, and macrophytes. These findings link processes of immigration and extinction of four groups of organisms of varying vagility to landscape-level hydrologic characteristics related to the glacial history of the region.

Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis is a rapid, non-invasive, cost-efficient biodiversity monitoring tool with enormous potential to inform aquatic conservation and management. Development is ongoing, with strong commercial interest, and new uses are continually being discovered. General applications of eDNA and guidelines for best practice in freshwater systems have been established, but habitat-specific assessments are lacking. Ponds are highly diverse, yet understudied systems that could benefit from eDNA
monitoring. However, eDNA applications in ponds and methodological constraints specific to these environments remain unaddressed. Following a stakeholder workshop in 2017, researchers combined knowledge and expertise to review these applications and challenges that must be addressed for the future and consistency of eDNA monitoring in ponds. The greatest challenges for pond eDNA surveys are representative sampling, eDNA capture, and potential PCR inhibition. We provide recommendations for sampling, eDNA capture, inhibition testing, and laboratory practice, which should aid new and ongoing eDNA projects in ponds. If implemented, these recommendations will contribute towards an eventual broad standardisation of eDNA research and practice, with room to tailor workflows for optimal analysis and different applications. Such standardisation will provide more robust, comparable, and ecologically meaningful data to enable effective conservation and management of pond biodiversity.

A variety of chemicals including foaming agents are used to aid in the protection of forest resources from the wild land fires. The fire-fighting foams (FFFs) are formulations composed principally of surfactants. As a part of Japanese national project, environmentally inert FFFs have been developed. There is an emerging need for testing the impacts of these FFFs on the living organisms composing the typical landscapes or ecosystems in Japan. In the present report, we aimed to describe our latest attempt for assessing both the short-tem and long-term impacts of FFFs in aquatic (fresh water) and semi-aquatic (wetland) ecosystems , by employing the laboratory-sized model assays (preliminary studies) and the biotope-based observation, respectively. In the biotope assays which was based on the observation in compact biotopes mimicking the fresh water environments and wetland, both the acute and long-term eco-toxic impacts of two FFFs (soap-based and synthetic detergent-based) were assessed. Spraying of synthetic detergent-based foam formula was shown to be more toxic compared to soap-based formula and mock water treatment.

We designed a new toxic bioassay using the green paramecia Paramecium bursaria as testing organisms. P. bursaria is a unicellular organism that occurs widely in rivers and ponds. Since P. bursaria uses metabolites of endosymbiotic green algae in the cytoplasm as a nutritive source, culturing P. bursaria is much easier than culturing mammalian cells. The use of P. bursaria will thus make quicker and more convenient evaluation of toxicity of various polluting chemicals. Here, we selected thirty-two pollutants such as pesticides, toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Those substances were added at various concentrations to the culture medium of paramecia. Then the IC 50 values, defined as the concentrations of chemicals inhibiting the growth of organisms by 50%, obtained for both paramecia and mammalian cell cultures were compared. We found that parame-cia were much highly sensitive to some chemicals such as methylmercury chloride and mercuric chloride, compared to cultured mammalian cells. We conclude that P. bursaria is one of the best organism for assessing the effect of chemical pollutants in the aqueous environment.

Aquatic invasive species are a major threat to native freshwater ecosystems and cause enormous ecological and economic damage worldwide.
Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) M. Schmidt is an emerging invasive aquatic species that is spreading aggressively in Southern South America.
Using niche analysis and species distribution models (SDMs), we examined niche requirements of D. geminata using climatic, topographic, and
biological variables. We compared the realized niche of the species in the United States (US) with the niche in Chile. Within Chile, we also
examined the environmental conditions (environmental envelopes) of rivers with and without this alga, to assess whether this species has the
potential to colonize more rivers. Finally, we compared the SDMs from the US and Chile projected to Chile. Results showed that the potential
distribution of D. geminata varied significantly between US and Chile. The US-based model predicted a geographic distribution in Chile which
ranged from 32º to 55º S latitude while the Chile-based model predicted suitable habitats only from 36° to 48º S, and not so in the coastal ranges nor
in Southern Patagonia ( ̴ 52–55°S). In Chile, we found no differences in the environmental envelopes of the invaded and uninvaded rivers, thus
suggesting that this species has even more suitable habitats to invade. These results can be used for prioritizing survey sites in Southern Chile for an
early detection and management of D. geminata and for the conservation of native flora and fauna in freshwater ecosystems in Chile.

1. Shallow lakes are often cited as classic examples of systems that exhibit trophic cascades but, whilst they provide good model systems with which to test general ecological theory and to assess long-term community change, their food web linkages have rarely been resolved, so changes associated with the structure and dynamics of the ecological network as a whole are still poorly understood.
2. We sought to redress this, and to demonstrate the potential benefits of integrating palaeolimnological and contemporary data, by constructing highly resolved food webs and stable isotope derived measures of trophic interactions and niche space, for the extant communities of two shallow U.K. lakes from different positions along a gradient of eutrophication. The contemporary surface sediment cladoceran and submerged macrophyte assemblages in the less enriched site, Selbrigg Pond, matched the palaeolimnological assemblages of the more enriched site, Felbrigg Hall Lake, in its more pristine state during the 1920s. Thus, Selbrigg was a temporal analogue for
Felbrigg, from which the consequences of long-term eutrophication on food web structure could be inferred. These data represent the first steps towards reconstructing not only past assemblages (i.e. nodes within a food web), but also past interactions (i.e. links within a food web): a significant departure from much of the previous research in palaeolimnology.
3. The more eutrophic food web had far fewer nodes and links, and thus a less reticulate network, than was the case for the more pristine system. In isotopic terms, there was vertical compression in d15N range (NR) and subsequent increased overlap in isotopic niche space, indicating increased trophic redundancy within Felbrigg. This structural change, which was associated with a greater channelling of energy through a smaller
number of nodes as alternative feeding pathways disappear, could lead to reduced dynamic stability, pushing the network towards further simplification. These changes reflected a general shift from a benthic-dominated towards a more pelagic system, as the plant-associated subweb eroded.
4. Although these data are among the first of their kind, the palaeo-analogue approach used here demonstrates the huge potential for applying food web theory to understand how and why these ecological networks change during eutrophication. Furthermore because of the rich biological record preserved in their sediments, shallow lakes represent potentially important models for examining long-term intergenerational dynamics, thereby providing a means by which models and data can be integrated on meaningful timescales – a goal that has long proved elusive in food web ecology.

Several lines of evidence suggest that the effects of invasive speciesmay be greater in aquatic freshwaters than in terrestrial ecosystems.We argue that freshwaters are significantlymore invasible—from a number of poorly regulated sources—and also more susceptible to negative biodiversity, physical ecosystem, and socioeconomic impacts when invaded, than their terrestrial counterparts. Moreover, the nature
of freshwaters appears to result in impacts that are wide ranging and severe while being indirect, diffuse, and difficult to both detect and predict. For these reasons, we conclude that freshwater invasive species represent a special case,
when compared with terrestrial invasives, in which the likelihood of negative impacts, and their effects, is disproportionately severe. We suggest that future
approaches to research in this area should aim to audit the full array of impacts of a number of representative invasive species,with a view to building an evidence base
to support the global implementation of a precautionary approach to the release of aquatic freshwater non-native species.

studies were carried out to assess the water quality of Tv station reservoir at Davangele
City,Karnataka(ndia).Thestudyrevealedthatthglewelevariationsinphysico-chemical
concenhations during the rainy season. Except tu$idity, all the other physico-chemical
characteristics were found within the permissible limits. The results were compared with the
standards given by ISI for water quality.

this article is about all Ultimate Guide to Marimo Moss Balls. In this article talks all about keeping, cultivating, carrying and tips of marimo moss balls in the freshwater tank.  Please visit our site aquascaper.org for more information about aquarium moss plants

To document the relative distribution and abundance of the mottled sculpin Cottus bairdi and the aquatic invertebrate fauna of the Colorado River in Middle Park, Colorado in 2010 and compare the results with historical data and records compiled over the past 25-40 years, prior to the construction and operation of Windy Gap Dam in 1983. Document the relative abundance and distribution of the aquatic invertebrate fauna of the upper Colorado River between the confluence with the Blue River and Windy Gap Dam west of Granby, Colorado.

Two bed media were tested (gravel and Filtralite) in shallow horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetlands in order to evaluate the removal of ammonia and nitrate for different types of wastewater (acetate-based and domestic wastewater) and different COD/N ratios. The use of Filtralite allowed both higher mass removal rates (1.1 g NH4–N m2 d1 and 3 g NO3–N m2 d1) and removal efficiencies (>62% for ammonia, 90–100% for nitrate), in less than 2 weeks, when compared to the ones observed with gravel. The COD/N ratio seems to have no significant influence on nitrate removal and the removal of both ammonia and nitrate seems to have involved not only the conventional pathways of nitrification–denitrification. The nitrogen loading rate of both ammonia (0.8–2.4 g NH4–N m2 d1) and nitrate (0.6–3.2 g NO3–N m2 d1) seem to have influenced the respective removal rates.

This research work evaluates the impact of stormwater infiltration on the removal of organics, solids, nitrogen and phosphorus in a LECA-based horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. Stormwater runoff for the period between January 2008 and June 2010 (30 months) was estimated for the drainage basin of the Vila Fernando wastewater treatment plant (constructed wetland system) and it was observed proportionality between the increase in surface runoff and the infiltration flow rate that reached the plant. The average stormwater infiltration rate that reached the plant was 67.4 m(3) d(-1) (77% of the influent flow rate into the plant). The 30 month monitoring campaign set up at one of the reed beds showed that stormwater infiltration led to a high variation of the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) throughout the bed, which affected its performance in the removal of organic matter, suspended solids and nitrogen. For a HLR below 20 cm d-1 the removal efficiencies for BOD5, COD and TSS doubled. The removal of nitrogen was too low and was associated with the weak development of nitrifying biofilm and the poor growth of reeds. However, it was observed a good relationship between the applied and removed loads for most of the parameters, which seems to indicate that the organic, solid, nitrogen and phosphorus loading rates influenced the respective removal rates. The use of a bed material with high specific surface area, such as LECA, can only improve the treatment capacity of horizontal subsurface flow systems if the organic and solid loading rates, as well as the HLR, can be effectively controlled.

The investigation was conducted on the socio-economic condition of fishermen in Jelepara under Pahartoli of Chittagong district. Randomly selected 50 were interviewed among 200 fishermen. From the survey it was found that 94% fishermen were male and 6% were female. A large portion was Hindus (88%) and rest was Muslims (12%). About 84% were found married. Single family was much more (94%) than joint families. It was found that the number of school going children was 1.9 per house and 54% were school dropout boy and 46% were girl. Eighty eight percent houses were full katcha, while semi-pacca were12% and all the families have electricity facilities. Different types of net were used viz: the set bagnet, tong jal, current jal, tanajal etc. They used engine boats and engine power ranges from 8 to 22 HP. On average a group of fishermen (4) caught 35-80kg/day using a boat. Maximum fishermen sold their fish after fulfilling their demand. Monthly average income was around BDT. 6000-15000. Fi...

Resumen.-La contaminación biológica afecta a la acuicultura mundial con importantes impactos de productividad y rentabilidad, especialmente en el cultivo de moluscos, donde tanto la especie de cultivo objetivo como la infraestructura están expuestas a una diversidad de organismos contaminantes. En el cultivo de ostras, el impacto clave es la adherencia directa de organismos causando daño físico, interferencia mecánica, competencia biológica y modificación ambiental, mientras que también se efectúa la infraestructura. El presente estudio describe la composición de la bioincrustación en la superficie de la ostra de mangle Crassostrea rhizophorae, cultivada en un estuario Amazónico, ubicado en el estado de Pará, norte de Brasil. En total, 6.124 macroinvertebrados fueron muestreados en julio, agosto, octubre y diciembre de 2013. La epifauna recolectada estuvo representada por 5 grupos principales (Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Polychaeta, Crustacea y Anthozoa), 20 familias y 37 especies. Bivalvia fue la clase más abundante, presentando 5.183 mejillones de la especie Mytella charruana. El conocimiento sobre la composición de la incrustación biológica, así como la identificación de las principales especies que causan impactos directos, permite opciones de gestión más personalizadas y estratégicas, minimizando los costos, a menudo significativos, asociados con el control de la bioincrustación (antifouling). Abstract.-Biofouling affects global aquaculture with significant impacts on productivity and profitability, especially in marine shellfish culture, where both the target culture species and/or infrastructure are exposed to a diverse array of fouling organisms. In oyster culture, fouling of stock causes physical damage, mechanical interference, biological competition and environmental modification, with infrastructure also colonized. The present study describes the composition of the biofouling community inhabiting the surface of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae, cultivated in an Amazon estuary, in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. In total, 6,124 macroinvertebrates were collected during July, August, October and December 2013. Collected epifauna was represented by 5 groups (Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Polychaeta, Crustacea and Anthozoa), 20 families and 37 species. Bivalvia was the most abundant class, with the mussel Mytella charruana by far the most dominant species with 5,183 individuals. Knowledge about the composition of biofouling as well as identifying the main species that cause direct impacts allows more tailored and strategic management options, minimizing the often-significant costs associated with biofouling control (antifouling).

We evaluated the influence of environmental integrity and the potential as bioindicator of larval stages of species of Trichoptera in 20 streams of first to fourth order in the Pindaı´ba river basin, Mato Grosso, Central Brazil. We measured stream integrity with the habitat integrity index (HII), establishing three levels of conservation: preserved, altered and impacted environments. We used (i) simple regression to assess the effect of habitat integrity on species abundance of Trichoptera and (ii) the indicator species analysis (IndVal) to assess the potential as bioindicator of each species. We found that 12 morphospecies showed relationship with HII: six species were bioindicators of preserved and two species of altered environments. Morphospecies that showed relationship in the two analyses (i and ii) were considered strong bioindicators, considering that the other species supported higher environmental variation, becoming evident that loss of physical structure reduces the abundance of organisms specialized in preserved environments. The results showed that the distribution and abundance of trichopterans can be an indicator of habitat integrity. Trichopteran species have bioindicator potential, corroborating the hypotheses of this work that abundance
of organisms will be smaller in environments with low integrity, and that many species are specific to preserved environments, disappearing from impacted environments, and also characteristic species of altered environments.

Reclaimed water from small wastewater treatment facilities in the rural areas of the Beira Interior region (Portugal) may constitute an alternative water source for aquifer recharge. A 21-month monitoring period in a constructed wetland treatment system has shown that 21,500 m3 year−1 of treated wastewater
(reclaimed water) could be used for aquifer recharge. A GIS-based multi-criteria analysis was performed, combining ten thematic maps and economic, environmental and technical criteria, in order to produce a suitability map for the location of sites for reclaimed water infiltration. The areas chosen for aquifer
recharge with infiltration basins are mainly composed of anthrosol with more than 1 m deep and fine sand texture, which allows an average infiltration velocity of up to 1 m d−1. These characteristics will provide a final polishing treatment of the reclaimed water after infiltration (soil aquifer treatment (SAT)),
suitable for the removal of the residual load (trace organics, nutrients, heavy metals and pathogens).
The risk of groundwater contamination is low since the water table in the anthrosol areas ranges from 10 m to 50 m. On the other hand, these depths allow a guaranteed unsaturated area suitable for SAT. An area of 13,944 ha was selected for study, but only 1607 ha are suitable for reclaimed water infiltration.
Approximately 1280 m2 were considered enough to set up 4 infiltration basins to work in flooding and
drying cycles.

Physico-chemical properties of the marine environment play an important role in determining the type of ecosystem. The analyses of the physico-chemical factors of the waters at Kushalnagar beach, Kasaragod, Kerala was carried out for a period of two years from June, 2012 to May, 2014. The variation in temperature, salinity, pH, and conductivity were high during the pre-monsoon period, whereas, dissolved oxygen was at minimum. Nutrients such as nitrate, nitrite, inorganic phosphate, and reactive silica were high during monsoon, while, sulphate levels were at a minimum. The results of the present study revealed that the physico-chemical parameters of Kushalnagar beach were significantly influenced by the freshwater influx during the southwest monsoon.

The diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates in the Upper (Zone 1) and Middle Thames Estuary (Zone 2) and its associated tributaries, creeks and dock basins was studied using the commonly used hand picking, kick-sampling, core-sampling and wall scraping (barking) methods to examine diversity similarity and differences in macroinvertebrates assemblages between them. Population densities, species lists, densities diversity, and similarity measures were used to analyse the macroinvertebrate dataset obtained from the sorting, identification and counting of the invertebrate species. Results suggested that the upper estuary sites produced the largest number of species/families and middle estuary and creek sites produced the largest number of individuals but the lowest number of species. The Royal dock basins had specialised benthic invertebrate groups, whilst the East India Dock basin had benthic macroinvertebrates composition similar to that of the main river. The mudflat of the mid estuary creeks display very high abundances and dominances by oligochaete and polychaete worms; and their central channels by freshwater species (mainly of upstream of the tributary origin). The study also indicated that habitats with similar physical and other environmental conditions yielded similar macroinvertebrate assemblages.

The dynamics of the nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus contents in the detrital particles suspended in the water column was examined. The study was carried out in two freshwater reservoirs of different trophic levels. Detritus was collected in natural aquatic ecosystems at various depths. The nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon concentrations in the detrital particles were found to decrease significantly during the detritus sedimentation in the water column. This pattern was observed both for a mesotrophic reservoir and an eutrophic aquatic ecosystem. It was the phosphorus concentration that decreased especially rapidly during the sedimentation of the detrital particles in the water column. These findings were considered in the context of water quality formation. The new facts and their analysis advance our understanding of the most important functions of detritus in aquatic ecosystems; a new aspect of coupling of ecological and biogeochemical processes in aquatic ecosystems was revealed. The results were analyzed using the innovative scientific term, exometabolism, which was proposed by S.A. Ostroumov in his monograph "Aquatic Organisms in Water Self-Purification" in 2008.

https://www.academia.edu/68340285/ ;

This study focused on the technical and economic feasibility of setting up an organic farm for the production of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in fresh water in Greece, going from growing to marketing size, all by calculating the size of the farm and by studying four production scenarios. The objective of the farm was to produce fresh fish which were to be transformed into smoked fillets by an intermediary and was finally destined to three different types of customers. The scenarios with an initial average weight of 2 gr were not retained since a monthly production could not be attained. In addition, the production cycles with an initial average weight of 10 gr were shorter and more stable (6 months). Production in the selected scenarios was doubled during periods of high demand (Easter and Christmas). The site (s) most suitable in physicochemical terms were assessed. The breeding system chosen was intensive flow-through (raceways - concrete tanks). The amount of investment is lower for a production of 50 tonnes (scenario 1), while the production costs do not vary significantly between the two scenarios. However, profitability is reached in the first year for the two scenarios in question.

The use of alternative feeds aims to maintain productivity and reduce animal production costs. The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional value of Water Spinach (WS) (Ipomoea aquatica), as well as replacement of fishmeal (FM) by water spinach in diets for Nile tilapia fry, Oreochromis niloticus. To determine the growth performance of Nile tilapia fed different levels of water spinach, 150 fish (3.25±0.44g; 3.6±0.2cm) were randomly distributed in flow through system of 15 plastic aquariums each containing about 20 liters, and fed during 7 weeks with isoprotein (30% digestible protein) and isoenergetic (14.35 kJ g-1 digestible energy) diets containing replacement levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of FM digestible protein by WS digestible protein. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and three replicates. The protein efficiency ratio, absolute body weight, live weight gain and feed conversion ratio content significantly decreased in fish fed diets containing WS levels above 25%. Therefore, WS can replace up to 25% of FM without impairing juvenile Nile tilapia growth performance, feed efficiency, and body composition.

The present study Highlight the Diversity, different Variations of Bird species in Purbasthali, Chupi Lake, west Bengal
India. In this area has a lots of birds living place, such as migratory birds and local birds. According to the present report there are 108
Birds species are present in this area and also 16 orders and 39 families are present based on year of 2017-2018 record. Among the
Record Bird species-51 were Resident, 15 were local migrant and 42 were winter migrant and others were Indian Birds. The winter
Migratory birds were Brant Birds, Canada goose, spot Billed Duck, Pintail Birds, Ruddy Duck and local Birds were sparrow, Drongo,
Kite, Crow, Dove etc.

The aquatic and semi-aquatic Heteroptera represent a group of insects with a multitude of shapes, being the result of adaptations to a broad niche variety. Heteroptera were collected in five streams (from 1st to 4th order) in the Pindaíba River Basin, in order to, with different in the habitat integrity: (1) correlate the species richness with the Habitat Integrity Index and water physical-chemical parameters; and (2) to determine which species are capable to serve as bioindicators. In each stream, linear transects of 100m were demarcated. 1,425 specimens from 10 families, 30 genera and 67 morphospecies were collected. Nitrate negatively affected Nepomorpha and temperature with Gerromorpha species richness. The matrix of environmental variables showed no influence on the distribution of species. Three species (Rhagovelia trailli (White, 1879), Rhagovelia sp.4 and Tenagobia incerta Lundblad, 1928) were considered to be indicators of pristine sites. The results indicate that Gerromorpha can be an important tool to assess environmental habitat integrity and enhance conservation actions of riparian forests.

Aquatic angiosperms refer to the plants that grows in and around water bodies and are an important part of the aquatic ecosystem" or "those species which normally stand in water and must grow for at least part of their life cycle in water, either completely submersed or emersed. These plants are different from the terrestrial plants as these are delicate and fragile. Soon looses its identity when taken out of the water.