Ancient Rome

Germanicus and his large family (his wife Agrippina Major and nine children) embodied in Tiberius' Rome a new political model that looked beyond the boundaries of tradition and opened up to elements that had remained outside the scene of power until then. They bore the blood of the Julii and the Claudii, and this was an omen of a synthesis, which in the second part of the dynasty extended to include the partial but significant revival of the legacy of Mark Antony and some of his political choices. This book is the result of the International Conference held in the winter of 2019 in Perugia and it analyzes how a great figure, who did not succeed in fully consecrating himself, not only marked a significant part of the reign of the first successor of Augustus, but also the subsequent internal games of the first dynasty for the succession to power, whose results, certainly not by chance, saw the affirmation of his son, and then his brother and of his nephew.


Germanico e sua moglie Agrippina Maggiore, la sua numerosa famiglia (nove figli di cui ne morirono tre in tenera età) incarnarono nella Roma di Tiberio un modello politico nuovo, che guardava oltre i confini della tradizione e si apriva a elementi che erano rimasti al di fuori fino ad allora dalla scena del potere. Portavano il sangue dei Giulii e quello dei Claudii, e ciò era il presagio di una sintesi, che nella seconda parte della dinastia si estese fino a coinvolgere anche la parziale ma rilevante ripresa dell' eredità di Marco Antonio e di alcune linee della sua politica. Il volume, frutto del Convegno internazionale tenuto nell' inverno del 2019 a Perugia analizza in particolare come la figura di un grande personaggio, che non riuscì a consacrarsi appieno, improntò tuttavia di sé non solo una parte rilevante del regno del primo successore di Augusto, ma anche le successive partite interne alla prima dinastia per la successione al potere i cui esiti, non certo per un caso, videro l' affermazione consecutivamente del figlio, e poi del fratello e del nipote di Germanico.

Edited by Alessandro Galimberti e Roberto Cristofoli e Francesca Rohr Vio
Year: 2020
L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER
Series: Monografie del Centro Ricerche di Documentazione sull'Antichità Classica, 49
ISBN: 9788891320568
Binding: Paperback
Pages: 234
Size: 17 x 24 cm

Preface; I. Introduction: I.1 Prelude "To Imitate the Bees"; I.2 Towards an Interpretation of Spolia: Delimitations and Methods; I.3 Reuse The Development of a New Architectural Practice; II. Translatio of Materials: II.1 Fragments and Fragmentation. The Disposition of Spolia in Church Buildings; II.2 Translations and Transferences: Christian Versions of Roman Architecture; II.3 The Aesthetics of Appropriation Eclecticism, Variety, and Antithetical Harmonies; III. Translatio of Meanings: III.1 Breaking Down the Past Rejections of Rationality; III.2 "Seeing the invisible" Towards a New Metaphorical Architecture; III.3 To "Strip Error Bare" The Rhetoric of Transformation; IV. Translatio of Time: IV.1 "Novelty in the Old and Age in the New". The Rhetoric of Renovation; IV.2 Recollecting the Past Spolia and Historical Consciousness; IV.3 Inventing the Past: Spolia and the Ideology of Classicism; Bibliography; List of Illustrations; Photo Credits; Index.

Der vorliegende Band ist das Resultat einer Tagung in Iaşi, die unter dem gleichen Titel zwischen dem 24. und 27. September 2014 stattfand. Die Konferenz wurde gemeinsam von der Universität Konstanz, der Alexandru-Ioan-Cuza-Universität Iaşi und dem Archäologischen Institut der Rumänischen Akademie in Iaşi organisiert. Zentrale in diesem Band behandelte Fragen betreffen dabei die Integrationsleistung des römischen Reiches, die Fragen des Bürgerrechts und seiner Verleihungsmodalitäten, Fragen nach Identitäten und ihrer Manifestationen innerhalb und außerhalb des Imperiums. Besonders geht es aber auch um die Rolle der so genannten „Barbaren“, die mit dem griechischen Begriff nur unzureichend – auch im römischen Kontext – erfasst werden. Der Austausch mit ihnen und ihren Traditionen, die bei allem Romanisierungsdruck manifest blieben, hat auch Rom und sein Reich beeinflusst. Entsprechend stellt sich der Zugang, den die hier zusammengestellten Beiträge mit einem Fokus auf die römischen Donauprovinzen und deren benachbarte Gebiete suchen, kontextuell folgendermaßen dar

The seeds of a culture of elite drug use that were sown in the first season of Rome blossom to full prominence in the show’s second series as male and female characters within the city and without are shown conspicuously consuming narcotics. What emerges from the haze of opium and hemp smoke is a swirl of inference as a decidedly modern habit is thrust into ancient hands, along with all of its connotations. Perhaps inspired as much by Shakespeare as by orientalist stereotypes, the prevalence of the vice is striking: the reimagined Cleopatra is often addled with opium and her paramour Antony succumbs to the vice all too quickly, while in Rome itself the parvenue Jocasta corrupts the well-to-do Octavia with her imported hemp whose potency is enough to attract the dabbling of Atia, whose later casual dismissal of the habit implies that it was neither scandalous nor out of the ordinary. Commonplace, seductive, and always aphrodisiac, drug use in the show nevertheless brings with it the dangers and associations of the modern habit. Notions of degeneracy, addiction, sexual impropriety and juvenile delinquency come with the vice and speak to the character of the users, while the foreign origins of the substances themselves bear political associations that play into dichotomy of Roman versus non-Roman in the series. And all of this emerges from what is essentially an historical embellishment of a drug culture that never was present. This chapter seeks to delve into what lies behind this retrojection of a modern vice onto the ancient elite by considering the ramifications of drug use within the world of the series, and the implied judgement of the characters involved. All the while drug use in Rome will be situated in relation to both historical context, and the increasing frequency with which this modern decadence is grafted onto the ancients in contemporary depictions of the Classical world.

This paper deals with depictions of deceased in antiquity, specifically it focuses on the Roman imagines maiorum and the issue of their form. A number of scholars take up older claims and understand imagines as just another of the series of posthumous masks of the ancient world. In the light of the claims made below, this article will attempt to show that the issue in question is much more complex and that the question of their visual appearance can not be definitively and easily decided on the basis of an older research tradition. First, however, the paper will briefly introduce posthumous masks of other civilizations of antiquity, and will focus directly on the post-mortem images in ancient Rome, specifically discussing the shape and function of imagines, and then attempting to show the material examples that are relevant to this subject and which in some cases are neglected in the works devoted to this subject.

This paper discusses the most controversial subject of sex within a spiritual setting, as the holy yoke presented itself among fertility cults of ancient pagan cultures. It presents a fine treatment of the subject with findings rarely traced in modern scholarship.

To reconstruct textile production in Italy is a problem in each historical period, as environmental conditions are not well suited to the conservation of organic material, despite the fact that archaeological research and the refining of suitable methodologies have produced important results in this field. It is even harder to reconstruct the processes of wool production between the Late Antique and Medieval periods, when the evolution of the “textile machine” caused the total or partial abandonment of a series of indirect production indicators, such as loom weights, and with the success of others made from perishable materials and thus invisible to archaeological research.
From literary and epigraphic sources, we can see that Rome was particularly active in some sectors of wool production in the imperial period, as in the previous periods. However, the emperor’s monopoly of production and the forms of collaboration with private citizens made the production cycle particularly fragmented between town and country, public and private structures and therefore the reconstruction of the geography of wool in Rome is very complicated.
The paper focuses on the methodological aspects of the research and on the indirect indicators of textile production that allow us to reconstruct this ancient activity that was certainly also important in Rome. The wool supply, the social forces involved in its production, the workplaces and production techniques, the distribution and quality of the textiles produced in Rome from the imperial to medieval period and beyond, the evolution of production into new forms of organization such as corporations and confraternities, which then develop into various Guilds (teasers, wool maker, dyers etc.), are the main themes of this paper.

Preface; 1 Introduction; 2 Materials, technique and building devices; 3 The foundation and the core of the podium and of the tribunal; 4 The measuring system and proportions of the temple; 5 The facing of he podium and the tribunal; 6 The superstructure of temple; 7 Catalogue of fragments fiund during the exavations; 6 The style; 9 Workshop and tradition 10 The reconstruction drawings of the Augustan temple; 11 Conclusion; Appendix 1 A rebuilding of the Metellan temple?; Appendix 2 Early modern graffiti on the superstructure of the temple of Castor and Pollux; Appendix 3 Catalogue of drawings, models and plaster casts from the Temple of Castor and Pollux, Forum Romanum, in Sir John Soane's Museum, London; Bibliography; Photo credits.

"The main objective of the first crusade was to wrest the Holy Land from the Muslims, and subject it to Christian rule." (The Making of the West, Pg. 355) What this quote does more than anything, it breaks down the objectives meant to be accomplished by the Church during the first crusade. A bold statement, with a lot of information leading up to the inception of the actual first crusade. What, however, gave the Pope the authority to wage war on Islam? Was the purpose of the Church at the time not to spread peace and goodwill? In this essay, I will explain how the events of the first crusade could be understood as a consequence of the Gregorian Reform. Pope Gregory VII came to power in the year 1073 CE, during his slow ascent in the Hierarchy of the Church he had always been an advocate for the idea of papal primacy. (The Making of the West, Page 342) During the time of Pope Gregory VII's rule, his belief in the freedom of the Church caused conflict initially with Emperor Henry VII, who, like his predecessors, wanted to keep the ability of the Emperor to choose his church hierarchy, namely bishops. It was common practice during this time for the small parishes and churches scattered throughout the empire to be seen as the property of whatever manor they were located within. Under this idea, the lord of the manor was the lord of the Church, choosing priests from local villages with little more training then being able to speak adequate Latin. When the priest of a manor church passed, someone else was selected in much of the same fashion; this idea gave the lords of the manor significant control over the local churches. (Lecture: Religion and Politics, Pg. 3) Much like this localized system, bishops and higher-level church officials were chosen and controlled by princes and kings. While under lay control, lords, princes and kings tended to offer bishop appointments for political gain. It was not uncommon for a king to appoint the son

The study of colour has become familiar territory in recent anthropology, linguistics, art history and archaeology. Classicists, however, have traditionally subordinated the study of colour to form. By drawing together evidence from contemporary philosophers, elegists, epic writers, historians and satirists, Mark Bradley reinstates colour as an essential informative unit for the classification and evaluation of the Roman world. He also demonstrates that the questions of what colour was and how it functioned – as well as how it could be misused and misunderstood – were topics of intellectual debate in early imperial Rome. Suggesting strategies for interpreting Roman expressions of colour in Latin texts, Dr Bradley offers new approaches to understanding the relationship between perception and knowledge in Roman elite thought. In doing so, he highlights the fundamental role that colour performed in the realms of communication and information, and its intellectual contribution to contemporary discussions of society, politics and morality.

Colour and Meaning in Ancient Rome was nominated and longlisted for the 2011 Warwick Prize for Writing.

Cities have become creative spaces of total consumption, which constantly refuel the theoretical and practical bases of our consumer society. It is a further stage of the “fantasy city” (Hannigan): McDonaldization (Ritzer) and Disneyization (Bryman) have been largely metabolized and so-called “non-lieux” (Augé) have often become the most significant spaces and have helped to build new glocal identities. In such a context, theming – and particularly historical theming – has become a powerful and effective tool, since it gives a robust structure to the multiple and dynamic processes of mingling that characterize our liquid society (Bauman, 2000). Theming merges past and present, culture and leisure, originals and copies, as well as tourism and shopping, and gives an effective framework to this mingling, which is, at the same time, material and immaterial, visual and emotional, sensorial and experiential.
The relationship with the past is particularly interesting. The central archaeological area of Rome has become a sort of theme park, owing to the huge flows of tourists that it receives and the process of Disneyization that it has undergone, though – unlike many other Italian heritage towns, such as Venice and Florence – Rome still preserves a significant local identity and an urban life that goes far beyond tourism. The theming is present in its urban context owing partly to tourism and partly to the usual culturalization of consumption (hotels with Roman names, restaurants with Roman menus, resin souvenirs of the Colosseum, T-shirts with gladiators and legionaries etc.). We can single out the theming even in some of its most iconic places. The area of the Colosseum and forums, together with Via dei Fori Imperiali, which crosses and unites them, appears as an invisible and diffused theme park: a specialized district for leisure and cultural consumption where archaeological heritage acts as an attraction. It is not a leisure space themed to archaeology, but an archaeological space used as a theme park. Legionaries and gladiators for pictures and re-enactors act as living attractions.
Other spaces contribute to this process. Cinecittà, the dream machine of a boundless park, has helped to build the image of Rome and to theme the city. Its studios host film sets, which are at the same time a themed environment, an unusual archaeological site and a place where the myth of Rome is continually reshaped. Though distant from the main archaeological area, these studios are tied to it by an invisible thread, since they play an important role in the definition of its image. Outside the city, but inside its territory, there is also a small themed district formed by a Roman-themed outlet, “Castel Romano,” and an amusement park, “Cinecittà World”, themed to the studios that nurtured the golden age of Italian cinema.
Similarly, north of Rome, near Civitavecchia, where giant cruise ships bring huge tourist flows, a group of businessmen is trying to create “Roma Vetus”, a pharaonic theme park with reconstructions of many Roman monuments. In line with the current trends of experiential and sensory tourism, visitors would be allowed to relax in Roman baths, mint coins and grind grain. Groups of re-enactors would give life to the park, but visitors themselves would be enabled to rent costumes of gladiators, centurions and senators. We are clearly in the world of entertainment, far away from the open-air archaeological museums with their reconstructions and living-history activities. Its creators maintain that “Roma Vetus” will be used at the same time as theme park and a set for films and TV series. This park is probably destined to remain the dream of a minor group of daring speculators, but it clearly represents the dynamics at work in our liquid world.

This dissertation investigates homo- and bisexuality in the Roman world, by focusing primarily on Pompeii’s graffiti. Scratched on walls, street facades, public buildings, within the domus and often inserted in paintings or frescoes, Pompeian graffiti differ in topic, structure and kind: they vary from insults to dedications, from political notices to salutations, from jokes to love poems. The quantity of homoerotic graffiti is, in particular, worthy of note, since they offer an important contribution to the study of homo- and bisexual attitudes in the Roman world. If today sexuality is divided into distinct categories and homo- and bisexuality are seen as “unnatural” and “against nature” in some countries, Pompeii’s homoerotic graffiti help us overturn this view: not only do they show that homo- and bisexual behaviours were widespread among the Romans but also that our modern conception of sexuality can be applied only in part to the Roman world, since it was not present in the same form. The graffiti from Pompeii demonstrate that sexuality is a transient concept, which varies according to time, society and culture, and they also invite us to think afresh about our modern way of considering of homo- and bisexual attitudes.

La querela inofficiosi testamenti no conocía del litisconsorcio. Cuando había más de un coheredero forzoso, cada uno de ellos interponía su acción independientemente de los otros, con el objetivo de conseguir la cuota hereditaria que le correspondía en virtud de la sucesión intestada. Normalmente cada querelante ejercía su derecho de acción, por la propia cuota hereditaria. Nos preguntamos aquí si el querellante que accionaba podía acrecer su cuota si era así notorio el repudio de la querela por parte de uno o más coherederos. Los pasajes del Digesto parecen dar respuestas contradictorias y la doctrina moderna sospecha que existía una controversia en el derecho (ius controversum). Sobre la base de dos escolios de los Basílicos se intenta demostrar que las divergentes conclusiones de los juristas estaban referidas a distintos casos. La exégesis de los textos sugiere finalmente algunas reflexiones sobre la acción de los compiladores de Justiniano.

Древний Рим — могучее античное государство, стоявшее у истоков европейской цивилизации и заложившее ее основы. В книге повествуется о становлении римского могущества — Пунических войнах, победа в которых вывела Римскую республику на позицию ведущей античной державы Средиземноморья и позволила выйти за его пределы. Гибель могущественного Карфагена подвела итог великим римским завоеваниям предыдущей эпохи и знаменовала открытие нового этапа экспансии, в ходе которого калиги римских легионеров мерною поступью прошли по землям от Испании, Галлии и Британии на западе до Египта, Малой Азии и Месопотамии на востоке.

Abstract: I intend to show in this artile a systematic analysis about the Municipal Legislation of the Emperor Julian: Curias and Decurions. I will also explain some laws of the imperial administration which are articular with the laws forementioned.
Keywords: Legislation; Julian's Empire.

RESUMO: Este trabalho tem dois propósitos: primeiro, discutir a religião tradicional na cidade de Roma, as diferenças entre o antigo politeísmo e o moderno monoteísmo, a conexão estreita entre religião pública e a identidade étnica e política e a política religiosa romana como uma estratégia do poder imperial; em segundo lugar, pretendemos explicar o conflito religioso como cristianismo como um problema central de poder e identidade e analisar o processo de construção da identidade cristã e suas condições sócio-históricas de produção.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Religião tradicional romana; cristianismo; conflito religioso; identidades; poder.

Warfare in the Ancient Mediterranean World, A Brill Companion to Classical Studies Series Series Editor: Lee L. Brice Aims and Scope The aim of the series is to publish high-quality, useful volumes each focused on a specific topic related to warfare in the ancient Mediterranean world. Where appropriate, volume coverage should include the eastern Mediterranean, including Assyria, Persia, Anatolia the Levant, and Egypt as well as Greece and Rome. The intended audience includes scholarly specialist and non-specialist students of the ancient world. Topics already published or in process include insurgency and terrorism, dealing with defeat, food and warfare, discipline/indiscipline, and Late Antiquity. We are seeking new volume proposals on a variety of topics covering a wide range of issues and methodologies. Specific topics we are interested in include: religion, topography/geography, reception of ancient warfare, medicine/death, Persia, Hellenistic world, archaeology/material culture and warfare, auxilia, the Pax Romana, navies, and peace, but we welcome proposals on any appropriate topic.

PORTUGUÊS – DESCRIÇÃO E OBJETIVOS
A Revista Mundo Antigo é uma publicação científica semestral sem fins lucrativos de História Antiga, Medieval e Arqueologia do Núcleo de Estudos em História Medieval, Antiga e Arqueologia Transdisciplinar (NEHMAAT) do curso de História da Universidade Federal Fluminense – Instituto de Ciência da Sociedade e Desenvolvimento Regional – ESR – Campos dos Goytacazes.
A Revista Mundo Antigo tem por objetivo:
• Promover o intercâmbio entre pesquisadores, professores e pós-graduandos do Brasil e do exterior.
• Disseminar pesquisas de professores e pós-graduandos do Brasil e do exterior.
• Permitir acesso ágil e fácil à produção acadêmica de modo a ser usada em pesquisas futuras por discentes e docentes.
• Estimular a produção de conhecimento sobre a História Antiga, História Medieval e Arqueologia Antiga.
• Divulgar publicações, eventos, cursos e sites, quando possível, de modo a contribuir com a pesquisa docente e discente.
• Estabelecer uma relação entre mundo antigo e mundo contemporâneo, quando possível, para uma melhor compreensão dos processos históricos.

Todos os direitos reservados aos autores.
Os artigos são de responsabilidade de seus autores.

ENGLISH – DESCRPITION AND OBJECTIVES
The Mundo Antigo Journal is an open journal (free of charge)  publication of Ancient History, Middle Ages and Archaeology  from  Núcleo de Estudos em História Medieval, Antiga e Arqueologia Transdisciplinar (NEHMAAT - Center for Studies in Middle Ages,  Ancient History and Interdisciplinary Archaeology) of undergraduate program in History, of University Federal Fluminense – Instituto de Ciência da Sociedade e Desenvolvimento Regional – ESR – Campos dos Goytacazes city (Rio de Janeiro – Brazil). 


The Mundo Antigo Journal aims to:
• To promote exchange between researchers, teachers and graduate students from Brazil and abroad.
• Disseminate research professors and graduate students from Brazil and abroad.
• Allow access faster and easier to scholar research in order to be used in future research by students and teachers.
• Stimulate the production of knowledge about Ancient History, Medieval History and Ancient Archaeology.
• Disseminate publications, events, courses and sites in order to contribute to the research staff and students.
• Establish a relationship between ancient and modern world, when possible, to a better understanding of historical processes.

All rights reserved to the authors.
The articles are the responsibility of their authors.

PORTUGUES - LINHA EDITORIAL E DE PESQUISA
Usos do Passado no Mundo Moderno e Contemporâneo.
Visa analisar a utilização ou apropriação de elementos do mundo antigo e medieval como forma de legitimidade cultural, social e das relações de poder no mundo moderno e contemporâneo.

Cultura, Economia, Sociedade e Relações de Poder na Antiguidade e na Idade Média.
Permite ampla possibilidade de pesquisa no que se refere à Antiguidade e a Idade Medieval. Com relação à Antiguidade pretende-se privilegiar culturas tais como: Egito, Grécia, Roma, Mesopotâmia, Pérsia e Índia em princípio.

Religião, Mito e Magia na Antiguidade e na Idade Média.
Permite ampla possibilidade de pesquisa sobre práticas mágico-religiosas e relações sociais e de poder.


Cultura, Religião e Sociedade na África Antiga e Medieval.
Visa analisar sociedades africanas complexas e a ocupação de certas regiões da África pelas civilizações do Mediterrâneo tomando por base as contribuições européias, norte-americanas e sul-americanas, bem como as contribuições de pesquisadores africanistas.

ENGLISH - LINE EDITORIAL AND RESEARCH
Uses of the Past in Modern and Contemporary World.
Aims to analyze the use and appropriation of elements of ancient and Middle Ages to promote cultural and social legitimacy in the modern and contemporary world.

Culture, Economy, Society and Power Relations in Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Allows ample opportunity to study with regard to the antiquity and Middle Ages. Regarding the antiquity intended to focus on cultures such as Egypt, Greece, Rome, Mesopotamia, Persia and India in principle.

Religion, Myth and Magic in Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Allows ample opportunity to research magic-religious practices, and social  relation of power.
Culture, Religion and Society in Ancient Africa and African Middle Ages.
Aims to analyze African societies and the occupation of Africa (certain areas by Mediterranean societies) based upon Europe, North America and South America contributions as well as the African researchers.
Prof. Dr. Julio Cesar Mendonça Gralha (UFF-ESR)
(Editor)

Além do célebre panteão divino, a religião romana tinha por base outras manifestações de índole religiosa. Estas resultaram da mentalidade dos povos primitivos, da ligação dos romanos à terra, da sua concepção de morte e das suas arreigadas crenças e superstições. A este conjunto acrescenta-se ainda uma marca de originalidade da civilização romana: a criação de divindades domésticas.

Komplet za učenje latinščine, ki ga je izdala univerza Yale, je namenjen začetnikom in sodi med najboljše v svetovnem merilu. Odlikuje se po jasnih razlagah ter po novem didaktičnem pristopu. Od prvih lekcij naprej se zavestno osredotoča na odlomke iz izvirnih rimskih besedil; v ospredju so Plavt, Terencij, Cezar, Ciceron, Livij, Katul, Vergilij, Horacij, Ovidij in drugi. Vsebuje slovnico in oba slovarja, tako da ni potrebe po dodatnih študijskih pripomočkih. Primeren je za srednje šole, za začetne tečaje na univerzi ter za samouke.

In the 6th century BCE, the Roman civilization flourished as a continuation of the perfect culture in Etruria (Truri, alb., = The Brain, eng.) and Latium (Albanum / Arbanum). In the 5th century, the book Mythologiæ or the Science of Untruth got published for the first time. Since the book would not have tilted the scale if it was alone, the creation of the poems Iliad, Odyssey, and Aeneid co-occurred. Iliad itself does not prove the Castle of Star (Illi, Ylli, Illion, alb.) or Troy as a place at the entrance of the Strait of Dardanelles.