Anaerobic digestion of organic wastes in relation to energy

The problem of food waste (FW) has become a global issue nowadays and Malaysia is on the other hand, treating FW as part of MSW just because separation of FW management does not exist.  The country is trying its best to solve the fundamental problem of municipal solid waste management by finding the most environmentally friendly solutions that are acceptable to the public. The methodology used for this study is a literature reviews, variable decision-making tools are used such as Decision Matrix, SUSOP and WRATE and also site visits. Site visits were done to get a clear view of the AD process and the plant management itself. Decision Matrix will compare four technologies that are suitable to implement in Malaysia that are Anaerobic Digestion, Composting, Incineration and Landfilling. Results shows that AD is suitable to implement due to the factor of sustainability, renewable energy, considerate capital cost if build in small scale and the lifetime. AD will solve the problem of kitchen and food waste in Malaysia by diverting the waste from landfill and gain benefit by generating renewable energy.

There is much in the scientific literature regarding the energy value of bioethanol, whether it is sustainable as a transition fuel and what impacts the production could have on food resource availability. This paper addresses these issues through the development of an energy self-sufficient ethanol plant. The plant utilizes waste Musa spp (banana) as the feed stock thereby making no additional demands food production. Solar energy and bioenergy provide thermal and electrical inputs to the process. The energy return on investment for this plant was calculated and a financial model drawn up to determine the economic feasibility of the plant. In one scenario, the operational cost of ethanol production is £0.39/litre with a profit before tax of £44,000 per year for a 460,000 litre facility. This scenario results in a maximum selling price for ethanol of £0.45/litre at an IRR of 11% for a 15 year operation which is comparable to current petrol prices. Furthermore, the process used is very simple and appropriate for small developing countries. The study focuses on the island of St. Lucia which is a banana producing state in the West Indies and concludes that establishment of an ethanol plant is possible with the right financial support with the benefit of reducing imports of petroleum products, improving the balance of payments and creating employment.

Traducción y adaptación del Capítulo 8 del libro "THE BIOGAS HANDBOOK, SCIENCE, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS”, Editado por A. Welinger, J. Murphy & D. Baxter, publicado en el año 2013.Este documento se publica como documento divulgativo de la empresa CCA Biogás, en su página de Facebook, con fecha 32 de mayo de 2019.

Methanogens are restricted to a few genera of Archaea, however they have great importance in the carbon cycle, impacting climactic considerations, and also find a role in renewable energy in the form of biogas. Here, we examine the microbial contribution to the production of methane in a sargassum fed anaerobic saltwater bioreactor, which are poorly characterized compared to fresh water bioreactors, using a comprehensive functional metagenomics approach. Despite abundant production of methane, we detected a low proportion of Archaea in the system using 16S rRNA community profile analyses. We address the low representation using an additional 16S rRNA analysis of shotgun data and a consideration of CO 2 :CH 4 production. Using a novel network alignment and tree building approach, we measured similarity between the meta-metabolic capabilities of different anaerobic microbial communities. The saltwater bioreactor samples clustered together, validating the approach and providing a method of determining meta-metabolic similarity between microbial communities, with a range of potential applications. We also introduce a number of additional approaches for examining and interpreting meta-metabolic network topology. The low abundance of methanogens appears as a common property of such anaerobic systems and likely reflects the relatively poor energetics of methanogens, while examination of key enzymes confirms that hydrogen producing bacteria are the major fermentative guild. Our results indicate that the use of readily available seawater and marine macroalgae is a promising approach to the production of biogas as a source of renewable energy.

Published by CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, this volume cotains a critical review of the biogas literature and norms on BMP, the analysis or errors in the BMP test, and a rational method for managing biogas plants . See full abstract and purchase with 30% special discount https://www.routledge.com/Managing-Biogas-Plants-A-Practical-Guide/Rosato/p/book/9781138626614. Enter discount code ADC21 in the online payment form.

The alcohol industries are growing extensively worldwide due to widespread industrial applications of alcohol such as in chemicals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, beverages, food and perfumery industry, etc. During production of alcohol by fermentation process results in discharge of highly polluted wastewater known as spent wash. Distillery spent wash wastewater is called highly polluted waste products because of low pH value, dark brown colour, high temperature, and organic content. If it disposed untreated into water it creates troublesome situations for the rivers, aquatic life, and fertility of soil. So, it is very necessary to arrest such situations to keep environment healthy. Due to treating such type of wastewater organic and inorganic pollutants in the spent wash can be removed. This paper reviewed in detail existing biological treatments. The biological treatments are based on anaerobic and aerobic processes. This study dealing with role of microorganism's viz., bacteria, fungi, algae in degradation of spent wash. In which microorganisms converts the complex organic compound into simpler and more stable compounds.

The conversion of food waste and sludge into biogas via anaerobic digestion technology is gaining
attention in recent years, which plays a significant role in waste valorization into bioenergy and promotes
environmental sustainability. Biochar is a carbonaceous material produced via thermochemical
conversion of biomass waste, and tailoring biochar for diverse environmental applications adheres to the
principle of circular economy. The emerging application of biochar as an additive in the anaerobic
digestion of food waste and sludge has been intensively investigated in the last few years. However, a
comprehensive understanding of multifunctional roles of biochar and its mechanisms in the production
of biogas via miscellaneous/complex anaerobic digestion process is yet to be attained. This review
scrutinizes the key roles of biochar as an additive and emphasizes the influences of biochar characteristics
on the anaerobic digestion processes and their capability to address the foremost challenges. This
review also evaluates the techno-economic and environmental impacts of biochar synthesis and its
emerging application for biogas production via anaerobic digestion to make the integrated process more
economical and environmentally sustainable, and identifies challenges and prospects for future studies.

Production of biogas from agricultural and animal wastes is one of the viable options to mitigate the scarcity of energy and hazards of fossil fuels to both human and ecology. Therefore, this project work was on generation of biogas using cow dung and rumen fluid as co-substrate. A biogas digester with a capacity of 105 liters was used to produce the gas. The substrate (cow dung and rumen fluid) was mixed in the ratio 3:2 and water to substrate ratio of 2:1 was used. The digester was stirred thrice daily to avoid scum formation in the digester and to allow for easy escape of the gas produced. The retention time used for this experiment was 42 days during which the daily internal temperature readings were taken in order to determine temperature variations and also to determine the effect of heat on the production rate. A rubber hose was connected to the digester gas outlet located at the top of the digester and the other end of the rubber hose was connected to a PVC Tyer tube provided for storing the gas generated. The gas produced was collected and taken to the laboratory for chemical analysis. The results showed that biogas yielded consists of 57.98 % of methane (CH4), 39.99 % of carbon dioxide (CO2), 0.10 % of oxygen (O2), 0.01 % of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and 0.01% of water vapour. The methane has the highest percentage, which represents the main source of energy and oxygen having 0.10 %, which shows that the process was purely carried out under anaerobic condition. Result of this study showed that methane has the highest percentage and generally cow dung with rumen fluid easily lent itself to process of anaerobic digestion.

An appraisal of the current post harvest practices and losses of horticultural produces in the major fruit and vegetable wholesale markets of Nepal was conducted to quantify the amount of fruits and vegetable wastage. This study was conducted with the view to generate useful information about the causes of loss of horticultural produce and also quantify the amount of fruit and vegetable wastage being accumulated in the market centers so that such organic wastes could be reused as resource for vermicomposting. Shelf life of different vegetable species and the nutrient content of the wastage samples of different species of vegetables were also evaluated. Survey of the three major market centers namely; Narayangadh, Pokhara, and Kalimati fruit and vegetable wholesale market and series of laboratory experiments were conducted. Forty five wholesalers and 90 retailers were selected for the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. The results indicate that among 45 wholesalers no one has cold storage facility which is the major cause of loss of produce. From regression analysis it was concluded that lack of cold storage facility and inappropriate packaging facility had significant effect on the loss of the produce. Regarding the wastage accumulation, maximum wastage was accumulated during the months of July to October, up to 20 tons per day in Kalimati wholesale market, Kathmandu. Total of 80% of the wastage was simply discarded as garbage, 10-15% used as animal feed and about 5% used as source for composting and vermicomposting. Leafy vegetables contributed the most in wastage accumulation. The shelf life of leafy vegetables was significantly (at p = 0.05) the lowest (1 day) at the ambient storage condition as compared to other vegetable types. Regarding the nitrogen content of the wastage samples, the leafy vegetable wastes (5.25%) and legume vegetable wastes (4.48%) were statistically at par and significantly (p = 0.05) higher than other treatments.  Except the wastage sample of root vegetables (0.37%), other four treatments were not statistically different (0.69%- 0.78%) in phosphorus content. Potassium content of the wastage sample of leafy vegetables were significantly the highest (1.32%) (at p = 0.05) and statistically not different with wastage sample of legume vegetables (1.12%) and composite wastage sample (1.18%).

En Colombia, según cifras del Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial, se generan 27.300ton/día de basura de los cuales el 65% son residuos sólidos orgánicos, equivalentes a 17.745 ton/día, los cuales van a los rellenos sanitarios en la mayoría de los municipios Colombianos. Esto incrementa sustancialmente la emisión del metano como gas que provoca el efecto invernadero.
La codigestión de residuos orgánicos de diferente fuente ha resultado un proceso exitoso tanto en condiciones termofílicas como mesofílicas, y por esto, se han construido plantas de biogás centralizadas, alimentadas con diferentes residuos orgánicos para trabajar en codigestión, en diferentes países de Europa y Asia.
Se han aplicado tecnologías europeas y asiáticas en Colombia y otros países de Latinoamérica, pero no se ha investigado rigurosamente la relación de la temperatura que simule las condiciones de diferentes pisos térmicos del relieve colombiano en los que pueden aplicarse, para obtener una mayor producción de biogás en la codigestión de residuos ganaderos con residuos vegetales.
En este proyecto se pretendió resolver la pregunta de la incidencia de la temperatura en la degradación del vástago de plátano, hasta convertirla en metano y dióxido de carbono, por codigestión anaerobia con rumen como residuo bovino e inóculo anaerobio. Tales residuos se mezclaron para obtener 4 relaciones de sustrato. Se llevaron a bioreactores de 750mL, haciendo un arreglo factorial con 3 temperaturas (25, 35 y 45°C) por triplicado. Se analizaron condiciones iniciales y finales de parámetros fisicoquímicos, midiéndose el metano (gas efecto invernadero) contenido en cada uno de los bioreactores por cromatografía de gases (CG-FID) durante 40 días.
Mediante el programa Statgraphics Centurion XVI se ajustaron los valores de producción de metano a una ecuación polinomial de grado 3 en función de la temperatura y la relación de biomasa (porcentaje de vástago de plátano). La temperatura a la cual se dio la mayor producción de metano, fue a 45°C, seguida de 35°C y 25°C, con valores de 1250,1; 1018,2 y 885,7mL respectivamente. Lo cual indica que un clima templado cálido donde se tenga producción de plátano y ganado, los residuos generados de vástago de plátano pueden aprovecharse para generar energía en forma de metano mediante codigestión anaerobia con rumen bovino.
También se realizó un análisis multivariado concluyéndose estadísticamente que existe una interacción significativa entre la temperatura y la relación de biomasa con respecto a la producción de metano.  Es decir, que la producción de metano depende de la temperatura entre los rangos mesofílico y termofílico desde 25°C hasta 45°C, para cualquiera de las tres relaciones de biomasa de 0, 33 y 66% de vástago en las que se detectó presencia de metano.

El Estudio de Factibilidad Técnica y Económica del Proyecto de Planta de Biogás en el Sector Lechero de la Cooperativa Multisectorial El Rey R., L. (COMMUREY), denominado de forma abreviada Proyecto Biogás COMMUREY, es el resultado del trabajo realizado por el Consultor, Dr. Ing. Roberto A. González-Castellanos, de acuerdo con los Términos de Referencia del Contrato firmado entre el Servicio Holandés de Cooperación al Desarrollo (SNV) y el Consultor el 23 de mayo del 2016, con el objetivo de evaluar la Factibilidad Tecnológica y Económica del Proyecto Biogás COMMUREY. El estudio comenzó con la inspección del sitio seleccionado por el Programa y con el levantamiento topográfico realizado y como resultado del mismo se determinó que no hay necesidad de realizar movimiento de tierra antes de comenzar la construcción del Proyecto. Se realizó el estudio de la situación actual de la finca, se determinó la cantidad de estiércol a utilizar como sustrato para el proyecto (570 kg/día) y se calculó la cantidad total de biogás que se produce con ese sustrato (20m3/día). Se determinó que todo el biogás producido será consumido completamente en el proceso productivo, como medio de calentamiento en la producción de leche, queso y sorbete, lo que permitirá sustituir más del 80% del Gas Licuado del Petróleo (GLP) que se consume actualmente en la finca, con un efecto económico positivo de US $2,230.44/año. Se calculó también la cantidad de fertilizante orgánico (biol) que producirá la planta, 812 litros/día, el cual se utilizará para fertilizar los pastos de la finca, con un efecto económico positivo de US $3,810.00/año, producto de la sustitución de fertilizantes químicos.
Los modelos de digestores seleccionados para evaluar en el Estudio de Factibilidad son: el Digestor Domo Fijo Nicaragüense de Escala Productiva, modelo Deenbandhu Modificado de 58 m3 de volumen total (Alternativa 1) y el Digestor de Flujo Pistón con Cubierta de Membrana Flotante de 50 m3 de volumen líquido (Alternativa 2). Para facilitar el aprovechamiento pleno de la producción de biogás y evitar pérdidas del mismo, se incluyeron en el proyecto varias inversiones comunes para ambas tecnologías, como son: un sistema de almacenaje de biogás de 60 m3 de volumen total, un soplador para el biogás y un regulador de presión. Se calculó el costo de los dos modelos de digestores seleccionados: US$ 9,246.15, para el modelo de digestor de la Alternativa 1 y $9,343.13 para el modelo de digestor de la Alternativa 2.  Se calculó también el costo del Sistema de Almacenaje de Biogás, común para ambas alternativas (|US$2,145.00), con lo cual se obtuvo que el valor total de la inversión para la Alternativa 1 es de U$11,391.15, mientras que el de la Alternativa 2 es de US$11,488.13, que resulta superior a la Alternativa 1 en US$96.98.
Se realizó la evaluación financiera de ambas alternativas y se seleccionó, para aplicar en el Proyecto de la Planta de Biogás para la Finca San Ramón, Municipio de San Ramón, en Matagalpa, la Alternativa 1 (Digestor Domo Fijo Nicaragüense de Escala Productiva, Modelo Deenbandhu Modificado de 58 m3 de volumen total), debido a su mayor relación Beneficio/Costo (B/C) y mejores indicadores financieros en general, teniendo en cuenta además las ventajas tecnológicas que presenta dicha tecnología. Se realizó un Análisis de Sensibilidad de los indicadores financieros y en especial del TIR, ante la variación del precio de los fertilizantes y del GLP que son sustituidos por el biogás y el biol, considerando tres Escenarios: Optimista, cuando el GLP y los fertilizantes alcancen los precios más altos pronosticados; Presente, con los precios actuales del GLP y de los fertilizantes; Pesimista, cuando el GLP y los fertilizantes alcancen los precios más bajos pronosticados. Como resultado del Análisis de Sensibilidad se obtuvo que, como era de esperar, la Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) varía fuertemente en función de la variación combinada del precio del GLP y del fertilizante, en los Escenarios Positivo, Presente y Pesimista. Sin embargo, es de destacar que aún en el Escenario Pesimista, el TIR mantiene un valor muy favorable (29.94%) y que el plazo de recuperación de la inversión de la alternativa seleccionada es de 1 año y 8 meses (1.68 años) en el Escenario Optimista y de dos años y 5 meses (2.43 años) en el Escenario Pesimista, lo que demuestra que la inversión propuesta es altamente favorable.
Además, en el presente estudio se determinaron los impactos sociales, económicos y ambientales de las plantas de biogás, comprobándose el apreciable efecto positivo de las mismas tanto en lo social, como en lo económico y ambiental.
Finalmente, como resultado del Estudio de Factibilidad, se recomienda comenzar lo antes posible el proceso encaminado a la instalación del Sistema de Biogás Productivo, con un Digestor de Domo Fijo de 58 m3 de Volumen Total y los demás componentes definidos en este estudio, en la Finca Lechera San Ramón, perteneciente a la Cooperativa Multisectorial El Rey (COMMUREY), en el Municipio de San Ramón, Departamento de Matagalpa.

Grass is an excellent energy crop; it may be classified as a high yielding, low energy input, perennial crop. Over 90% of Irish agricultural land is under grass; thus farmers are familiar with, and comfortable with, this crop as opposed to a “new energy crop” such as Miscanthus. Of issue therefore is not the crop, but the methodology of generating energy from the crop. Numerous farmers across Europe (in particular Germany and Austria) use grass silage as a feed-stock for biogas production; in a number of cases the produced biogas is scrubbed to biomethane and used as a transport fuel or injected into the natural gas grid. Many Irish farmers are considering converting from conventional farming such as beef production to grass biomethane production. Numerous technologies and combinations of such technologies are available; from one-stage batch dry systems to two-stage wet continuous systems; from one-stage continuous wet systems to two-stage systems incorporating a batch dry reactor coupled with a second stage high rate reactor. This paper reviews work carried out both in the scientific literature and in practice at commercial scale.

Como resultado de la Consultoría realizada por CCA Biogás quedó conformada la versión final del STAR de PROTENA cuyo esquema simplificado de operación se muestra más abajo (Figura 1). Como se puede apreciar, en esta nueva versión del STAR predominan los componentes anaerobios ya que solamente su último componente es principalmente aerobio, aunque como es aerobio/facultativo, también tiene una sección anaerobia en su parte inferior. Esta configuración predominantemente anaerobia es muy ventajosa desde el punto de vista energético, ya que sólo se requieren dos equipos mecánicos en todo el sistema: la bomba que lleva los RILes desde el RAB hasta la LAN y la que distribuye el efluente de la LAEF para que se use en el riego. Por el contrario, casi todos los equipos producen energía, en forma de biogás e incluso el RAB lo produce en una cantidad significativa, con alto potencial de sustitución de Gas Licuado del Petróleo (GLP).
Finalmente, el 29 de septiembre de 2020 comenzó la etapa de construcción del RAB, la que terminó el 23 de noviembre, día en que se hizo entrega oficial del Proyecto al equipo de la UGA de PROTENA. En el presente informe se hace un resumen del trabajo realizado por CCA Biogás y se especifican las condiciones que debe crear PROTENA para que pueda realizarse adecuadamente la Puesta en Marcha y la planta logre alcanzar la eficiencia prevista, en dependencia de la capacidad de Procesamiento de Sangre.

A pilot-scale (0.5 m3) anaerobic digester was constructed in a small
Palestinian poultry farm. The farm, located in Beit Ur Al Foqa village
of Ramallah district, with a total area of 140 m2 and accommodating
about 1800 birds every 50 days produces annually about 6.57 tonnes
(18 kg/day). The digester was filled with poultry manure and operated
to obtain design parameters for a farm-scale biogas plant. The digester
contained 20% of poultry manure co-digested with seed materials
(70% cow manure and 10% anaerobic sludge) and mixed with the
water in (1:1 ratio) to create dry digestion conditions (20% TS).
Operated for one year, the feeding sequence of the anaerobic digester
was once a day with a loading capacity of the daily produced manure
in the farm. A low-cost solar water heating system was installed to
enhance the biogas production in the digester under mesophilic
process conditions. Poultry manure proved a suitable substrate for
the installed biogas digester with total solids: 20%, and C:N ratio:
32:1. Total biogas production was 39.95 m3, and the methane content
ranged between 46% and 68%. As substitute to natural gas, the biogas
generated (788 MJ) was used for farm heating purposes during
the study period. The fresh anaerobically digested slurry showed
a nutrient rich fertilizer (NPK ratio of 2:3:3). Sun-drying of digested
slurry increased pathogens removal (F. streptococcus) up to 3 log10.
Anaerobic digestion of poultry manure constitutes a bio-resource for
both energy and nutrients. It is therefore an environmentally sound
technology with zero waste emissions.

Por siglos, la generación de residuos sólidos ha sido considerada per se una falla de mercado , obligando a que sea la política pública la responsable de su manejo. Sin embargo, el cambio tecnológico en relación al aprovechamiento de los residuos sólidos está transformando el paradigma y por ende la política pública. La generación de energía eléctrica a partir de la captación de gases derivados de la descomposición de los residuos sólidos es un ejemplo de dicha transformación. El ensayo pretende proporcionar: i) un panorama general de la oportunidad tecnológica existente en el mercado; ii) brindar  información sobre la forma en que esta tecnología está siendo adoptada en otros países derramando beneficios en materia de manejo de residuos, emisión de contaminantes, y alternativas para fortalecer la seguridad energética de los países, así como revisar cuáles son las principales barreras para la multiplicación de dicha tecnología en las ciudades; iii) proveer un breve diagnóstico de la generación y manejo de los residuos sólidos urbanos en México y en el Valle de México; y iv) concluir con algunas reflexiones respecto a la oportunidad que los gobiernos locales en todo el país tienen para aprovechar los residuos sólidos orgánicos, así como las principales limitaciones que actualmente existen para que la implementación de dicha tecnología sea un caso de éxito en términos de asegurar eficiencia en el uso de este tipo de energía renovable a fin de sentar precedente para la multiplicación del modelo de aprovechamiento de residuos en otros municipios del país

El Estudio de Factibilidad Tecnológica del Proyecto para la Instalación de una Planta de Biogás en el Rastro Municipal de la Ciudad de Bluefields, denominado de forma abreviada Proyecto Biogás Bluefields, es el resultado del trabajo realizado por el Centro de Estudios Biotecnológicos (CEBiot) de la Universidad Politécnica de Nicaragua (UPOLI), con la colaboración de la ONG blueEnergy y de la Alcaldía de Bluefields, de acuerdo al Contrato de Servicios firmado entre la ONG blueEnergy y la UPOLI, el 14 de febrero del 2014, cuyo objetivo general es evaluar la factibilidad tecnológica de la Planta de Biogás a instalar en el Rastro de Bluefields. La Planta procesará por digestión anaerobia los residuales orgánicos contaminantes que genera el Rastro de Bluefields, con el fin de reducir el impacto ambiental negativo que produce el vertimiento de los residuos orgánicos que genera el Rastro y obtener adicionalmente productos de valor económico: fertilizante orgánico, electricidad y biogás, utilizando éste último como combustible renovable en el proceso de producción de este Rastro.
En este estudio, a partir del análisis de la información existente sobre las condiciones de los rastros municipales en la región y en Nicaragua y tomando en cuenta la situación específica del Rastro Municipal de Bluefields, se elaboró el diseño preliminar de la planta y se comprobó que, con los residuales disponibles de la matanza prevista de reses y cerdos, se produce biogás en cantidad  suficiente para calentar el agua que se necesita para la matanza de cerdos y que además se contará con un excedente de biogás que se puede utilizar en la generación de electricidad para consumo en el propio Rastro. De esa forma quedó comprobada la factibilidad tecnológica del proyecto.

Además de la factibilidad tecnológica en el estudio se realizó una evaluación preliminar de la factibilidad financiera, económica y ambiental del proyecto. Para la evaluación financiera se partió del primer estimado del valor de la Inversión que asciende a US$55,679.00 (cincuenta y cinco mil seiscientos setenta y nueve dólares netos americanos), valor que se obtuvo como resultado del diseño tecnológico preliminar, la experiencia de anteriores proyectos, la información recopilada y datos proporcionados por los especialistas técnicos de la ONG blueEnergy y de la Alcaldía de Bluefields sobre costos de materiales y mano de obra local.


Como resultado de la evaluación financiera preliminar del proyecto, al considerar los indicadores en su conjunto y el flujo de efectivo se comprobó que el mayor impacto positivo sobre la rentabilidad del proyecto está en los beneficios de la comercialización del biol, por lo cual se hizo un análisis de sensibilidad ante la variación de los ingresos por este producto y se obtuvo que el proyecto es rentable aunque sólo se logre comercializar el 5% del total de biol que puede producir la planta. En ese caso se obtiene un Valor Actual Neto de US$10,300.00, mientras que la Tasa Interna de Retorno de la inversión alcanza un valor de 10%, lo que supera ampliamente la tasa de descuento asumida (8%). Además el Tiempo de Recuperación es de 8.4 años. 
También se tuvo en cuenta que para el proceso de producción de biogás el criterio de evaluación no debe ser solamente financiero, sino que hay que tener en cuenta otros beneficios intangibles de mucha importancia, aunque difíciles de evaluar, que constituyen la evaluación socio-económica. En el caso del Proyecto para Bluefields, las externalidades que se pueden incluir son el efecto de la reducción del vertimiento de los contaminantes orgánicos del Rastro de Bluefields, la reducción en el consumo de GLP (Gas Licuado del Petróleo ) y de leña, ya que antes de incorporarse al Rastro los matarifes de cerdos calentaban el agua con leña, el efecto de la reducción de emisiones de GEI (Gases de Efecto Invernadero) y el efecto de la disminución del uso de fertilizantes químicos por el empleo del fertilizante orgánico producido en la Planta. Sin embargo, en proyectos con un alto margen de rentabilidad como es el caso del Proyecto Biogás Bluefields y teniendo en cuenta las dificultades existentes para valorar adecuadamente el efecto de todas las externalidades, no se considera necesario realizar la Evaluación Económica, sino solamente tener en cuenta el efecto altamente positivo que tendría la inclusión de esas externalidades en la evaluación de la conveniencia de llevar a cabo la inversión, aun cuando los indicadores financieros no fuesen favorables.

Finalmente se hicieron algunas consideraciones generales sobre el Impacto Ambiental del Proyecto y se concluyó que el mismo presenta un triple impacto ambiental positivo: la reducción de las emisiones de CH4 que producirían los residuos orgánicos que se procesan en la planta si se liberasen al ambiente; la sustitución de combustibles convencionales, ya sea leña, keroseno, GLP o Diésel, con la consecuente reducción de las emisiones de CO2  y la utilización del efluente de los digestores como fertilizante orgánico, con lo que se reduce la utilización de fertilizantes químicos que producen contaminación de los acuíferos y además se reducen las emisiones de N2O.

In this work, the separation of the fat content from ice cream residue of an ice cream industry in Rio de Janeiro was carried out by diluting it with untreated aqueous effluent from that same industry followed by acidification at pH = 1.0 with nitric acid. The aqueous phase resulting from the separation was used as a substrate in anaerobic biodigestion tests at 30 ° C with Inoculum / Substrate ratio = 2 and pH = 7. The proposed methodology was able to extract 70.6% of the chemical demand for soluble oxygen (CODs ) of the residue to the aqueous phase, but the oil and grease content remaining(4735 mg / L, equivalent to 9.4% of the total) was still well above the limit from which methanogenesis is inhibited (500 mg / L). Biogas production from anaerobic digestion stabilized in about 10 days and showed a high removal of CODs (97.8%), indicating that the organic matter extracted in the process is highly biodegradable. On the other hand, the specific production of methane and the efficiency of conversion of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to methane (78.7 mL of CH4 / g COD removed and 23.8%, respectively) were relatively low due to competitive inhibition by the presence of nitrate in the medium. It is concluded that, although the proposed separation methodology needs improvement, it is estimated that this residue has a high potential for cogeneration of electricity (25.48 kWh / week) by methane production and subsequent burning.

The use of anaerobic digestion (AD) to treat the organic content
of residual municipal solid waste (rMSW) and similar organic
residues from commercial wastes, forms an increasingly significant
part of the UK Waste Strategy, as is already the case in Europe. In
selecting a suitable digestion process, whether wet or dry, the
characteristics of the wastes to be treated is of primary importance,
if stable operation of the digester is to be achieved and a stabilised
digestate produced. Optimising biogas production generates
increased revenues to support and enhance the financial viability of a
mechanical biological treatment (MBT) AD project. The composition
of the waste will influence both the type of front-end pre-treatment
required prior to digestion and the quality of the digestate compost
like output (CLO) and its ability to be used for non-landfill purposes.
Different digestion processes have significantly different parasitic
power loads, which impact markedly on the net power generated
and power sales revenue. If a non-landfill outlet for CLO cannot be
found, use as a biomass fuel to provide renewable power qualifying
for ROCs can potentially provide an additional source of revenue.

La variedad de tecnologías y equipos disponibles para la ejecución de los proyectos de Escala Productiva e Industrial que acomete CCA Biogás, hace imprescindible que en cada proyecto se haga un análisis detallado de sus características específicas, de manera que se pueda seleccionar la tecnología y el equipamiento que mejor se adapte a dichas condiciones y que permita cumplir los objetivos señalados, con la menor inversión, el menor costo inicial y el plazo más corto posible de recuperación de la inversión. Por ese motivo, salvo en los proyectos que sean muy semejantes a otros ejecutados previamente, resulta imprescindible realizar un Estudio de Factibilidad Técnica, Económica y Financiera de los proyectos a ejecutar. CCA Biogás realiza siempre un análisis preliminar de los proyectos a desarrollar y recomienda, en cada caso: 1. La solución específica a aplicar, cuando puede definirse desde la etapa inicial 2. La realización de un Estudio de Factibilidad, en los casos en que las condiciones específicas así lo requieran. En el presente documento se presentan cuatro ejemplos de los Estudios realizados por CCA Biogás y se detallan los resultados obtenidos con los mismos.

The paper examines the biowaste management issues across rural areas of Romania in the context of
poor waste management infrastructure in the last decade (2003-2012). Biowaste is the main fraction of
municipal waste, thus a proper management is a key challenge in order to sustain a bioeconomy in the
near future. The amount of biowaste generated and uncollected by waste operators is generally uncontrolled
disposed if not recovered through home composting. The paper points out the role of home composting in diverting the biowaste from wild dumps and landfills for the regions covered or not by waste collection services. Home composting and the biowaste losses are further assessed based on several scenarios (worse-case, pessimistic, realistic, optimistic) where the net loads of greenhouse gasses (GHG) are calculated at national and regional levels. The transition of home composting techniques, from open piles to plastic bins with respect to standard guidelines will improve the home composting performance in terms of compost quality and net GHG's savings, supporting a bio-based economy which will lead towards a sustainable rural development. Regional disparities are revealed across Romanian
counties and the paper opens new research perspectives regarding which options should be adopted by
counties and rural municipalities in the biowaste management process.

Se presentan los resultados del Estudio de Factibilidad Técnica y Económica realizado para definir la solución técnica más conveniente, desde el punto de vista técnico y económico, para una Planta de Biogás Productivo que pueda tratar las 2 t/día de estiércol bovino que se genera en la finca El Vergel, Municipio de Mateare, Departamento de Managua, para substituir la mayor parte de la energía eléctrica y térmica que se requiere para su funcionamiento. Los resultados del Estudio fueron muy positivos, aunque finalmente el Proyecto no se llegó a ejecutar, por problemas económicos del cliente..

Se explica el principio de funcionamiento de los Digestores de Domo Fijo (DDF), a partir de su desarrollo inicial con el Modelo de Domo Fijo Chino, que sirvió como arquetipo para el amplio desarrollo que este modelo de digestores ha tenido a nivel mundial. Se abunda en el incremento del volumen que han alcanzado estos DDF, desde los digestores de 6 a 20 m3 utilizados en los Programas de Biogás Doméstico en que se originaron, hasta los digestores de 125 m3 que utiliza actualmente CCA Biogás en su Programa de Biogás Productivo.

A process of anaerobic digestion of agricultural biomass was simulated by SuperPro Designer software v 8.5 to analyse the cost of production. The simulated project used fruits and vegetable wastes as a feedstock. The concentration of methane produced is 55 % (v/v) from a total of 936.8 m3 · h–1 biogas and after purification, the concentration of methane is upgraded up to 95 % (v/v). The system was designed to treat the agricultural waste, and was able to reduce more than 60 % of the initial COD (chemical oxygen demand). From the study, economic analysis shows that the profit margin is achieved at 11 % and the rate of return of investment is at 12 % which gives a payback period of 8.2 yr.

To optimize the anaerobic digestion of grape pomace under mesophilic conditions, continuous digesters were operated at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) (30, 20, 15 and 10 days) equivalent to organic loading rates (OLR) of 2.5, 3.7, 5.7 and 7.3 kg COD m À3 d À1 , respectively. At HRTs of 30 and 20 days, steady state conditions were observed with methane yields of 0.984 ± 0.013 NL d À1 and 1.362 ± 0.018 NL d À1 , respectively. The HRT of 15 days was found critical because of acids accumulation through the experiments. When the OLR of 5.7 kg COD m À3 d À1 was reached, methane production was found to be instable. Finally, at HRT of 10 days, a failure of the system was observed due to the washing of the methanogenic microorganisms. Regarding the degradability of the lignocellulosic fractions, the maximum reduction yields for hemicellulose and cellulose were noted for HRTs of 30 and 20 days, while lignin was not degraded throughout the different experiments. For an optimization of the process, HRT of 20 days can therefore be recommended for productive use in large-scale applications.

District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. Abstract The concept of energy from waste is getting popular nowadays across the globe, as being capable of producing multi fuels and value-added products from different fractions of municipal solid waste (MSW). The energy recovery technologies under this concept are anaerobic digestion (AD), pyrolysis, transesterification, refuse derived fuel (RDF) and incineration. This concept is very relevant to implementation in countries like Saudi Arabia, who wants to cut their dependence on oil. Moreover, the waste to energy becomes the imperative need of the time because of new governmental policy 'Vision 2030' that firmly said to produce renewable energy from indigenous sources of waste, wind and solar and due to given situations of Hajj and Umrah with massive amounts of waste generation in a short period. This study focused on two waste to energy technologies, AD and pyrolysis for food (40% of MSW) and plastic (20% of MSW) waste streams respectively. The energy potential of 1409.63 and 5619.80 TJ can be produced if all of the food and plastic waste of the Madinah city are processed through AD and pyrolysis respectively. This is equivalent to 15.64 and 58.81 MW from biogas and pyrolytic oil respectively or total 74.45 MW of continuous electricity supply in Madinah city throughout the whole year. It has been estimated that the development of AD and pyrolysis technologies will also benefit the economy with net savings of around US $63.51 and US $53.45 million respectively, totaling to an annual benefit of US $116.96 million. Therefore, in Saudi Arabia and particularly in Holiest cities of Makkah and Madinah the benefits of waste to energy are several, including the development of renewable-energy, solving MSW problems, new businesses, and job creation and improving environmental and public health. Abstract The concept of energy from waste is getting popular nowadays across the globe, as being capable of producing multi fuels and value-added products from different fractions of municipal solid waste (MSW). The energy recovery technologies under this concept are anaerobic digestion (AD), pyrolysis, transesterification, refuse derived fuel (RDF) and incineration. This concept is very relevant to implementation in countries like Saudi Arabia, who wants to cut their dependence on oil. Moreover, the waste to energy becomes the imperative need of the time because of new governmental policy 'Vision 2030' that firmly said to produce renewable energy from indigenous sources of waste, wind and solar and due to given situations of Hajj and Umrah with massive amounts of waste generation in a short period. This study focused on two waste to energy technologies, AD and pyrolysis for food (40% of MSW) and plastic (20% of MSW) waste streams respectively. The energy potential of 1409.63 and 5619.80 TJ can be produced if all of the food and plastic waste of the Madinah city are processed through AD and pyrolysis respectively. This is equivalent to 15.64 and 58.81 MW from biogas and pyrolytic oil respectively or total 74.45 MW of continuous electricity supply in Madinah city throughout the whole year. It has been estimated that the development of AD and pyrolysis technologies will also benefit the economy with net savings of around US $63.51 and US $53.45 million respectively, totaling to an annual benefit of US $116.96 million. Therefore, in Saudi Arabia and particularly in Holiest cities of Makkah and Madinah the benefits of waste to energy are several, including the development of renewable-energy, solving MSW problems, new businesses, and job creation and improving environmental and public health.

English:
Abstract
Between early April and mid July 2011, the operation of the Biogas Demonstration Plant with Hydraulic Pressure  digesters at UPOLI Central Campus, was evaluated, and its process stability and its ability to assimilate 50 kg/day of kitchen waste, 100 kg / day of market waste or equivalent amounts of both substrates mixture, with a biogas production proportional to the type and quantity of available organic waste, was demonstrated. The feasibility of using biogas produced like cooking fuel in University Kitchen and the potential for its complete use if the required amount of biogas storage is available, was also demonstrated. Although at initial commissioning of the plant there
were bad odors emissions, they were eliminated by operation stabilization, increased consumption of biogas in University Kitchen and digester inlet and outlet licks elimination. The positive environmental impact of the Project devoted to assimilation of solid waste organic fraction generated in UPOLI Central Campus and thereby reducing Greenhouse Gases emissions, was proved.
Key words: Solid organic waste, environmental impact, greenhouse gas emissions, technology, digesters, biogas, renewable

Spanish:

Se evaluó la operación de la Planta Demostrativa de Producción de Biogás con Digestores de Presión Hidráulica (DPH) del Campus Central de la UPOLI, entre inicios de abril y mediados de julio de 2011 y se comprobó la estabilidad del proceso, su capacidad de asimilar 50 kg/día de residuos de cocina, 100 kg/día de residuos de mercados o cantidades equivalentes de la mezcla de ambos sustratos, con una producción de biogás proporcional al tipo y cantidad de residuo orgánico disponible. Se comprobó la factibilidad de la utilización del biogás producido en la Cocina Institucional y la potencialidad de utilizarlo en su totalidad, tan pronto se disponga de la cantidad requerida de almacenaje de biogás. Se logró el control de la emisión de malos olores que se presentaron en el proceso inicial de puesta en marcha de la Planta, después que se estabilizó la operación, se incrementó el consumo de biogás en la Cocina Institucional y se eliminaron las fugas en los conductos de entrada y salida del Digestor. Se comprobó el Impacto Ambiental Positivo del Proyecto, que permite asimilar la fracción orgánica de los residuos sólidos que se generan en el Campus Central de la UPOLI y reducir de esa forma las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.

Palabras claves: Residuos sólidos orgánicos, impacto ambiental,  emisiones gases de invernadero, tecnología,  digestores, biogás, energía  renovable.

Volatile fatty acids (VFA) including acetic, butyric, formic and propionic are extensively utilized in contemporary industry. Their commercial value is of high significance while their often derive from petroleum which is non-abundance source. Other methods for the production and recovery from these substances have been proposed and investigated.  Waste effluent streams are potential candidates for VFA recovery, especially if for their processing filtration technology will be used. Membrane filtration is an effective and efficient choice as it is a low cost, low energy, easy integrated method tested for the separation and concentration.

Biyoenerji geri kazanımı, düşük kimyasal madde harcaması ve diğer avantajlarından dolayı biyolojik atıksu arıtma tesislerinin endüstride kullanımı gittikçe artmaktadır. Özellikle anaerobik atıksu arıtım tesisleri yüksek ve değişken kirliliğe sahip atıksuların arıtılmasında önem kazanmaya başlamıştır. Biyolojik atıksu arıtma tesislerinin işletilmesi ve bakımı uygun koşullarda yapıldığı taktirde ekonomik olmaktadır. Anaerobik atıksu arıtım tesislerinin işletilmesi farklı endüstriler için farklı özellikler içerecektir. Endüstriyel atığın bileşimi, kirlilik oranı, sıcaklığı gibi değişkenler tesisten tesise farklılık göstereceğinden her tesis kendi şartları içerisinde çalışmak zorundadır. Teknolojik olarak fazla bir zorluk göstermese de özel atık türleri ve değişkenlik biyolojik atıksu arıtma tesislerinin uzman işletmeciler tarafından çalıştırılamasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu özellikler öncelikle bu tesislerin devreye alınması sırasında daha da fazla önemli hale gelmektedir. Biyolojik arıtma tesislerinin atıksuyun özelliklerine bağlı olarak tasarımının, devreye alınmasının, işletilmesinin ve bakımının çok dikkatli bir şekilde yapılmasını ve takip edilmesini gerektirmektedir. Tasarım, devreye alma, işletme ve bakım işlemlerini etkileyen birçok faktörden belli başlılarını şu şekilde sıralayabiliriz: (a) atıksuyun özellikleri(sıcaklık, türü, bileşimi, konsantrasyonu, kompozisyon değişimi, pH'sı, tuzluluğu, COD, BOD vd.), (b) lokal faktörler, (c) alıcı ortama verilecek nihai atığın özellikleri ilgili olarak çıkış değerlerini belirleyen kanuni değerler, cezai yaptırımlar, atıksu kabul bedeli, çamur katı atık bertaraf tutarı, (d) tesisin yapımı ve işletilmesi ile ilgili olarak yatırım, yapım, kontrol, otomasyon, işletme ve bakım gibi konularda yapılan seçimler, (e) anaerobik tesiste üretilecek olan biyogazın kullanımı ve ileride yapılacak endüstriyel yatırımlarda bu konunun da göz önünde bulundurulması, (f) biyogazın ve artık ısının değerlendirilmesi, enerji tutarı, harcanan kimyasal maddelerin tutarı, bakım gibi tutarların dikkate alınması, (g) işçi sağlığı ve iş güvenliği kıstaslarına dikkat edilmesi.

Bu çalışmada ekmek mayası üretimi atıksularının anaerobik ve aerobik arıtma tesislerinde arıtılması ile ilgili çalışmalar anlatılmıştır. Atıksu arıtma tesislerinin devreye alınması, optiumum koşullarda işletilmesi ve bakımı ile ilgili olarak yapılan faaliyetler bu çalışmanın kapsamı içerisinde sunulmuştur. Ayrıca anaerobik ve aerobik arıtma tesisinde yapılan deodorizasyon çalışmaları ve aerobik çamurdan kompost üretilmesi konuları da çalışma kapsamı içerisindedir. Çok uzun yıllara varan atıksu arıtma tecrübesi ile biyolojik atıksu arıtma tesisleri enerji geri kazanımı, optimum işletme koşulları, biyogaz üretimi gibi konularda teknoloji üretir duruma gelmiştir.

In this study, we have estimated the biogas and methane production from grape pomace (variety Cabernet Franc). The physical and chemical characteristics of the raw material were determined, and the structural polysaccharides were identified and analyzed by the Van Soest method. Batch anaerobic digestions were carried out to assess the methane production of the grape pomace, pulp and seeds. The obtained cumulative methane productions are 0.125, 0.165 and 0.052 Nm 3 kg COD À1 for grape pomace, pulps and seeds, respectively. The effect of grinding on the methane potential of the substrates, as a mechanical pretreatment, was evaluated. We found that it increased the anaerobic biodegradability for grape pomace, pulp and seeds by 13.1%, 4.8% and 22.2%, respectively. On the other hand, the methane potential of the grape pomace was determined in a laboratory pilot plant (12 L) continuously mixed with an organic loading rate of 2.5 kg COD m 3 d À1 and a hydraulic retention time of 30 days. The corresponding biogas production was 6.43 Â 10 À3 Nm 3 d À1 , with a methane content of 62.3%. Thus, the pilot plant's efficiency compared to that achieved in the batch process was 81.2%. Finally, a significant correlation was found between the biochemical content and methane production.

Currently, there are challenges with proper disposal of cassava processing wastewater, and a
need for sustainable energy in the cassava industry. This study investigated the impact of co-digestion
of cassava wastewater (CW) with livestock manure (poultry litter (PL) and dairy manure (DM)), and
porous adsorbents (biochar (B-Char) and zeolite (ZEO)) on energy production and treatment eciency.
Batch anaerobic digestion experiments were conducted, with 16 treatments of CW combined with
manure and/or porous adsorbents using triplicate reactors for 48 days. The results showed that
CW combined with ZEO (3 g/g total solids (TS)) produced the highest cumulative CH4 (653 mL
CH4/g VS), while CW:PL (1:1) produced the most CH4 on a mass basis (17.9 mL CH4/g substrate).
The largest reduction in lag phase was observed in the mixture containing CW (1:1), PL (1:1), and
B-Char (3 g/g TS), yielding 400 mL CH4/g volatile solids (VS) after 15 days of digestion, which was
84.8% of the total cumulative CH4 from the 48-day trial. Co-digesting CW with ZEO, B-Char, or PL
provided the necessary buer needed for digestion of CW, which improved the process stability and
resulted in a significant reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD). Co-digestion could provide a
sustainable strategy for treating and valorizing CW. Scale-up calculations showed that a CW input
of 1000–2000 L/d co-digested with PL (1:1) could produce 9403 m3 CH4/yr using a 50 m3 digester,
equivalent to 373,327 MJ/yr or 24.9 tons of firewood/year. This system would have a profit of $5642/yr
and a $47,805 net present value.
Keywords: methane; fermentation; dairy; poultry; absorbent

The inhibitory effects of phenol are problematic for the anaerobic treatment of wastewater. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that a two-stage anaerobic digester (TSAD) can degrade phenol, reducing its toxic effects in the first acidogenic reactor (R1) before going into a methanogenic reactor (R2). The system consisted of two reactors in semi continuous operation. R1 was a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor at pH 5.5± 0.5; R2 was a packet reactor at pH 8.4± 0.05. Both were operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 days and 35 0 C and fed with a nutritional supplement at organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.8 grams of COD per litre of reactor per day (L R-1 Day-1) until steady state conditions. Then one gram of phenol was fed daily over a period of 15 days. The performance of the system was monitored and analysed in terms of degradation of phenol and dissolved chemical oxygen demand (DCOD); concentration of organic acids (OA) and suspended organic carbon (SOC); biogas production and pH evolution. The removal of phenol and DCOD peaked at 99.7% and 70% respectively. The biogas production in the methanogenic reactor reached 0.8195 L biogas L R-1 Day-1. These experiments demonstrate that, given the right conditions, a TSAD can degrade phenol without considerable inhibition.

e-waste is actually the old electronic goods that people simply give away to garbage trucks that are then dumped into landfill or similar sites. Electronics have a number of harmful elements that react with air and water to create problems of e-waste such as water, air and soil pollution as well as problems that affect human beings in the form of
diseases.

Developing a treatment technology which minimizes the production of by-product (waste) is need of an hour. In this study, municipal yard waste (primary raw material) was microwave-pretreated before anaerobic digestion (AD) to improve biogas production. The anaerobically digested, Pretreated Yard Waste (PTY) and the Untreated Yard Waste (UTY) (waste/secondary raw material) was Hydrothermally Carbonized as a downstream treatment technique to produce energy rich hydrochar. The Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was conducted at a temperature of 180 °C and 200 °C for 6 h to produce carbon-rich hydrochar. Physicochemical, structural and combustion properties of PTY and UTY hydrochar were characterized and compared using a range of techniques to gain detailed insight into individual hydrochar samples. Microwave pretreatment of yard waste enhanced the biogas production from 264 ± 11 mL/g VS to 370 ± 14 mL/g VS. The carbon content and higher heating value of digestate increased considerably from 44 to 44.35% to 53–56% and15–16 MJ/kg to 21–23 MJ/kg, respectively after HTC. Thermal gravimetric analysis of the prepared hydrochar showed that the high-temperature carbonization increased the combustion properties of hydrochar. The hydrochar prepared from PTY showed enhanced physicochemical, structural and combustion properties as compared to hydrochar prepared from UTY. The finding asserted that the pretreatment of yard waste before AD not only improved biogas production but also improved yield with better quality hydrochar when its resulting digestate was hydrothermally carbonized.AD of yard waste yields biogas and HTC of the resulting digestate yields hydrochar; both are biofuel, hence, augmenting HTC as a downstream treatment process along with AD would result in the creation of near-zero loss process.

Traducido y adaptado del Capítulo 8 del libro “THE BIOGAS HANDBOOK, SCIENCE, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS”, , editado por ARTHUR WELLINGER, JERRY MURPHY & DAVID BAXTER, publicado en el año 2013. La parte inicial del capítulo se publicó en las partes I y !!. Con esta parte III se completa la traducción y adaptación de ese capitulo.