Ageism

The purpose of the paper is to analyse the impact ageism may have on providing healthcare to elderly people. The article investigates the consequences of ageism in medical settings, where the elderly are particularly vulnerable to discrimination, distinguishing ageism from appropriate practice variation as well as giving suggestions to improve the situation. The paper analyses research published worldwide on selected issues connected with ageism with special attention to medical professionals’ attitudes and ageist behaviours of the elderly’s environment in a situation of their disability or illness. Firstly, the relation of ageism to other forms of stereotyping is outlined. Then, the threats of positive ageism are elaborated. The next section is devoted to self-stereotyping of the elderly and its impact on their functioning. Then, the paper discusses medical professionals’ attitudes and ways to measure them, as well as educational interventions that may alter them. Finally, the article refers effective ways of adjusting health promotion messages to the needs of older adults. Ageism bases on mechanisms similar to sexism and racism, but there are some remarkable differences. Positive ageism may be compassionate, however, might be harmful when intruding into an elderly person’s decisions. Self-stereotyping may be described with a model of a vicious cycle. Contact with the elderly is found to be useful in changing medical staff’s attitudes. Family-centred messages are most effective when it comes to health promotion among older adults. Studies on ageism prove that negative convictions about the elderly are harmful and affect their functioning. Inclusion of the elderly should be applied in social contexts as well as in science, as the elderly are often missed out in research samples.

Kimi toplumlar yaşlıları, artık ölümü bekleyen, hasta, dolayısıyla aktif hayatın dışında kalanların oluşturduğu bir yaş grubu olarak görmektedir. Yaşlı denildiğinde akla, eski, zamanı geçmiş, çağ dışı, yeniye, güncele ve geleceğe yabancı olan kimseler gelmektedir. Bu bakımdan Türkiye de bir istisna değildir. Türkiye'de yaşayan insanlar da, yaşlılığa ve yaşlanmaya ilişkin olumsuz duygu ve düşüncelere kendini kaptırmaktadır. Buna itirazlar edilebilir ve elbette aşırı genelleme yapmak talihsizlik olur. Ancak son günlerde sıkça yayınlanan bir reklam, yaşlılığın nasıl olumsuz olarak algılandığını, zihinlerde yaşlılara yönelik çağ dışı, geri kalmış ve beceriksiz imajını oluşturduğunu bizlere göstermektedir. Turkcell, reklamında, kendi sunduğu 3G özelliğine sahip bir internet bağlantısının ne denli hızlı olduğunu anlatmak için, rakiplerinin nasıl yavaş olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Aynı zamanda sahip olduğu 3G altyapısının ne olduğunu ortaya koyarken, genç-yaşlı, yeni ve eski, hızlı ve yavaş, çağdaş ve çağ dışı, becerikli ve beceriksiz gibi karşıtlıklardan faydalanmaktadır.

Family violence is a serious social problem across various communities in Aotearoa/New Zealand. This feminist ethnography centres the stories of diasporic South Asian young women living in Aotearoa, their experiences of migration, violence, Shakti refuge life and moving on. Shakti is a feminist organisation that advocates for Asian, Middle Eastern and African women survivors of family violence. I argue that age and immigration status significantly informs relations of power and discrimination, from survivors’ experiences of family violence to their lives after crisis. I assert that feminist intersectionality, the dominant theory for explaining immigrant women’s experiences of domestic violence, is limited and requires theoretical supplementation. I advocate for more analyses of relationships to counter the overemphasis on identities in intersectional understandings of inequality and violence, specifically more attention to generational relationships. Survivors’ agency, mobility and age are foregrounded in this thesis to consider the instability of power relations and possibilities of change. Shakti intervention services provided a transitional space and a key source of support for youth survivors. A sense of communitas was built with other survivors in the refuge like other kinds of rites of passage. Shakti youth survivors continued to struggle with immigration; employment issues; mental health and reflected on feelings of both hope and despair in their lives post-crisis. Their strategies often involve mobility as part of a process of moving on, seeking social connections and places of belonging. They invested in cultural and economic capital to rebuild their lives. Structural violence is deeply intertwined with family violence in survivor’s stories. Feminist politics for liberation and social change need to challenge the entanglement of social hierarchies with political economy.

The European Welfare State crisis since 2008 has shown the weakness of these European welfare systems to cope with a health crisis such as COVID-19, which in turn has not guaranteed the rights and wellbeing of older people. This article aims at shed light on the scarcity of resources in Spin for its care homes and nursing homes system, while analyzing its integrated care failure and the urgent legislative measures implemented to overcome COVID-19 health crisis. At the same time, this paper advocates for a reflexion on ageist practices, so as to foster a debate on the ‘deinstitutionalization’ process of older adults in Spain. In this COVID-19 context, it has become utmost in implementing an older adults’ policy to guarantee older adults rights as vulnerable population; likewise, which has already been done in respect to laws protecting children rights.

Language carries and conveys meaning which feeds assumptions and judgments that can lead to the development of stereotypes and discrimination. As a result, this study closely examined the specific language that is used to communicate attitudes and perceptions of aging and older adults. We conducted a qualitative study of a twitter assignment for 236 students participating in a senior mentoring program. Three hundred fifty-four tweets were qualitatively analyzed to explore language-based age discrimination using a thematic analytic approach. Twelve percent of the tweets (n = 43) were found to contain discriminatory language. Thematic analysis of the biased tweets identified 8 broad themes describing language-based age discrimination: assumptions and judgments, older people as different, uncharacteristic characteristics, old as negative, young as positive, infantilization, internalized ageism, and internalized microaggression. The language of ageism is rooted in both explicit actions ...

En las actuales publicidades de productos cosméticos para el cuidado del cutis femenino se realizan exhortaciones para que las mujeres eludan y eviten lo que allí se denomina como signos de envejecimiento. Consideramos que estas enunciaciones publicitarias son el resultado de extensos procesos de institución de sentidos peyorativos sobre la pérdida cualidades de juventud y belleza facial de las mujeres. Así, el proceso de envejecimiento femenino estaría más relacionado con la vivencia de la pérdida de dichas cualidades que con la llamada vejez. A lo largo de este trabajo habremos de analizar aspectos generativos de imaginarios sociales de vejez femenina en discursos publicitarios de productos cosméticos para el cuidado de la piel en la revista argentina Para Ti. Realizaremos un análisis crítico de discurso de enunciaciones publicitarias comprendidas entre 1920 y 2015 con el objetivo de indagar sobre las formas de referencia al rostro femenino como máscara social y sobre las maneras en que se procede a configurar la noción de envejecimiento y vejez femenina.

Rohinton Mistry is widely acknowledged for his postcolonial approach to the marginalized. In his novels, he has not only highlighted the marginal position of the poor and the destitute in the Parsi community but also in the wider Indian society. In Family Matters, we find he locates the marginalized within the family set up also. The aged people are objects of neglect, more so in poor families where financing the upkeep of old people seems burdensome. As is his wont, Mistry shows the impact of dirty politics on ordinary, politically unattached lives. Politics is also responsible for the fall of the city of Bombay from a cosmopolitan to a ghettoized one. As an intellectual, Mistry cannot escape casting a glance at the declining numbers of the Parsi community and comes up with his views on the issue ty and how the community can forge links with other communities. For his focus on the Parsi identity, political suppression, and the weak and the destitute in society, Mistry comes out as ...

I aim to defend a form of age-based discrimination. Actually I consider two new principles in succession. First I consider a fair innings principle according to which anyone who, without treatment, is expected to die younger than society's average life expectancy merits priority for life-extending treatment in order to help bring them up to society's average. Then I defend a generalisation of this principle, concluding that anyone with a quality-adjusted life expectancy lower than society's average merits priority for any treatment to help bring them up to society's average quality-adjusted life expectancy.
I start by clarifying some of the claims which fair proponents of age-based discrimination need not be committed to. For example, they need not be committed to discriminating directly by the patient's current age, as has traditionally been assumed. This could be seen as wrongfully ageist (and presumably for this reason would be illegal in many jurisdictions). But I will argue that, given the justifications that have been offered for age-based discrimination, the morally relevant consideration is not the patient's current age, but the age at which they are expected to die (which is why the principle I defend is articulated in terms of when people are expected to die, not how long they have lived already). So the fair innings principles that have been defended miss the point, in that they talk in terms of the patient's current age rather than the age at which the patient is expected to die. I then consider a counterexample to age-based discrimination raised by John Harris. Addressing this case requires us to distinguish two types of principle: "straight line" principles according to which the strength of your claim to life-extending treatments declines at a steady rate according to your expected age at death, and threshold or "stepped" principles according to which your entitlement declines faster as your expected age at death rises past a certain age, such as 70. I adopt a threshold principle (a "fair innings" principle) which largely avoids the counterintuitive implications in Harris's case. Specifically, I defend a view according to which the fair innings in a given society is equal to that society's average life expectancy. However the real work is not characterising the principle, but defending it, so as to avoid being ad hoc. I do this with an innovative set of cases in which society's average life expectancy is varied to show its importance for intuitions. I also offer a new set of egalitarian arguments to defend the same principle. Finally, I consider whether a similar principle can be applied to QALYs or their equivalent, and not just life years. I consider a QALY-based proposal from Alan Williams, noticing that it has some counterintuitive consequences. However, I find that if Williams accepts some relatively painless constraints on his weighting factors, he can dodge the counterintuitive consequences. I therefore conclude by endorsing his proposal.

O envelhecimento da população, principalmente na Europa e de um modo particular em Portugal, e o aumento da longevidade, fazem com que os trabalhadores permaneçam mais tempo no mercado laboral, o que leva a que gerações com características e estilos de vida tão distintos possam conviver juntas nas organizações. Esta intergeracionalidade origina, muitas vezes, tensões e conflitos resultantes do idadismo.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral perceber o fenómeno relativamente novo que é o idadismo, assim como os preditores de preconceito e discriminação pela idade, nas diferentes gerações da população ativa portuguesa, num estudo comparativo com Espanha. Os dados são provenientes do European Social Survey, módulo “Experiências e expressões do idadismo”.
Os resultados mostram que, em Portugal, as gerações Y, X, baby boomers e tradicionalistas têm comportamentos diferentes no idadismo e na predisposição ao preconceito e à discriminação. Surpreendentemente, Portugal e Espanha têm resultados, quase sempre, diferentes.

Palavras-Chave: Geração, Envelhecimento, Idadismo¸ Mercado de Trabalho

Imagine a cloaking device that can make people invisible!  You could walk into a store or stroll down the street without anyone seeing you.  Think of the possibilities. 

Well, you can now have your own cloaking device.  That is, if you are over 55. 

No, there is no age requirement for owning this device.  Actually, you don't own it.  It is not something you can buy.  It is something you become.

In short, we discovered that the easiest way to become invisible is to be old and gray.  That's it.  Get old and have gray or white hair, and you will be invisible.

This study examined how operating elderly or young avatars affected shoppers’ product perceptions and purchasing behaviors. It also investigated how virtual shopping experiences translated into prosocial behavior regarding a nonprofit organization supporting the elderly. Operating elderly avatars influenced shoppers’ product choice and walking speed while shopping compared to operating younger avatars. In addition, operating elderly avatars positively affected participants’ attitudes and willingness to donate to and volunteer for a nonprofit organization supporting the elderly. Statistical interactions between avatar age and a shopper’s ageism on behavioral and persuasion outcomes were also confirmed, and these findings implied an assimilation/contrast effect influenced by a shopper’s preexisting prejudices toward the elderly.

This paper sets out to develop two related ideas. First, it seeks to identify how both violence and neoliberalism can be considered as moments. From this shared conceptualisation of process and fluidity, I argue that it becomes easier to recognise how these two phenomena actually converge. Building upon this conceived coalescence of neoliberalism and violence, the second aim is to recognise how the hegemony of neoliberalism positions it as an abuser, which facilitates the abandonment of those ‘Others’ who fall outside of neoliberal normativity. I argue that the widespread banishment of ‘Others’ under neoliberalism produces a ‘state of exception’, wherein because of its inherently dialectic nature, exceptional violence is transformed into exemplary violence. This metamorphosis occurs as aversion for alterity intensifies under neoliberalism and its associated violence against ‘Others’ comes to form the rule.

İnsanlar, cinsiyetleri ya da inançları temelinde ayrımcılığa uğrayabilecekleri
gibi, sadece yaşları yüzünden, yani ‘genç’ ya da ‘yaşlı’ olarak değerlendirildikleri
için de birçok alanda ayrımcı davranışlarla karşılaşabilirler. Bu yazı, Türkiye’de
henüz pek gündeme gelmeyen yaşçılık ya da yaşa dayalı ayrımcılık
konusunu ele almaktadır. Yazıda ‘gençlik’ ve ‘yaşlılık’ kategorilerinin tanımları
sorgulanmakta, bu konuda Türkiye’deki algılar incelenmekte ve ‘yaşlı’ların
yaşadığı sorunlara odaklanılarak yaşçılık incelenmektedir.

This study entitled “The social construction of the elderly representations” emphasis to demonstrate the practices of the construction of elderly representations as a process of social institutions: political institution; medical institution; educational institution; economic institution and communication institution for separated old age group. This is a documentary research based on the social constructionist gerontologist paradigms. The findings indicates the social institutions were participated to practices the power to constructs the elderly representations into a negative stereotype. In addition, those were decreased the individual abilities and seniority of the elderly and excluded them to the spaces of power to dominated their physical, mental and environmental with ageism. It was also locked door – locked them by the fixed negative representations

การวิจัยเรื่องการประกอบสร้างภาพลักษณ์ของผู้สูงอายุในครั้งนี้ มีวัตถุประสงค์สำคัญเพื่อศึกษาการประกอบสร้างภาพลักษณ์ของผู้สูงอายุ ผ่านสถาบันการเมืองการปกครอง สถาบันการแพทย์ สถาบันการศึกษา สถาบันทางเศรษฐกิจ และสถาบันการสื่อสารมวลชนในการแบ่งแยกผู้สูงอายุ ซึ่งเป็นการวิจัยเอกสารที่วางอยู่บนกระบวนทัศน์ที่มองผู้สูงอายุในฐานะที่เป็นสิ่งประกอบสร้างทางสังคมผลการวิจัย ชี้ให้เห็นว่า สถาบันทางสังคมดังกล่าวได้ร่วมมือกันใช้อำนาจเพื่อประกอบสร้างภาพลักษณ์ของผู้สูงอายุให้เป็นไปในทางเสื่อมถอยในแบบเหมารวม และได้ลดทอนความสามารถในเชิงปัจเจก คุณวุฒิและวัยวุฒิของผู้สูงอายุ มากไปกว่านั้นสถาบันทางสังคมดังกล่าวยังตอกย้ำวยาคติ และการดำรงอยู่ของโครงสร้างการแบ่งแยกผู้สูงอายุให้ข้ามไปอยู่ในปริมณฑลของอำนาจ เพื่อการเข้ามาควบคุม จัดการกับเนื้อตัวร่างกาย จิตใจ และสังคมของผู้สูงอายุอันเป็นการกักขังผู้สูงอายุไว้กับภาพลักษณ์แห่งความเสื่อมถอย

การเหยียดทางอายุ (Ageism) เป็นอคติและการเลือกปฏิบัติอันเนื่องมาจากอายุที่พบได้ทั่วไป โดยที่คนในสังคมไม่ได้ตระหนักถึงความหมายที่แฝงอยู่ในกลุ่มคำที่ใช้ที่สื่อความหมายไปในเชิงลบ อาจเกิดจาก ทัศนคติ ความเชื่อ ค่านิยม หรือบรรทัดฐานของสังคมนั้นๆ อย่างไรก็ตามการเหยียดทางอายุส่งผลกระทบต่อการพัฒนานโยบายสาธารณะทางด้านผู้สูงอายุ สูงอายุได้รับความเคารพลดลง ได้รับการคัดกรองสุขภาพเพื่อป้องกันโรคและการจัดการโรคและการรักษาที่แย่ลง การฟื้นหายจากภาวะความเจ็บป่วยช้าลงและผลกระทบต่อสุขภาพจิตได้  ดังนั้นเราไม่ควรส่งเสริมให้มีการเหยียดทางอายุในสังคมไทยอีกต่อไป

Ageism is prejudice and discrimination due to age. It seems common for people in society to be unaware of the hidden meaning of a negative word. Ageism may be from the attitude, beliefs, values or norms of the society. However, this prejudice and discrimination affect the development of public policy on older people, received less respect, slow recovery from illness, received less health screening, disease prevention, management and treatment, and it leads to mental health problem.  Thus, we should not promote bias and discrimination due to age in Thai society anymore.

Walt Disney animated films are considered synonymous with wholesome family entertainment despite the inherent negative messages of gender, age, and power hierarchies behind them. This paper proposes to explore the aspect of
age as intersecting with gender through the villainesses in six of Disney’s popular animated films: Snow White and
the Seven Dwarfs (1937), Cinderella (1950), Sleeping Beauty (1959), The Little Mermaid (1989), Tangled (2010),
and Frozen (2013). How Disney alters the actions of major and minor characters, and the construction of aging
female characters and the key characteristics they exhibit during their fight for eternal youth, beauty, and social and
political power will be analyzed, attempting to show how Disney is not a harmless substitute for a babysitter for
children.

PhD Dissertation. Thessaloniki: Enyalio Foundation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 2011.

This dissertation examines the methodic construction of the social identity old person in everyday talk. It combines two strands of the Ethnomethodological study of talk-in-interaction (Garfinkel 1967), i.e. Conversation Analysis (Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson 1974) and, especially, Membership Categorization Analysis (Sacks 1992), to analyze authentic conversational data culled from both everyday encounters and television programmes. The ethnomethodological perspective is further supplemented by Communication Accommodation Theory (Coupland, Coupland and Giles 1991), which has also concerned itself with the study of identity and ageing, as well as the concept of ‘face’ (Brown and Levinson 1987), which is equivalent to the conversation analytic notion of ‘preference’. Within this theoretical framework, identity is seen as indexical and occasioned, rather than as being a person’s essence. Depending on the interactional circumstances, the elderly and middle-aged members employ various methods in their attempt to construct an age identity: they claim, denounce or change membership in the categories of old/middle-aged/older person and the accompanying activities/attributes bound to them; they tell or refuse to tell their chronological age; they embark on age related troubles-telling and storytelling. The pay-offs might be different, but each time, the relevance of any age identity ultimately rests with the participants to a situated interaction, who may either ratify or resist it through their interactional moves. In any case, both speakers’ and recipients’ methods are inevitably informed by broad sociocultural considerations, and especially ageist stereotypes and expectations.

A colorful presentation slideshow on what the author calls "career tapering" - with a link to the Zoom recording on YouTube. Whether citizens, sojourners, or immigrants, most employed residents of Japan and many other countries will be unable or unwilling to retire. The natural desire to choose the terms of transitions, however, runs into customary age limits in the case of higher education in Japan, around 65 for full-time and 70 to 75 for part-time employment . Combined with stereotypical dismissiveness towards older people, a sudden loss of status can be vertiginous. Yet there is a great demand for the services that older professionals can perform in education, society, and academia internationally. This presentation illustrates how language teaching duties can be gradually decreased and improved in quality, while the teacher remains at least as active outside of institutions. Many suggestions are offered on how to have a better quality of life than ever, enjoying more free time to create and curate. Lifelong learning can accord with lifelong interests.

If anarchism is a spirit, it is the spirit of revolt. For those unfamiliar with the actual content of anarchism or the enabling possibilities of revolt this statement might appear doubly negative. Just as so much of the contemporary discourse surrounding anarchism is framed by derision and a seemingly wilful confusion of what the idea represents, so too has the idea of revolt been read though an unfavourable lens. What happens when we shatter that lens, thus allowing the light of revolt to refract in new ways that illuminate a path toward freedom? We want to create freedom in our lives, to bring the poetic joy of being in the world to each moment of breath, and to fill the spaces of our existence with a deep and unshakable love for the mystery known as ‘life’. To do this requires us to revolt. To bring light we must pursue a trajectory that refuses the darkness, death, and dismay of the age we live in. The challenges of our time require us to rebel against the disabling faith in the idea that oppression, hierarchy, and captivity are somehow the natural consequences of human evolution. Our revolt is our emancipation. It is the aperture through which the light of freedom passes, revealing a full spectrum of colour, wonder, and imagination. Yet this sentiment of revolt should not be conceived as a transcendental moment, as it is much more accurate to envision revolution as a politics of the everyday, a product of immanence. Accordingly, because our lives are lived in the here of this space and the now of this moment, it is only in the ongoing enactment of our actual daily performances that freedom itself is called into being. But these ordinary routines can’t be any presentation, for performances are multiple and they can just as often be cruel as they can be compassionate. To pursue revolt then is to practice freedom, and it is our contention that to practice freedom is to perform anarchism.

Desde una mirada hermenéutica y fenomenológica, y utilizando como eje conceptual la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales, este estudio pretende ser un aporte teórico y metodológico a la investigación cualitativa sobre aquellos elementos simbólicos y culturales vinculados a la construcción social de la vejez.

All individuals with end stage renal disease (ESRD) will perish from the disease unless they receive a donor kidney in time. The purpose of this research was to compare groups of candidates on the kidney transplant waiting list in the U.S. Renal Data System, to test whether some groups waited longer to receive a kidney due to a physical or mental assessment bias. A review of the literature suggested that most who perished prematurely also waited the longest and thus perished by neglect, fitting a theoretical framework called the stereotype content model (prejudice based on value to society). A causal-comparative study was conducted to examine the wait times of kidney candidates on the official waiting list categorized as too young or too old (n = 17,914). The results of one-way ANOVA, Welch’s F(2, 494.46) = 113.71, p < .0005, ω2 = 0.13, suggested that the most mentally fit (not physically fit) children had significantly lower wait times (M = 250.02, SD = 296.33) despite not having contributed, whereas seniors had the longest wait times (M = 786.27, SD = 717.51) despite having contributed a lifetime to society. Further analysis revealed that, all else considered, primarily those assessed as mentally capable will be selected to survive ESRD, Welch's F(3, 819.03) = 53.97, p < .0005, ω2 = 0.08. This study concluded there was an inadvertent irony in candidate assessment criteria. The need to ethically allocate scarce organs has resulted in criteria that favor the survival of human kidneys over human candidates.

The progressive aging of society, caused by profound demographic changes, brings with it the necessity of confronting the subject of biases against the elderly. Ageism, in fact, can influence society's attitudes regarding this population, in addition to impacting the self-perception of elderly people. This, in turn, has consequences for positive outcomes during the aging process. The current research aims to investigate the simultaneous relationships between knowledge, age, anxiety about aging, and stereotypes toward the elderly, as well as their predictive roles with respect to ageism. A self-report questionnaire was administered to 886 participants, with an average age of 35.8 years (Standard Deviation-SD = 14.2), predominantly female (64.8%). Descriptive and correlational analyses were performed, along with structural equation modeling. Based on the analyses conducted, anxiety about aging and knowledge are antecedents for stereotypes, which in turn, together with the other variables, influence ageism. Increased education about the aging process could help reduce anxiety and stereotypes against the aging among those who are most responsible for prejudice against the elderly. Knowledge of the antecedents of prejudice toward the elderly is fundamental to promoting positive attitudes toward them.

Sumario:
Esta investigación buscó analizar la existencia de edadismo en los procesos de reclutamiento y profundizar en los prejuicios asociados a ello, por lo medio de los métodos mixtos de indagación.
El contexto del estudio, fue la ciudad de Celaya en el estado de Guanajuato, México.
Se utilizó un diseño secuencial. La primera etapa cuantitativa pretendió identificar la presencia de discriminación por edad en las ofertas de trabajo publicadas en internet en dos bolsas de empleo públicas, una gratuita y una con costo para el empleador, las ofertas analizadas fueron las catalogadas  para el municipio antes citado, durante el mes de Junio del 2013.
Una vez que se demostró la existencia de edadismo en el reclutamiento, se implementó la segunda etapa cualitativa, la cual se enfocó en identificar los prejuicios que lo generan.
Palabras clave: edadismo, reclutamiento, discriminación, prejuicio.
Abstract
This research sought to examine whether there is ageism in the processes of recruitment and deepen prejudices associated with it, by the middle of the mixed methods of inquiry.
The context of the study was the city of Celaya in the State of Guanajuato, Mexico.
A sequential design was used. The first quantitative stage intended to analyze if there was age discrimination in job offers published in internet on two public employment exchanges, one free and one at cost to the employer, the analyzed offerings were the scheduled for the municipality, cited above, during the month of June of 2013.
Once shown the existence of ageism in recruitment, implemented the second qualitative phase, which focused on identifying the prejudices that generate it.
Key words: recruitment, discrimination, ageism, prejudice. 

ÖZET İnsanların yaşlarından dolayı ayrımcılığa maruz kalmaları olarak tanımlanan yaşlı ayrımcılığı bireysel (individual) ve kurumsal (institutional) düzeyde ele alınabilmektedir. Yaşlıları ihmal ve istismar gibi bireylerin kalıpyargılar ve önyargılar nedeniyle günlük yaşamlarındaki ayrımcı tutumları bireysel yaşçılık; yasal düzenlemeler, medyadaki temsiller, sosyal yaşamda yaşlının temsili gibi bireylerin sistematik olarak ayrımcı uygulamalara maruz kalmaları ise kurumsal yaşçılık olarak ifade edilmektedir. Yaşlılara dair ayrımcılığın önemli kaynaklarından biri olarak gösterilen kalıpyargılar; hastalık, iktidarsızlık, çirkinlik, bunama, akıl hastalığı, işe yaramazlık, izolasyon, yoksulluk, depresyon olarak sıralanmaktadır. Sağlık profesyonelleri de bu kalıpyargılara ve önyargılara sahip olarak ayrımcılık yapabilmektedirler. Sağlık alanında bireysel yaşlı ayrımcılığı genç hastayı tercih etme; tanı ve tedavi aşamasında yaşlı bireyi yok sayma, sağlık profesyonellerinin olumsuz iletişim biçimleri gibi farklı şekillerde görülebilmektedir. Gündelik yaşamın tüm alanlarında örtük olarak işleyen yaşlı ayrımcılığının sağlık alanında da görüldüğü varsayımından yola çıkan bu çalışmada sağlık hizmetlerinde yaşlıların uğradığı ayrımcılık hakkında farkındalık yaratılabilmesi amacıyla literatürdeki araştırmalar üzerinden bir değerlendirme yapılmaya çalışılmış ve alandaki araştırma sonuçlarından hareketle ayrımcılığa karşı mücadele yöntemleri tartışılmıştır. ABSTRACT Ageism, which is broadly defined as discrimination against people on the basis of their age, can be addressed on the individual and institutional level. While discriminatory conduct against old people as a result of stereotypes and prejudices can be defined as individual ageism, suffering from discriminatory practices stemming from systematic discrimination against old people including but not limited to legal regulations, representations in the media and representation of old people in social life can be classified as institutional ageism. Common stereotypes leading to discrimination against old people include illness, impotency, ugliness, mental decline, mental illness, uselessness, isolation, poverty and depression. Health professionals might reproduce such stereotypes and prejudices and thus exercise discrimination. Ageism in the sphere of health appears in the form of opting for younger patients, ignoring the individual at the stage of diagnosis and treatment, exhibiting negative communicative acts by the health professionals and general conduct of health professionals. Based on the assumption that ageism, which tacitly operates in every sphere in Daily life, can also be tracked in health services. In this vein, the study attempts to offer an overview of the existing literature with a view to create awareness on ageism and offers ways to combat discrimination against old people on the basis of the results of hitherto carried out research.

Ageism, discrimination based on age, is widespread but one of the least addressed and challenged prejudices in our community. The problem is that this prejudice and stereotyping shows up in the products and environments that are designed for our older population. So how do designers respond to this growing demographic when they may themselves harbor ageist attitudes? How do designers start to design products and environments that don’t perpetuate ageism or reinforce an unhealthy model of our aging population? For designers, understanding their own ageist attitudes is essential before responding to the needs of an aging population. The paper will discuss strategies and design activities that involve methods to get designers to understand the aging process, ageism and how ageism can influence the design of products.

Abstract: This paper discusses research-guided practice in community-based arts in health activity in Britain. This discussion is situated within an exploration of health policy and its relationship to the arts in health. It provides a summary analysis of a large body of research relevant to wellbeing and mental-health rehabilitation; it will describe how community-based arts in health activity provides the basis for a set of evidence-based actions to improve well-being. In respect to research-guided practice, this paper will argue a strong case that community-based arts in health initiatives encompass all aspects of the ‘Five Ways to Wellbeing’; furthermore, it will indicate how community arts in health activities are also significant in aiding recovery from mental ill health.The essay moves on to explore why participatory approaches are of particular  value to women. In particular, the paper looks at the position of older women, with reference to the New Dynamics of Ageing Programme in Britain. It concludes with a detailed discussion of several recent projects. A description o󰁦 the research inquiry will enable the partnership structures and the ethos developed in the projects’ delivery to be elucidated and discussed in order to interrogate strategies of practice. It is hoped that this frank discussion of some of the tensions between arts-based participatory practice and arts-based participatory practice for research will be of interest. Different visual methods will be articulated. Methods have included the use of art elicitation, photo-diaries, Film-booths, directed photography, and re-enactment phototherapy within an overarching participatory framework. It is recognised that women are a highly diverse group with crosscutting allegiances, some of which have been acknowledged in this project.

This paper deals with the proposal, which has been recently advanced by the Finnish moral philosopher Joona Räsänen, that we should allow to change their legal age those people whose emotional and biological age does not match their chronological age, because legal age change would easily prevent, stop, or reduce severe forms of discrimination by age they would otherwise face. I first address Räsänen's argument as presupposing that chronological age is just a proxy in comparison to emotional and biological age, which are thought as variables making available more relevant and accurate information. I show how it is that this presupposition is deeply flawed. I then consider Räsänen's argument as purified from this presupposition. I argue that the purified version of the argument supports the position that we should concede whatever legal age change to anyone who asks for it. Such a position, however, is hardly tenable, if for no other reason than because it is a slippery slope leading to an unbearable version of the law of the strongest-that is, the law of the strongest at substituting real with unreal and lucrative facts. I conclude that Räsänen's argument is defective anyhow, and his proposal must be rejected until proven otherwise.

Il mio percorso tematico analitico di comprensione e analisi critica del funzionamento comunicativo delle immagini in pubblicità, si concentra sugli stereotipi di sesso, razza e classe nell’industria pubblicitaria. Tali stereotipi sono di sovente uso nella comunicazione visuale pubblicitaria, sia per quanto concerne la pubblicità di tipo commerciale che quella di tipo sociale.