Adaptation

The town of Augusta, 300km south of Perth in Western Australia, was settled in May 1830 and represents the first regional settlement of the British Swan River Colony outside of the Swan River area that was settled in 1829. One of many New World settlements established in Australia – and the rest of the New World – during the latter stage of the Industrial Revolution (c.1760-1840), it has not been studied despite its archaeological potential and significance. Augusta’s physical environment, isolation and milder climate comparative to the main settlements established at the Swan River makes it an excellent case study to observe adaptation in frontier environments during this period in Australian and the broader New World context.

The formation of the Swan River Colony resulted in the first ‘free’ – not associated with penal systems of emigration – British settlement in Australia and the archaeology of these initial towns is useful for studying behaviour in frontier environments. Despite Australia’s importance to the archaeological study of free settlement during this period, the comparative emphasis on penal history has created a bias – and general public perception – that Australia’s history is synonymous with a penal colony. While penal systems undoubtedly contributed to rapid development by a good supply of labour and resources, the bias is at the detriment of studying human behaviour in frontier environments. Western Australia was formally a penal colony from 1849 but despite two decades of free settlement the current archaeological literature about its past is tethered to the period post-1849.

The study of adaptation has been a focus of archaeology for many decades that has included how humans learn in frontier environments. A more recent emphasis has been placed on attempting to understand the specific cognitive and environmental variables involved in learning in a foreign environment. Rockman’s (2003) Landscape Learning Model provides a framework to understand how humans learn in a foreign environment using the variables of locational knowledge that involve locating resources; limitational knowledge linked to the limits of the environment and its resources; and social knowledge that is about how existing culture translates into the new environment. The Landscape Learning Model provides a framework that aims to understand the process and archaeological patterns of learning in a foreign environment.

This project asks the questions ‘what knowledge did British settlers bring and how effective was it at Augusta?’ and, ‘what is the archaeological evidence of learning at Augusta’. The questions were addressed using the results of a Geographical Information Systems (GIS) desktop study, two excavations in the main town site – those relating to the Turner and Molloy families– and four pedestrian surveys outside the main town site. The data from these surveys was subjected to functional analysis and used Rockman’s (2003) Landscape Learning Model as a framework to draw out inferences aiming to address learning at Augusta between 1830 and 1849 when most of the 1830 settlers left the area.

The results of this study present a slightly different narrative to that presented in the secondary histories written since the 1950s. The comparative emphasis in these histories on the later Vasse and Busselton settlements provides a basis for inferring that the function of Augusta was as a steppingstone following its abandonment by most of the initial British settlers. Additionally, interpretation to-date using only surviving primary historical documents and the human tendency to explain abandonment using failure – a ‘disaster mindset’ (C. Cameron & Tomka, 1993) - has resulted in the reasons surrounding British settlers departing Augusta being limited to that settlers were unable to overcome the blight of isolation and the physical environment. This is not the case. The British were highly resilient and the archaeology of this project demonstrates that this resilience enabled settlers to effectively learn about the new – foreign – environment. Furthermore, this research suggests that it is not useful to consider Augusta as ‘abandoned’ in 1849 given that continuous settlement occurred post-1849 and the exodus of British settlers can be attributed to social knowledge. The results of the study also highlight the archaeological potential and significance of Augusta and need for future study.

Numerosi prodotti di importazione arricchiscono sempre più spesso l’offerta dei media italiani, tv compresa: in questo modo, nel nostro Paese approdano contenuti che non sono pensati e realizzati appositamente per il pubblico nazionale, ma che, una volta trasferiti e adattati, mutano – almeno in parte – la loro forma. In ambito televisivo, un caso particolarmente interessante è quello della situation comedy americana: un genere centrale nella tv statunitense, ma che in Italia è insieme molto diffuso nei palinsesti e spesso frainteso, complesso da tradurre e talvolta ricostruito – o persino stravolto –, disprezzato ma visto (e rivisto) da intere generazioni di spettatori. Questo volume pone le basi teoriche per uno stu dio dei processi di ‘mediazione’, solo apparentemente banali, che intercorrono nel passaggio di un prodotto mediale da un Paese all’altro: l’appropriazione nazionale (o ‘italianizzazione’), la traduzione, l’adattamento, la distribuzione. E poi applica queste basi a un’approfondita analisi delle vicende italiane della sitcom americana, e di alcuni suoi titoli in particolare (Seinfeld, Friends, Will & Grace, How I Met Your Mother), da tre punti di vista: la ricostruzione della sto ria del genere nel nostro Paese; la rassegna delle variazioni e modifiche traduttive che il prodotto televisivo si trova necessariamente ad affrontare; infine, il racconto della sua filiera produttiva e distributiva, delle routine traduttive e dei professionisti coinvolti. Per capire cosa cambia nella sitcom quando passa dagli Stati Uniti all’Italia, e perché.

Most critics of contemporary literature have reached a consensus that what was once called " postmodernism " is over and that its signature modes—metafiction and irony—are on the wane. This is not the case, however, with videogames. In recent years, a number of self-reflexive games have appeared, exemplified by Davey Wreden's The Stanley Parable (2013), an ironic game about games. When self-awareness migrates form print to screen, however, something happens. If metafiction can be characterized by how it draws attention to its materiality—the artificiality of language and the construction involved in acts of representation—The Stanley Parable draws attention to the digital, procedural materiality of videogames. Following the work of Alexander R. Galloway and Ian Bogost, I argue that the self-reflexivity of The Stanley Parable is best understood in terms of action and procedure, as metaproceduralism. This essay explores the legacies of United States metafiction in videogames, suggesting that though postmodernism might be over, its lessons are important to remember for confronting the complex digital realities of the twenty-first century. If irony may be ebbing in fiction, it has found a vital and necessary home in videogames and we underestimate its power to challenge the informatic, algorithmic logic of cultural production in the digital age to our detriment.

How might television aesthetics characterise the 'medium' or 'art form' or television? From a perspective inspired by analytic philosophical aesthetics, this paper disputes the commonplace practice of referring to television as a ‘medium’. It proposes instead that television be regarded as an art composed of many media. Individual works employ various media available to television and also to other arts.
The paper evaluates the usefulness of these distinctions for our conceptual understanding of television, appraisal of television works, and appreciation of television in relation to other arts. Via its reconfiguration of ‘medium/media’, it challenges narrowly contemporary notions of the televisual, positing a more historicised model and situating television alongside other arts – amongst friends.

SUMMARYVarious management approaches have been proposed to address the alarming depletion of marine coastal resources. Prominent among them are community-based management and the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). The overall poor performance of MPAs can be traced to a failure to effectively include local communities in the design and implementation of relevant measures. Recent efforts have incorporated aspects of community-based management into a hybrid form of management, which ideally builds upon existing local management practices. A key challenge lies in the development of appropriate frameworks that allow for the successful participation of local communities in management. A review of studies on MPA design and community-based marine resource management and fieldwork observations provides suggestions on how to address current socioeconomic shortcomings in MPA design and implementation, successfully involving local communities in order to provide a better local basi...

This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 11481 “[email protected]”. Research on [email protected] seeks to extend the applicability of models and abstractions to the runtime environment, with the goal of providing effective technologies for managing the complexity of evolving software behaviour while it is executing. The Dagstuhl Seminar “[email protected]” brought together a diverse set of researchers and practitioners with a broad range of expertise, including MDE, software architectures, reflection, self-adaptive systems, validation and verification, middleware, robotics and requirements engineering. Seminar 27. November – 02. December, 2011 – www.dagstuhl.de/11481 1998 ACM Subject Classification D.2 Software Engineering, D.2.10 Design, H.1 Models and Principles

Juvenile Atlantic halibut (40.5±9.1g mean initial body mass±SD) were reared at five different levels of oxygen availability (57%, 84%, 100%, 120%, and 150% of air saturation) for 94days. The availability of oxygen significantly affected the growth rate of the fish while feed conversion was not significantly different. The final size of fish reared at 57% of air saturation was significantly

A discussion of social science and sustainability concepts, frameworks and methodologies.
Sustainability policies shape the ways that society and the economy interact with the environment, natural resources and ecosystems, and address issues such as water, energy and food security, and climate change. These policies are complex and are, at times, obscured by contestation, uncertainty and sometimes ignorance. Ultimately, sustainability problems are social problems and they need to be addressed through social and policy change.

Social Science and Sustainability draws on the wide-ranging experience of CSIRO’s social scientists in the sustainability policy domain. These researchers have extensive experience in addressing complex issues of society–nature relationships, usually in interdisciplinary collaboration with natural scientists. This book describes some of the evidence-based concepts, frameworks and methodologies they have developed, which may guide a transition to sustainability. Contributions range from exploring ways to enhance livelihoods and alleviate poverty, to examining Australians’ responses to climate change, to discussing sociological perspectives on sustainability and how to make policy relevant.

Researchers, policy-makers and decision-makers around the globe will find this book a valuable and thought-provoking contribution to the sustainability literature. It is also suited to academics and students in postgraduate-level courses in social sciences and sustainability, or in courses in applied sociology, applied social psychology and other applied social sciences.

- See more at: http://www.publish.csiro.au/book/7583/#details

Two different Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus) cohorts originating from 60°N (Bergen) and 69°N (Tromsø) were investigated in equal environmental conditions to study their different physiological responses to the same environment. A two-plus-two-bag mesocosm study was carried out between March and July 1998, in Håkøybotn, Tromsø, in order to determine development and mortality rates of the two parallel cohorts of C. finmarchicus. For practical reasons, the cohort from Bergen was incubated 10 days earlier than the Tromsø cohort. Consequently, they were exposed to elevated food conditions as compared to the Tromsø cohort. A high initial mortality among the Bergen cohort could clearly be ascribed, by genetic discrimination, to "contamination" with C. helgolandicus. After this initial mass mortality, the mortality was constantly 0.03–0.04 day−1. In cohorts starting from naupliar stage I, there was no significant difference in development or growth, the median development time (NI–CIV) differing by only 7 days (~6%). The difference in development time can be explained to a large extent (~4 days) by temperature differences. This is substantiated with model simulations using a physiological model developed for C. finmarchicus. There was a time lag in incubation between the two cohorts, resulting in elevated temperature during incubation of the Tromsø cohort. A fraction of both cohorts differentiated sexually at stage CV, with males differentiating before females. Females from both cohorts produced eggs, but specific egg production differed significantly (P>0.001, t-test). This was supported by elevated RNA:DNA ratio in females from the Bergen cohort. Both cohorts demonstrated quite similar development and physiological growth rates and, consequently, are considered to belong to the same genetic population inhabiting the Norwegian Shelf. The study demonstrates that C. finmarchicus is capable of adaptation to changes in environment and, thereby, demonstrates a significant physiological plasticity.

Medical decision protocols constitute theories for health-care decision making that are applicable for “standard” medical cases but have to be adapted for the other cases. This holds in particular for the breast cancer treatment protocol studied in the Kasimir research project. Protocol adaptations can be seen as knowledge-intensive case-based decision support processes. Some examples of adaptations that have been performed by oncologists are presented in this paper. Several issues are then identified that need to be addressed while trying to model such processes, namely: the complexity of adaptations, the lack of relevant information about the patient, the necessity to take into account the applicability and the consequences of a decision, the closeness to decision thresholds, and the necessity to consider some patients according to different viewpoints. As handling these issues requires some additional knowledge, which has to be acquired, different methods are presented that perform adaptation knowledge acquisition either from experts, or in a semi-automatic manner. A discussion and a conclusion end the paper.

In the coastal area, 28% people of total population lives where 16% of total rice of Bangladesh is being produced. Although arable land is decreasing, modern technologies help to increase food production. However, impacts of inappropriate application of chemical fertilizer, pesticides and climate change constrain the agricultural progress. The objective of the current study is to find out suitable existing environmental friendly agricultural practice that can adapt with climate changing condition. Dacope and Dumuria upazilas of Khulna district were the study area which situate at the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh. Three types of available agricultural practices had been identified which were rice cultivation, combined rice and fish culture, and vegetable cultivation. Ten Rice Farmers (RF), ten combined Rice and Fish Farmers (RFF), and five Vegetable Farmers (VF) had been interviewed. VF use comparatively low amount of chemical fertilizer than other farmers. Farmers do no...

This book addresses the motif of literary twinship from the Shakespearean age until today. Twins have all too often been discussed as mere footnotes to the allegedly more nuanced motif of the doppelganger, or as a kind of 'embarrassing' secret of literary history that is said to occur merely in inferior genres like farce or horror fiction. This study, by contrast, makes a case for the complexity of literary twinship across the literary spectrum, and it demonstrates that twinship articulates bodily anxieties, dynastic troubles, and genetic concerns that the classic double trope cannot ac-commodate. While the book does not deliver a complete and unabridged history of literary twin-ship (as such a history would inevitably be one marked by long gaps), it still examines twinship in a diachronic fashion and in different historical periods in order to show how the category of twinship is frequently re-negotiated as part of larger discursive shifts. Some historical periods understand twins mainly as a biological conundrum that threatens to expose the arbitrary laws of dynastic kin-ship, others as an epistemological problem that challenges any attempt to impose clear-cut definitions.
The individual case studies trace the development of the category of twinship over time, demonstrating how the twin was repeatedly (re-)invented as a cultural and pathological type when other discursive areas (including the fields of criminology and eugenics) constituted themselves, and how it served as the battleground for ideological disputes. It is in-midst of these discursive processes that I locate literary twinship, and my goal is not to demonstrate that literature 'mirrors' scientific debates of the day. Not only is it evident that literature frequently prefigured the discussions of modern twin scholarship, it has also been instrumental in facilitating these debates and in contributing to the negotiation of power shifts, for instance by setting the stage for debates regarding kinship systems in the Shakespearean age, by engaging in the Victorian reformulation of the criminal as genetically/pathologically evil, or by contributing to the dystopian quality of cloning discourse in the 20th century.

This article proposes a specific structuralist methodology that may help organize the analysis of the relationship between literature and cinema. Through the instance of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s short story “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button” and David Fincher’s film adaptation of it, a focus on the comparable diegetic structures of a narrative cinematic text and the literary work on which it is based is offered, along with an exploration of the semiotic codes that support their comparative textual analyses. Este articulo propone una metodologia estructuralista especifica que posibilita organizar el estudio para analizar la relacion entre la literatura y el cine. Utilizando como ejemplo el cuento de F. Scott Fitzgerald “El curioso caso de Benjamin Button” y su adaptacion al cine de David Fincher, se ofrece un enfoque en las estructuras diegeticas comparables entre un texto cinematografico narrativo y la obra literaria en la cual se basa; ademas de una exploracion de los codigos semio...

Too intensive training may lead to overreaching or overtraining. To study whether quantitative needle electromyography (QEMG) is more sensitive to detect training (mal)adaptation than muscle enzyme activities, 12 standardbred geldings trained for 32 wk in age-, breed-, and sex-matched fixed pairs. After a habituation and normal training (NT) phase ( phases 1 and 2, 4 and 18 wk, respectively), with increasing intensity and duration and frequency of training sessions, an intensified training (IT) group ( phase 3, 6 wk) and a control group (which continued training as in the last week of phase 2) were formed. Thereafter, all horses entered a reduced training phase ( phase 4, 4 wk). One hour before a standardized exercise test (SET; treadmill), QEMG analysis and biochemical enzyme activity were performed in muscle or in biopsies from vastus lateralis and pectoralis descendens muscle in order to identify causes of changes in exercise performance and eventual (mal)adaptation in skeletal m...