Acc

There is perhaps no better symbol of the 21st century than the automobile. It is the dominant means of transport aspired to throughout the world; indeed, many a politician throughout this century has furthered his or her career by promising constituents a greater economic ability to own an automobile. Furthermore, there are more automobiles on the road than any other motorized vehicle. As of 1986, almost half a b illion vehicles were on the road throughout the world; over three-quarters of these were cars. With this comes the responsibility of making safety a primary concern in vehicle technologies. Technologies like Anti lock braking system and Vehicle stability Control System are being used to monitor vehicular safety. Similarly, a new type of speed control, called adaptive cruise control, is being used on some new model vehicles. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) is an automotive feature that allows a vehicle's cruise control system to adapt the vehicle's speed to the traffic environment. It is basically an extension of conventional cruise control systems. These systems allow you to set a following distance, or time interval, between your vehicle and the vehicle ahead, as well as a maximum speed. In this paper, we present a case study on adaptive cruise control as modelled on the Audi A8. Index Terms-ACC, ACC function expansion by Audi, ACC module, ACC states, ACC system, CAN, instrument cluster, set d istance, set speed, target vehicle.

This paper presents a nonlinear robust control strategy to solve the path tracking problem for a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle. The helicopter motion equations is obtained by the Lagrange- Euler formalism. The control structure is performed through a nonlinear Hinfin controller to stabilize the rotational movements and a control law based on backstepping approach to track the reference trajectory. Finally, simulations results in presence of aerodynamic moments disturbances and parametric uncertainty is carried out to corroborate the effectiveness and the robustness of the strategy proposed.

Operation of the gun/turret system in a military tank is limited by several constraints some of which are posed by obstacles existing on the vehicle's own platform. These mechanical constraints acting as hard constraints can cause serious damage to the whole assembly if violated. A control strategy developed for such a system must avoid possible collision of the gun/turret system with these obstacles. We propose to use a MPC based control strategy, due to its inherent ability to handle constraints, for the deck clearance problem and evaluate its performance under operating conditions for a linear model of the tank. Matlabreg based MPCtoolbox is used to set up the MPC calculations for the gun/turret system. Simulations are performed to investigate and compare the performance of the controller under various deck constraint limits. It is shown that MPC is effective in addressing both the stabilization and deck clearance objectives.

In this paper, we examine the control of a scramjet-powered hypersonic vehicle with significant aero-elastic-propulsion interactions. Such vehicles are characterized by open loop unstable non-minimum phase dynamics, low frequency aero-elastic modes, significant coupling, and hard constraints (e.g. control surface deflection limits, thrust margin). Within this paper, attention is placed on maintaining acceptable closed loop performance (i.e. tracking of speed and flight path angle commands) while satisfying hard control surface deflection constraints as well as stoichiometrically normalized fuel-equivalency-ratio (FER) margin constraints. Control surface constraints are a consequence of maximum permissible aerodynamic loading. FER margin constraints are a consequence of thermal choking (i.e. unity combustor exit Mach number) and the fact that thrust loss may not be captured for FER greater than unity. Such limits are particularly important since the vehicle is open loop unstable and ldquosaturationrdquo can result in instability. To address these issues, one can design conservative (i.e. less aggressive or lower bandwidth) controllers that maintain operation below saturation levels for anticipated reference commands (and disturbances). Doing so, however, unnecessarily sacrifices performance - particularly when small reference commands are issued. Within this paper, the above issues are addressed using generalized predictive control (GPC). A 3DOF longitudinal model for a generic hypersonic vehicle, which includes aero-elastic-propulsion interactions, is used to illustrate the ideas.

This paper presents a predictive control strategy for single phase flying capacitor converters. The proposed method allows for the regulation of both the output current and the intermediate flying capacitor voltages, achieving transient dynamics that are superior to those in standard pulse width modulation based strategies. By means of an appropriate choice of the associated cost function, the designer is allowed to tradeoff the load current harmonic content, the capacitor voltage balancing and the total number of commutations in a simple fashion. In addition, the strategy permits the enforcement of an arbitrary output voltage spectrum.

Sport has become an important part of our lives in the modern times and sporting sites contribute significantly to the image and texture of modern cities. Regarding the popularity of sport, and football in particular, it has become an important modern place where specific types of economic and social interaction take place. The aim of this article is to propose a method for evaluating the performance of football clubs based on DEA and Malmquist index. Professional Czech football clubs playing in the Czech football competition Fortuna:Liga were selected for empirical analysis. To analyze the relative efficiency of football clubs, BCC and CCR models were employed. The study was conducted on a sample of 20 clubs through 2 inputs and 1 output collected during the 2015/16 – 2019/20 seasons. For some clubs the values of the Malmquist index were calculated. With help of MI it was possible to quantify the total productivity change factor and to decompose it to technological change and techn...

We propose a new approach for determining fuzzy membership functions for system inputs and outputs and for defining the rule base systematically from input-output pairs. This approach treats a human-operated system as a black box and does not require knowledge of its underlying mathematical model. We provide an upper bound on the error resulting from approximating the input-output data using a fuzzy system. To demonstrate the ease and power of the new approach, we apply it to the benchmark problem of backing up a truck into a loading dock. The results show that the fuzzy controller can be chosen as a compromise between the conflicting requirements of tracking accuracy and simplicity of implementation.

The single-gene male-sterile 7B-1 mutant in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) shows reduced de-etiolation of hypocotyl growth, has an elevated level of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and reduced amounts of growth-active gibberellins (GAs), is supersensitive to exogenous ABA, and is resistant to abiotic stresses in light but not in the dark. The existence of crosstalk between light signaling and plant hormones, and the interaction of ABA and GA biosynthetic pathways with ethylene, led us to investigate the possible role of ethylene in the 7B-1 mutant. In the dark, 7B-1 seedlings exhibited the normal triple response to 1-aminocyclopropane–1-carboxylic acid (ACC), an ethylene precur-sor, similar to the wild type. In light, however, hypocotyl growth of mutant seedlings was more sensitive to ACC but less sensitive to the inhibitors of ethylene’s action, such as silver thiosulfate, than the wild type. The 7B-1 mutant seedlings produced reduced levels of ethylene, which could account ...