J. ISSAAS Vol. 16, No. 1: 83-96 (2010) SPECIES DISTRIBUTION OF TRICHOGRAMMA AND TRICHOGRAMMATOIDEA GENUS (TRICHOGRAMMATOIDEA:HYMENOPTERA) IN JAVA. Damayanti Buchori 1, Araz Meilin2, Purnama Hidayat1, Bandung Sahari3 Department of Plant Protection, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Kamper, Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor . e-mail: [email protected] Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP), Jl Samarinda Paal Lima Kotabaru, Jambi Yayasan Peka Indonesia, Jl. Uranus Blok H-1, Perum IPB Sindang Barang-2, Bogor. (Received: June 3, 2009; Accepted: May 14, 2010) ABSTRACT Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea are the most studied egg parasitoids in biological control programs. Information on geographical distribution and status of those genus are limited in Indonesia. The research sought to study community and species distribution of these genus across the island of Java. Egg parasitoids were surveyed by collecting host eggs from various agricultural crops across the island. Approximatelly five species of Trichogrammatidae were recorded, Trichogrammatoidea armigera, Trichogramma flandersi, Trichogramma cojuangcoi, Trichogramma japonicum and Trichogramma minutum. T. japonicum was the only egg parasitoid species recorded to be associated with yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. T. ‘oidea armigera, T flandersi, and T cojuangcoi were found to attack P. xyllostella and T. minutum was recorded to parasitize eggs of Pieridae. Results showed that T. flandersi and T. minutum are habitat specific, while the rest have a much more wider distribution, and can be found across the Java Island. T’oidea armigera was the most cosmopolite species that occurs across the island by parasitizing various host species including Dipteran eggs. Key words: Egg parasitoid, community, host, parasitization, biological control INTRODUCTION Trichogrammatids are the common group of egg parasitoid used for biological control and parasitoid modelling across the world. The genus Trichogramma are the most studied and successful taxa used in biological control programs (Li, 1994). They have been used in more than 30 million ha worldwide to control lepidopteran pests in agriculture and forestry (Hassan, 1988; Li, 1994). Many species of Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) are known to attack various lepidopteran host species on various agricultural crops (Alba, 1988). The Trichogrammatids also attack eggs of Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera and Hemiptera (Nagarkatti and Nagaraja, 1977), Coleoptera and Megaloptera (Clausen, 1940). Today, those parasitoids are reared usually under laboratory conditions using alternative Lepidopteran hosts (Hassan, 1993; Housewear et al., 1983; Herlinda, 1995; Van Bergeijk et al.,1989). In Indonesia, the evaluation of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea as biological control agents have been conducted through many studies (Nurindah et al., 1993; Herlinda, 1995; Marwoto and Supriyatin, 1999, Marwoto and Saleh 2003). Most of these studies focused on the fitness of the parasitoids, mass rearing, and mass release (Nurindah et al., 1993; Marwoto and Supriyatin, 1999; Marwoto and Saleh, 2003), while very limited information are available on the 83 Species distribution of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea genus..... taxonomic distribution and occurrence of those genus in the field. As a tropical country, Indonesia is expected to harbour large numbers of insect species, including trichogrammatids. Unfortunately, the large extent of land use change and pesticide applications may lead to species extinction, including those which have not yet been discovered. Since information on species list, distribution, niche breadth (generalist versus specialist) is very important to support biological control program, studies on the taxonomic distribution and population status of trichogrammatids are crucial. Java is the most populated island in Indonesia and suffers the highest rate of habitat destructions, hence investigation on the population density of Trichogrammatid’s species is necessary. This research was conducted to investigate the status of trichogrammatids across different regions in Java which also include the species list and egg distribution of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea collected from various host species and host plants in Java. METHODOLOGY Study Area and Sites Ecological samplings were conducted in different locations in East and West Java from July 1998 to June 1999 (Table 1). Egg parasitoids were collected from various agricultural crops including vegetables, paddy, and sugar cane. All collected specimens were identified in the Department of Crop Protection, Bogor Agricultural University. Table 1. Study site of egg parasitoid survey across Java Island. District Geographical Region West Java Central Java East Java Sites Karawang Jatisari, Amansari, Rengas Dengklok, Cianjur Sindang Asih, Ciloto, Cipeyeum, Ciranjang Bogor Tangerang Cirebon Lembang Palimanan Darmaga, Jalan Baru, Cisarua, Cibogo, Ciampea, Leuwiliang, Sindangbarang Cengkareng Sumber , Losari, Ciledug, Kemantren Cikole Beberan Phumbon Kenanga Yogyakarta Umbul Harjo Bantul Ringroad Selatan Kulon Progo Sleman Tawangmangu Karanganyar Brebes Situbondo Sentolo, Wates, Moyundan, Godean Blumbangan, Jaten Wonosari, Asembagus Malang Pujon 84 J. ISSAAS Vol. 16, No. 1: 83-96 (2010) Egg Parasitoid Surveys Egg parasitoids were surveyed by collecting plants from 20% of the crop areas. Eggs from the collected plants were then temporarily stored in glass tubes containing honey solution for emerging parasitoids. These were incubated under room temperature until the parasitoids emerged and subsequently reared in Corcya cephalonica eggs to produce enough progeny for identification purposes. The parasitization level was estimated by using the following formula: Parasitization (%) (%) == (( total total parasitized parasitized eggs eggs // total total collected collected eggs) eggs) X X 100% 100% Parasitization Mass rearing of C. cephalonica and Trichogrammatidae C. cephalonica eggs used for rearing were collected from livestock feed storages located in Ciawi and Karawang, West Java. Adult moths were kept in a cylinder container made of cardboard paper (8x20cm) and covered by a 25 mesh nylon for oviposition . Eggs attached on the nylon were then harvested daily to serve as hosts of trichogrammatids. Some of the C. cephalonica eggs were left to hatch and the larvae were reared in plastic boxes (35x25x7 cm) for maintenance of C. cephalonica cultures. For parasitoid rearing, host eggs were attached on a 1x10 cm paper using gum arabic and exposed to female parasitoids in 3x15 cm diameter glass tubes containing 20% honey solution. Females were exposed to the host eggs for 24 hours and the eggs were replaced with new ones while parasitized eggs were incubated under room temperature until emergence. Identification A dry collection, embedded in object glass, was prepared for identification using morphological characters. The genus level was distinguished based on wing pairs and the species level was identified from differences found in the male genitalia (Alba, 1988; Pinto, 1995; Nagarkatti and Nagaraja,1977). RESULTS Collection of Herbivorous Insect Eggs The survey was conducted for seven months by collecting eggs of herbivorous insects attacking various agricultural crops across regions in Java. There were many eggs collected, among others Scirpophaga incertulas on paddy, Plutella xyllostella and Crocidolomia pavonana on cabbage and cauliflower, Spodoptera litura on shallot and red onion, Etiella zinckenella on soybean, and Helicoverpa armigera on various agricultural crops (Table 2). Table 2. Eggs of herbivorous insects collected from various host plants and location.* No No Date Date Location Location Host Host Plant Plant 11 29-07 29-07 -98 -98 Jatisari, Jatisari, Karawang, Karawang, West West Java Java Paddy Paddy 22 18-08 18-08 -98 -98 Sindang Sindang Asih, Asih, Paddy Paddy Cianjur, Cianjur, West West Java Java 33 22-08 22-08 -98 -98 Amansari, Amansari, Rengas Rengas dengklok, dengklok, Karawang, Karawang, West West Java Java Paddy Paddy Pests/hosts Pests/hosts Altitude Altitude Plantations Plantations Egg Egg cluster/ cluster/ Species (masl) (masl) Species RBPH,YSB RBPH,YSB Paddy Paddy >100 >100 YSB YSB Golden Golden snail, snail, -rat rat Paddy, Paddy, corn corn ++ pepper pepper -- -RBPH, RBPH, golden golden snail, snail, YSB YSB Paddy Paddy 77 YSB YSB 85 28 28 Species distribution of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea genus..... No Date Location Host Plant Pests/hosts Altitude (masl) Plantations Egg cluster/ Species 4 22-08-98 Pabrik es, Paddy Karawang, West Java RBPH , YSB - Paddy 13 YSB 5 25-08-98 Darmaga, Bogor, West Java Paddy RBPH, GLH - Paddy - 6 29-08-98 Cengkareng, Tangerang, West Java Paddy RBPH, GLH - Paddy - 7 04-09-98 Ciloto, Cianjur, West Java Shallot Spodoptera exigua 1315 Mixed Crop, cabbage >100 exigua 8 04-09-98 Ciloto, Cianjur, West Java Cabbage Plutella xylostella 1325 Cabbage, 26 tomato, shallot P. xylostella 9 05-09-98 Jalan Baru, Bogor, West Java Corn Mithymna sp, Heliothis sp 220 Corn - 10 05-09-98 Jalan baru, Bogor, West Java Taro S. litura, Spingidae 220 Mixed crop, cassava - 11 09-09-98 Tugu, Cisarua, Bogor, West Java Cabbage, mustard greens P. xylostella 1120 Cabbage, 74 small red bean P. xylostella + lettuce 12 09-09-98 Tugu, Cisarua, Bogor, West Java Cabbage, mustard greens Crocidolomia pavonana 1120 cabbage + small red bean+ lettuce 3 C. pavonana 13 10-09-98 Cipeyeum, Cianjur, West Java Soybean S. litura, Lamprosema, Chrysodeixis - Soybean 1 S. litura, 1 Piezodoros 14 14-09-98 Cibogo, Bogor, West Java Paddy RBPH, WSB, YSB, X1 - Paddy, banana 3 YSB, 5 eggs X1 15 14-09-98 Batulayang, Cisarua,Bogor, West Java Paddy RBPH - Paddy, banana - 16 16-09-98 Cubungbulan, Ciampea, Bogor, West Java Paddy RBPH, YSB 16-09-98 Leuwiliang, Bogor, West Java Paddy Stink bug, YSB 16-09-98 Karehkel, Leuwiliang, Bogor Paddy RBPH + YSB 17 18 86 210 Paddy 3 YSB 230 Paddy 4 YSB 145 Paddy 1 YSB S. J. ISSAAS Vol. 16, No. 1: 83-96 (2010) No Date Location Host Plant 19 07-1098 Umbul harjo. Central Java Paddy 20 07-1098 Bantul, Central Java Paddy 21 07-1098 Soybean 22 08-1098 Ringroad Selatan, Bantul,Central Java Sentolo, Kulon Progo, Central Java 23 08-1098 24 08-1098 25 08-1098 26 Pests/hosts Plantations Egg cluster/ Species 110 Paddy 2 YSB 80 Paddy 5 YSB Piezodorus sp 40 Soybean, corn, peanut. 2 Piezodorus Corn Mithymna sp 80 Corn, + Caper bush (Capparis sp) - Sentolo, Kulon Progo, Central Java Wates, Kulon Progo, Central Java Wates, Kulon Progo, Central Java Paddy YSB + rat 65 Paddy 2 YSB Paddy YSB + rat 35 Paddy 2 YSB Red Onion and Shallot S. exigua 35 Paddy, cabbage, - 08-1098 Wates, Kulon Progo, Central Java Cabbage P. xylostella + C. binotalis 35 27 09-1098 Paddy YSB + rat 150 +Shallot Paddy 1 YSB 28 09-1098 Paddy YSB + rat 160 Paddy 3 YSB 29 10-1098 Moyundan, Sleman, Central Java Godean, Sleman, Central Java Blumbangan, Tawang Mangu, Central Java Cabbage P. xylostella, C. binotalis, S. exigua, 1465 Mixed crop: carrot +cabbage +shallot 157 Blumbangan, Tawang Mangu, Central Java Cabbage Mixed crop: carrot +cabbage +shallot 108 Blumbangan, Tawang Mangu, Central Java Cabbage Mixed crop: carrote +cabbage +shallot 12 Blumbangan, Tawangmangu , Central Java Cabbage Mixed crop carrot +cabbage +shallot 16 30 31 32 10-1098 10-1098 10-1098 RBPH + golden snail +YSB YSB Altitude (masl) +golden snail S. litura P. xylostella, C. binotalis, S. exigua, 1420 1465 S. litura P. xylostella, C. binotalis, S. exigua, S. litura 87 - +cabbage S. litura P. xylostella, C. binotalis, S. exigua, Shallot Paddy 1420 P. xylostella P. xylostella C. pavonana C. pavonana Species distribution of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea genus..... No Date Location 33 10-1098 Blumbangan, Tawangmangu , Central Java Blumbangan, Tawang Mangu, Central Java Jaten, Karang anyar, Central Java Tegal Catak, Umbul Harjo, Central Java Raja Baluh, Sumber, Cirebon Kramat Jati, Sumber, Cirebon Dukupuntang, Sumber, Cirebon Wonosari, Brebes, Central Java Losari, Cirebon Pabuaran Lor, Ciledug, Cirebon Kemantren, Cirebon Selatan Kenanga, Phumbon Cabbage Palad, Sumber, Cirebon Beberan, Palimanan Paddy 34 10-1098 35 10-1098 36 11-1098 37 16-1098 38 16-1098 39 16-1098 40 17-1098 41 42 43 44 18-1098 18-1098 45 46 Host Plant Pests/hosts Altitude (masl) P. xylostella, C. binotalis, S. exigua, S. litura P. xylostella, C. binotalis, S. exigua, S. litura YSB + rat 1465 Paddy Plantations Egg cluster/ Species 9 S. exigua 170 Mixed crop: carrot +cabbage +shallot Mixed crop: carrot +cabbage +shallot Paddy YSB + Snail + RBPH 110 Paddy 1 YSB Paddy Golden snail + rat 160 Paddy - Paddy Golden snail + rat + RBPH X2 110 Paddy 1 S. litura 95 Paddy 1 cluster X2 Red Onion larvae of S. exigua 10 - - Paddy Lepidopteran larvae Larvae of S. exigua 75 - 90 Paddy, sugar cane Red onion Paddy - 85 Paddy - Paddy YSB, eggs (X2), S. Litura Golden snail + rat YSB, WSB 105 Paddy 1 S. litura, 3 YSB,4 X2 150 Paddy 40 Paddy 2 Nezara, 1 Egg X2 1 YSB Paddy 1 YSB Cabbage Paddy Paddy Red Onion Paddy 1420 12 S. exigua 3 YSB - 47 02-1198 Sindang Barang Bogor Paddy YSB + RBPH 48 11-1198 Cikole, 1 Lembang Cauliflower P. xylostella 1305 Cauliflower 26 Eggs P. xylostella Cikole, 1 Lembang Caulflower C. pavonana 1305 Cauliflower 3 clusters C. pavonana Cikole, 1 Lembang Cauliflower S. litura 1305 Cauliflower 3 clusters S. litura 88 J. ISSAAS Vol. 16, No. 1: 83-96 (2010) No Date Location Host Plant Pests/hosts 49 11-1198 Cikole, 2 Lembang Cabbage Caulflower P. xylostella Cikole, 2 Lembang Cauliflower C. binotalis Cikole, 2 Lembang Cauliflower Cikole, 2 Lembang Cauliflower Diptera 1305 Ciranjang, Cianjur Paddy Stinkbug + grasshopper 390 Ciloto 1, Cianjur Cauliflower C. binotalis 1410 Ciloto 2, Cianjur Cabbage Ciloto 2, Cianjur Cabbage Diptera 1390 Ciloto 2, Cianjur Shallot S. exigua 1390 50 17-1198 S. litura C. binotalis Altitude (masl) 1305 1305 1305 1390 Plantations Cauliflower +cabbage +shallot +lettuce Cauliflower + cabbage +shallot +lettuce Cauliflower +cabbage +shallot +lettuce Cauliflower +cabbage +shallot +lettuce Paddy Mixed crop: cabbage +carrot +corn Mixed crop: cabbage +shallot Mixed crop: cabbage +shallot Shallot Egg cluster/ Species 49 eggs P. xylostella 28 clusters C. binotalis 1 cluster S. litura 31 Dipteran eggs - 49 clusters C. binotalis 1 cluster C. binotalis 13 Dipteran eggs 5 clusters S. exigua 51 27-0299 Ciloto, Cianjur Cabbage P. xylostella 1350 Cabbage 96 eggs 52 - Cianjur Soybean - Soybean P. xylostella - 53 - Cianjur Kassod tree (Cassia) Sugar cane Etiella zinckenella Pieridae - - - S. incertulas 0 Sugar cane - Cotton Helicoverpa armigera 0 Cotton - Cotton Helicoverpa armigera Cabbage P.xylostella 54 24-399 55 24-399 56 24-399 57 25-0399 Asembagus, Situbondo, Jatim Asembagus, Situbondo, Jatim Malang, Jatim Mantung, Pujon, Malang 1090 Cabbage 85 eggs P. xylostella 89 Species distribution of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea genus..... No Date Location Host Plant Pests/hosts 57 25-0399 Mantung, Pujon, Malang Cabbage P. xylostella 58 26-399 Malang Soybean Etiella zinckenella Altitude (masl) 1090 370 Plantations Mixed crop: cabbage Egg cluster/ Species 168 eggs P. xylostella - - (YSB=Yellow stemborer; RBPH=rice brown planthopper; GLH=green leafhopper, WSB=white stemborer.) Egg parasitoid community In total, there were approximately five species of egg parasitoids recorded from various hosts by surveying 20% of observed agricultural crops. All of the recorded egg parasitoids belong to the family Trichogrammatidae and have been identified to belong to the genus Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea (T’oidea). T’toidea armigera, recorded to be the most generalist species, adapts to various host species and attacks various host plants. In contrast, T. flandersi and T. minutum were only found in certain host species in a certain location (Table 3). Table 3. Species list of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea recorded from the survey. No 1 Species T. flandersi Hosts P. xylostella Host Plant Cabbage Distribution Tawangmangu 2 T. japonicum S. incertulas Paddy Karawang, Bantul, Kulonprogo, Sleman, Umbul harjo 3 T. minutum Pieridae Cianjur 4 T ’ t o i d e a cojuangcoi -Plutella xylostella Kassod tree (Cassia) Cabbage, Cauliflower -Diptera -unknown 5 T’toidea armigera -P. Xylostella Crocidolomia binotalis -Helicoverpa armigera -S. incertulas -Etiella zinckenella Cabbage Cabbage, Cauliflower Lembang, CilotoCianjur, CisaruaBogor, Tawangmangu, Pujon-Malang Plumbon-Cirebon Cisarua-Bogor Lembang,Cianjur, Malang, Situbondo Cotton Sugar cane Soybean Geographic distribution and parasitism. Not all collected eggs were parasitized (Table 4). Spodoptera eggs were occasionally free of parasitism and parasitism varied from low to medium (1% to 60%). There was also host specific parasitoid species recorded from the survey. T. japonicum was the only species recorded to be associated with eggs of S. incertulas with low-medium parasitization level, between 13.60 and 33.82%, across selected locations and altitude. T. flandersi and T. cojuangcoi were two species found to parasitize eggs of P. xyllostella on highland brassicaceae. T. cojuangcoi was found to occur in the highlands, attacking Brassicaceae across Java. In contrast, T. flandersi was only recorded in highland area in Tawangmangu-Central Java. T. minutum was recorded from Pieridae eggs in cabbage plantations. A single female T’oidea cojunagcoi was collected from rice paddy in West Java. 90 J. ISSAAS Vol. 16, No. 1: 83-96 (2010) T’oidea. armigera was found to be a cosmopolitan species, attacking various host species across Java. It attacks not only Lepidopteran eggs but also Dipteran eggs. Table 4. Distribution and parasitism by egg parasitoids attacking various hosts from various plant hosts across Java. Region Sites Host plant Hosts Altitud % e Parasiti 28 West Jatisari, Karawang Paddy Scirpophaga incertulas West Java Tugu, Cisarua, Bogor, Cabbage, lettuce P. xylostella 1120 9.50 T’toidea cojuangcoi T’toidea armigera West Java Cikole, 1 Lembang Cauliflower P. xylostella 1305 11.50 T’toidea cojuangcoi West Java Cikole, 2 Lembang Cabbage + Cauliflower P. xylostella 1305 42.90 T’toidea cojuangcoi T’toidea armigera West Java Cikole, 2 Lembang Cauliflower Diptera 22.60 T’toidea cojuangcoi West Java Ciloto 1, Cianjur Cauliflower C. binotalis 1410 1.29 T’toidea armigera West Java Ciloto, Cianjur Cabbage P. xylostella 1350 55.20 T’toidea cojuangcoi West Java Cianjur Soybean Etiella zinckenella 1200 - T’toidea armigera West Java Cianjur Kassod tree (Cassia) Pieridae 1250 - T. minutum West Java Kenanga, Paddy Scirpophaga 105 incertulas Single female Central Java Umbul harjo. Paddy Scirpophaga 110 incertulas 33.82 T. japonicum Central Java Bantul, Paddy Scirpophaga 80 incertulas 25.30 T. japonicum Central Java Sentolo, Paddy Kulon Progo, Scirpophaga 65 incertulas 21.15 T. japonicum Central Java Wates, Kulon Paddy Progo, Scirpophaga 35 incertulas 26.49 T. japonicum Central Java Moyundan, Sleman, Scirpophaga 150 incertulas 13.60 T. japonicum 1305 - Species Trichogramma japonicum T’toidea armigera Paddy 91 T’toidea cojuangcoi Species distribution of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea genus..... Region Central Java Central Java Central Java East Java East Java East Java East Java East Java East Java Sites Host plant Hosts Altitud e Blumbangan, Tawang Mangu, Blumbangan, Tawang Mangu, Tegal Catak, Umbul Harjo, Cabbage P. xylostella (M asl) 1465 Cabbage P. xylostella, Paddy Asembagus, Situbondo, Asembagus, Situbondo, Malang, Mantung, Pujon, Malang Mantung, Pujon, Malang Malang % Parasitis m Species 4.50 T. flandersi 1420 2.80 T’toidea cojuangcoi Scirpophaga incertulas 110 25.86 T. japonicum Sugar cane S. incertulas 0 - Cotton 0 - Cabbage Helicoverpa armigera Helicoverpa armigera P.xylostella 1090 49.41 Cabbage P. xylostella 1090 62.50 Soybean Etiella zinckenella 370 Cotton - - T’toidea armigera T’toidea armigera T’toidea armigera T’toidea cojuangcoi T’toidea cojuangcoi T’toidea armigera Table 5 shows the diversity of trichogrammatids found in Java. This table was compiled to assess the overall trichogrammatids that has been recorded thus far. There is one species of trichogrammatids (T’oidea cojuangcoi) found in this study that is a new record for Java. Table 5. Trichogrammatid species recorded from various host plants in Indonesia. No. 1 2 3 Species Trichogramma japonicum T. chilonis T. australicum Hosts Scirpophaga incertulas Host plant Paddy Reference Mahrub (1993), Soejitno Tryporyza nivella Sugar cane (1989), Meilin et al. (2000) Chillo auricilius S. innotata Sugar cane Samoedi, et al., (1988) Paddy Samoedi, et al., (1988) Helicoverpa armigera Soybean Nivella Auricilius Chillo spp. Shallot Sugar cane Sugar cane Sugar cane/ Paddy 92 Kalshoven (1981) Herlinda, Pudjianto and Winasa (1996) Shepard dan Barrion (1998) Samoedi et al., (1988) Samoedi et al., (1988) Kalshoven (1981) J. ISSAAS Vol. 16, No. 1: 83-96 (2010) No. Species Hosts Host plant 4 T. chilotraeae H. armigera Suppresalis Ostrinia furnacalis C. infuscatellus C. sacchariphagus Etiella zinckenella Corn Corn Corn Sugar cane Sugar cane - 5 T. minutum Heliothis spp. Agrius convolvuli Reference Nurindah and Bindra (1989) Uintah and Bindra (1989) Nurindah and Bindra (1989) Nagarkatti and Nagaraja (1977) Nagarkatti and Nagaraja (1977) Nurindah and Bindra (1989) Kalshoven (1981) Shepard and Barrion (1998) 6 Trichogramma sp. Cricula trifenestrata Tobacco Sweet potato Soybean Cabbage Cashew 7 Trichogramma sp. Milionia basalis Pinus Nagarkatti and Nagaraja (1977) 8 Trichogrammatoid ea Bactrae bactrae Etiella sp. Soybean 9 T'toidea bactrae C. sacchariphagus Straminellus Sugar cane Marwoto, Supriyatin dan Djuarso (1997) Shepard and Barrion (1998) Nagarkatti and Nagaraja (1977) 10 T'toidea thoseae Setora nitens Oil Palm Setothoseae asigna Darna trima Oil Palm Oil Palm H. armigera Cotton D. zinckenella Sugar cane Cabbage Pieridae 11 T'toidea armigera P. xyllostella Meilin et al. (2000) Djuarso dan Wikardi (1977) Sipayung, Chenon dan Sudharto (1989) Sipayung, et al., (1989) Sipayung, et al., (1989) Nurindah and Bindra (1989), Meilin et al. (2000) Nagarkatti and Nagaraja (1977) Meilin et al 2000 12 T'toidea guamensis H. armigera Corn Nurindah and Bindra (1989) 13 T'toidea nana C . sacchariphagus Straminellus C. infuscatellus Tetramoera schistaceana Sugar cane Nagarkatti and Nagaraja (1977) Sugar cane Sugar cane Kalshoven (1981) Kalshoven (1981) DISCUSSION In this survey, five species of trichogrammatids from seven hosts were collected across geographic regions in Java. The parasitization rate varies, from no parasitism at all to medium parasitism. Interestingly, all eggs of Spodoptera spp. were not parasitized by Trichogrammatid even though these occured in the same habitat of parasitized eggs of other species. This indicates that Spodoptera may not serve as a promising host for Trichogrammatid. This was supported by Djuwarso et al., (1997) who identified that under laboratory conditions, S. litura eggs can be 93 Species distribution of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea genus..... parasitized by T’toidea bactrae bactrae (with parasitization level up to 80.3%) however the survival of the parasitoid reared on Spodoptera was very low, i.e. only reached 0.80%. The most common herbivorous insects attacked by trichogrammatids were P. xylostella and S. incertulas, common pests of cabbage and rice paddy. The differences in parasitism rate may reflect various factors, i.e the use of pesticides (which resulted in low parasitism rate), differences in population size of the parasitoids, differences in ability of parasitoids to find and parasitize their hosts, and differences in landscape structure. Complex landscape, whereby various vegetation can be found within a landscape has been found to be correlated with high incidence of parasitism (Buchori et al., 2008, Hunter, 2002, Marino et al., 2006). This finding suggests that for parasitoid conservation, landscape structure that harbors high diversity of vegetation is crucial in maintaining parasitoid presence. From five trichogrammatid species, three species were recorded to attack eggs of P. xylostella. Meilin et al., (2000) reported that Trichogramma flandersi, T’toidea cojuangcoi, T’toidea armigera were three species found to be associated with P. xyllostella in Indonesia. This finding was different with several studies on Trichogrammatid attacking P. xylostella in other countries. In Thailand, species that were found to be associated with this pest are T’toidea bactrae Nagaraja and T. confusum Viggiani, in Japan were T. chilonis Ishii (Keinmessuke et al., 1992; Klemm et al., 1992) and in Philipine were T. evanescens and T’toidea armigera (Alba 1988). In this study, T’toidea cojuangcoi was recorded to parasitize eggs P. xyllostella, however in the Philippines, this species was reported to attack Acrocercops cramerella, a cocoa pod borer and rambutan pest (Alba, 1988). T’toidea armigera was the only species found to attack several host species including P. xylostella, C. binotalis, H. armigera, S. incertulas and E. zinckenella. This species was also found across geographic regions and host plants. Previous studies reported that T’toidea armigera attacks H. armigera on cotton plantations (Nurindah and Bindra, 1989) and tomato (La Daha, 1997), Etiella zinckenella in sugar cane plantations (Nagarkatti and Nagaraja, 1977). An interesting result was that T’toidea armigera survived in eggs of C. pavonana with low level parasitism. This was the first finding reported the association of T’toidea armigera and C. pavonana in Indonesia. These findings suggested that C. pavonana may serve as potential alternative hosts in the field. Further research is needed to evaluate the ability of the species to control C. pavonana in the field. Since C. pavonana has not been controlled using biocontrol agents, it is very important for biocontrol measures against C. pavonana be developed. T. japonicum Ashmead is the only species found to be associated in paddy fields by parasitizing yellow stem borer (S. incertulas). This was confirmed by Nagarkatti and Nagaraja (1977) who reported that T. japonicum was associated with paddy field. Further research supports the results that the species was found to attack S. incertulas in paddy field (Soejitno, 1989; Mahrub, 1993). In the research, T. minutum was reported to parasitize eggs of Pieridae on Kassod tree (Cassia seamea), however some research reported different results, this species attacks Heliothis spp. on tobbaco (Kalshoven, 1981) and Agrius convolvuli on sweet potato and soybean (Shepard and Barrion, 1998). Our results are new findings for Indonesia, i.e T. minutum can be found in perennial trees. CONCLUSIONS Three species of Trichogramma and two species of Trichogrammatoidea were recorded in this survey. T. flandersi and T. japonicum were found to be more host species specific, compared to other trichogrammatids. A new record of Trichogramma was found in Croccidolomia pavonana, a very important pest of cabbage. 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