Maritime identities. The case study of Late Bronze Age Cyprus

Islands in Dialogue (Islandia) www.artemide-edizioni.it ISLANDS IN DIALOGUE (ISLANDIA) Proceedings of the First International Postgraduate Conference in the Prehistory and Protohistory of the Mediterranean Islands Edited by Giulia Albertazzi, Giulia Muti, Alessandra Saggio Table of Contents © Copyright 2021 Editoriale Artemide s.r.l. Via Angelo Bargoni, 8 – 00153 Roma Tel. 06.45493446 – Tel./Fax 06.45441995 [email protected] www.artemide-edizioni.it Direttore editoriale Vincenzo Innocenti Furina Segreteria di redazione Antonella Iolandi 7 No island is alone. A foreword to the dialogues of islands in Mediterranean Prehistory Luca Bombardieri 11 Introduction Giulia Albertazzi, Giulia Muti, Alessandra Saggio Impaginazione Monica Savelli Copertina Lucio Barbazza Section 1. Sailing Off from the Safe Harbour. Maritime Networks and Interconnection in Prehistoric and Protohistoric Mediterranean 22 Pre-Neolithic Navigation in the Mediterranean: a brief assessment of the evidence Michael Templer 34 Maritime identities. The case study of Late Bronze Age Cyprus Mari Yamasaki Finito di stampare nel mesei di gennaio 2021 51 Warriors, sailors and traders across the sea: a study of Mediterranean islands in the 3rd millennium BC and the Bell Beaker culture phenomenon José Miguel Morillo León ISBN 978-88-7575-362-7 68 Archipelago nuraghe. Origin, diffusion and divergence of an architectural model of the Sardinian-Corsican Bronze Age Kewin Peche-Quilichini In copertina Section 2. Face to Face with the Open Sea. Seascapes, Island Environment, and Costal Research 81 Cultural koinae and maritime networks in the 4th millennium Aegean and its adjacent coastland: mapping the distribution of the material culture and the intervisibility of the sites through ArcGIS Panos Tzovaras 102 “The wind fills the belly of the sail”. A reassessment of the so called “Western String” route Angiolo Querci 116 Backs to the sea? Least-cost paths and coastality in the Southern Early Bronze Age IIA Aegean Christopher Nuttall 130 The Gulf of Olbia (Sardinia): bases and development of underwater and costal research Alessia Monticone 148 Radiocarbon evidence for an abrupt cultural change at the transition of the Late Bronze Age – Early Iron Age at the Balearic Islands (Mallorca and Menorca) Guy De Mulder and Mark Van Strydonck 167 Section 3. Dwelling on a (Mediterranean) Island: Identities, Social and Settlement Dynamics of Insular Communities Same sea, different waves? A contextual approach to monumentality in the islands of the Mediterranean from the 4th to the 2nd millennia BC Antonis Vratsalis-Pantelaios 187 Monuments of cooperating communities: Sardinian nuraghi and sanctuaries Ralph Araque Gonzalez 208 Stone, earth and fire. Living on Pantelleria island between 1750 and 1450 BC Florencia Debandi, Alessandra Magrì and Alessandro Peinetti 230 Ways of life during the Nuragic Age: domestic architecture at Palmavera (Alghero, Sardinia). The case study of Hut 42 Marta Pais 252 Nuragic settlement dynamics: the plateau of Teccu (Ogliastra, Sardinia) Cezary Namirski 267 Settlement abandonment in Cyprus in the Middle Cypriot III/Late Cypriot IA transitional period. A preliminary approach Andrea Villani Section 4. No Artefact Is an Island. Exploring Technologies, Production, Circulation, and Imitation of Objects across the Mediterranean 283 The dispersal of Scored/Combed pottery in the Aegean and the East Mediterranean coasts between 5th and 3rd millennia BC. Matters of origin and circulation in a dynamic cultural perspective Paraskevi Vlachou 297 Social impact of Rhodian imitations of Cypriot pottery in Late Bronze Age Jacek Tracz 307 The last Cypriot ware in Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean. Difficulties and possibilities Proto-White-Painted ware can offer for ‘Dark Age’ exchange systems Kevin Spathmann 324 Weaving in Early Bronze Age Sicily: testing and comparing the functionality of potential weaving tools Katarzyna Żebrowska 336 The silver studded sword from Tamassos tomb 12 (Cypro-Archaic II) in the Cypriot Collection of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge – An Iron Age reflection of a Late Bronze Age hero burial? Christian Vonhoff 348 Island Dialogues: an afterword Helen Dawson Introduction Giulia Albertazzi, Giulia Muti, Alessandra Saggio Su un’isola del Mediterraneo si cade preda del più fatale sortilegio del mare, che riesce ad amplificare tutto: una gioia cresce fino all’estasi, un dolore diventa tortura. Dalle isole non ci si allontana, semmai si fugge, oppure non si vorrebbe abbandonarle più 1 Simone Perotti, Atlante delle Isole del Mediterraneo (2017) (Back) to our islands As archaeologists working on islands, we experience first-hand a distinctive sense of place that this type of environment creates. We often mention to colleagues and friends that we need to return to ‘our’ pieces of earth surrounded by the sea when we feel that we have been away for too long a time. The bounded geography of islands can be read as the ‘natural’ reason for islanders or visitors to feel part of a unique environment. At a closer look, though, it is not mainly a matter of geography; rather, it is the particular cultural, environmental and spatial relations between islands and their inhabitants, and the external world that makes insularity such a powerful, fascinating phenomenon (Dawson 2016). With regards to human perception, being on an island may result in different experiences: one can simultaneously feel far away and unreachable but close and reachable, bounded but exposed, safe but in danger, or connected but disconnected. The variety and somehow conflicting nature of these insular perceptions have stimulated the curiosity of travellers and the creativity of artists and writers. Indeed, islands have played diverse roles and have been attributed with a variety of characteristics in ancient to modern Western literature. For Ulysses, the island of Ithaca was ‘home’, a place of memory (Di Benedetto 2010), or for Neruda, the landscape of Isla Negra tore the poet from the flow of reminiscence to reflect on his interior world (Bellini 1966). Islands can be exotic, such as Treasure Island, a perfect scenario for fantastic adventures (Rosati 1996). Islands are also remote, insidious places: the dystopian island society in The Lord of the Flies is an attempt to self-govern by a group of youths, a space for reflection between morality and immorality, and the group and 1 “In a Mediterranean island one falls prey of the fatal spell of the Sea which can amplify everything, so that joy become bliss and a pain become torture. None can leave an island. It is either we flee, or we never want to abandon them again” (English translation by the editors). Introduction 11 the individual (De Palma 2017). Islands can be imaginary: Neverland, an island out of space and time, is the secret refuge for those refusing to grow up (Bedford 2015). Thomas More’s island republic of Utopia expresses the Renaissance vision of a peaceful society regulated by culture (Miller 2014). If literature shows a rich, evocative imaginary around the conceptualisation of islands, this lively understanding seems lost in more formal definitions. For the Cambridge Dictionary (2020), an island is simply “a piece of land surrounded by water”, while the European Union Council (2016, also quoted in Dawson 2019a: 455) identifies islands as marginal territories with specific needs. The physical outlying of islands is thus considered a synonym for periphery, and not just implicitly. Moreover, according to a document issued by the European Union (2016), islands are tourist destinations or economically and environmentally fragile areas exposed to external dangers. As Dawson (2019a: 455) observed, the definition of periphery depends on what we perceive as the centre. It is a phenomenological relativism that translates a geographical feature into socio-economic categories. There are hundreds of islands and islets across the Mediterranean (see Cherry and Leppard 2014: 10 for number and size of Mediterranean islands) with different ‘personalities’. This means that we possibly have hundreds of different perspectives, and, once adopted, each one can become a focus, a centre. Which depiction of the Mediterranean islands corresponds to our understanding of this area as researchers? And where does archaeology stand in an island’s narrative? Living in times when stereotypes and the underestimation of historical, cultural and environmental phenomena are common, archaeology can make a difference in bringing attention to the need to take into account complexity and critical understanding. Our discipline can give a voice back to the unheard, a perspective to the ‘marginalised’. More specifically, with regard to the focus of the conference Islands in Dialogue (ISLANDIA), archaeology can play an essential role in the narration of a crucial region in both the past and present – the Mediterranean – and the construction of its multifaceted identity. in academic debate and among the general public. However, this popular understanding of island archaeology corresponds to one of three main definitions of the discipline recognised by Dawson (2019b, 1) in literature. The remaining two are the possibility to explore different types of adaptations between humans and the environment and the opportunity to investigate contexts showing distinctive characteristics and geography (Dawson 2019b, 1). In this regard, it is worth reporting Cherry and Leppard’s (2014: 16) reflection upon the research topics that we expect to find within the label of ‘island archaeology’: Biogeography, islands as laboratories, modelling initial colonisation, studying faunal extinctions and so on were certainly fascinating and productive avenues of research, but they left many of the lives and identities of prehistoric Mediterranean islanders unexplored and unexplained (Cherry and Leppard 2014: 16). Islands represent a niche field of study; consequently, an archaeological focus on islands has not typically been adopted by world archaeology. In the Pacific and Caribbean, for which it was initially founded, this is a well-established discipline. In contrast, the topic is still a terra incognita (or, better to say, insula incognita) in Atlantic Africa and the Indian Ocean (Dawson 2019b: 6). In the Mediterranean, different definitions of this discipline and lines of research have been explored since the beginning of the 1970s when John Evans adopted and adapted Margaret Mead’s conceptualisation of islands as laboratories or microcosms for the study of cultural phenomena and changes (Mead 1952; Evans 1973; see also Spriggs 2008; Cherry and Leppard 2014: 11; Dawson 2019a). Even though discussed, challenged and redefined, this conceptualisation of island archaeology is still deeply rooted both This is an invitation to explore further beyond traditional research and to reach the very core of the relationship between islands and islanders; namely, living and forging identities. With reference to the Cycladic world, Broodbank (2000: 175–200) has also stressed the importance of reflecting upon identity and the islanders’ perception in constructing identities. As previously noted, the island is a bounded environment of interactions that builds specific, shared cultural traits. However, it must be also noted that the concept of island can go beyond the island itself, and considering, for example, the archipelago or any other geographical unit as islands, regardless of an archaeological focus on being surrounded by the sea or any other bodies of water. Insularity can thus be a more viable concept that ends up crossing the already overcome geographical boundaries to become a social construction (Berg 2010). Most of all, the meaning of insularity itself reverses from being an archaeology of isolation and periphery to becoming an archaeology of centres, namely perspectives for the making of material culture and identity. Broodbank’s conceptualisations of Mediterranean as “constantly in flux as people reorder its fragments” and as a “continuum of discontinuities” (with reference to Levi Strauss) are meaningful in this respect (Broodbank 2013, 20). Being propulsive centres of social and identity construction, of different engagement with and making of the environment, islands generate a paradoxical discontinuity, which essentially contributes to the creation of Mediterranean identity by catalysing, breaking, or changing the flux, and, primarily, by being in the middle of it. For the editors of this volume, the archaeology of Mediterranean islands is not the adoption of a geographical perspective, nor is it the human experience of islands that should be exclusively privileged. Ingold’s concept of ‘living in the world’ (1993) can be beneficial to help us clarify our understanding of islands as archaeological subjects. Underpinning this idea is, in fact, the impossibility of distinguishing humans and non-humans, as they are both interplaying agents in constructing the complex web of relations that we call ‘world’, or ‘reality’ (e.g. Ingold, 1993). Through this concept, insularity can be read as the complex co-interaction between humans and all the elements that in- 12 Introduction “Making the Middle Sea” through its islands Giulia Albertazzi, Giulia Muti, Alessandra Saggio 13 habit the same environment, including the ‘container’ itself (‘being in the island’). Rather than considering islands and islanders as two separate entities, it is possible to conceptualise them as constitutive parts of ‘living in the island’, in which one entails and determines the characteristics of the other. As no one can be defined as an islander without an island, the latter can be perceived in all its complexity and specificity only through the senses, the eyes and the habits of those experiencing it. This mutual ability to condition and define each other determines the respective characters and makes islands and islanders the opposite sides of the same coin. It is, therefore, the co-habitation and co-existence of humans in and with the islands inflected in all its manifestations of deliberate or indeliberate, aware or unaware, planned or spontaneous, engagements that contribute to building, transforming and negotiating identities and cultures. Structure of the volume Given these considerations, the aim of Islands in Dialogue (ISLANDIA) is to holistically explore Mediterranean islands during pre- and protohistory, from the first colonisation to the beginning of the Iron Age. The conference, of which the proceedings are represented by this volume, was not designed to compare archaeological records but to facilitate dialogue among island archaeologists. Notwithstanding theory-and practice-based studies on the topic, it is difficult for researchers working on different Mediterranean islands to engage, especially when the islands are too ‘outside the neighbourhood,’ or the research questions do not explicitly relate to connectivity and maritime networks. The necessity of a more constant and indepth exchange of ideas among specialists lies not as much in the large quantity and vast variety of island communities as it does in the adoption of the perspectives of islands, islanders and their material cultures to explore the emergence of cultures, the construction and expression of identities. Consequently, the goal of the conference was to create a safe space and motivate the participants to go out of ‘their’ island and expand the comfort zone of their research. One other key purpose of ISLANDIA is to give a stronger, louder voice to all aspects of islands that can be investigated archaeologically. We not only wish to remark on the necessity of studying islands – of which all of us are aware – but also integrate and express single views and identities within a broader, multiple yet collective perspective. While it is true that every island constitutes a world of its own with its own specificities, it is equally true that every island is united by ‘being an island’. For us, the Mediterranean islands are a part of the ‘symphony’: they create lines of music, they start or stop at different moments, they may have different paces, but they all contribute to the making of the music of the people and the sea in the middle. Finally, we would like to remark that this ‘experiment’ was addressed to early career researchers because we believe it our duty not just to make progress in research but to take the opportunity to propose new tools that are more suitable to investigate complexity and facilitate the interaction and exchange of ideas. The present volume contains 20 peer-reviewed contributions divided into four thematic sections that reflects the vast varieties of topics discussed in the conference, including mobility and landscape, architecture, manufacture, and circulation of archaeological materials. Section 1, ‘Sailing Off from the Safe Harbour. Maritime Networks and Interconnection in Prehistoric and Protohistoric Mediterranean’ starts the dialogue and hosts papers that analyse inter- and intra-island mobility indicators, connectivity, and the transmission and diffusion of material culture and ideas. In the opening article, ‘Pre-Neolithic navigation in the Mediterranean: a brief assessment of the evidence’, Michael Templer provides an overview on different types of evidence concerning pre-Neolithic navigation in the Mediterranean. In the following contribution, ‘Maritime identities. The case study of Late Bronze Age Cyprus’, Mari Yamasaki investigates the concept of ‘maritime perception’. More specifically, she discusses the indicators that can facilitate a definition of maritime culture and applies her model to the case study of Bronze Age Cyprus. In his contribution, José Miguel Morrillo León (‘Warriors, sailors and traders across the sea: a study of Mediterranean islands in the 3rd millennium BC and the Bell Beaker culture phenomenon’) investigates the Bell Beaker culture phenomenon and the emergence of a wide network of exchange across the Mediterranean basin. Kewin Peche-Quilichini (‘Archipelago nuraghe. Origin, diffusion and divergence of an architectural model of the Sardinian-Corsican Bronze Age’) then examinates the reciprocal influence of architectural models between Sardinia and Corsica. Section 2, ‘Face to Face with the Open Sea. Seascape, Island Environment, and Coastal Research’ collects papers on innovative methods or strategies of investigation applied to landscape studies, cross-analysis of archaeological data and radiocarbon. In the first article of this section, Panos Tzovaras investigates the formation process of networks and spheres of interaction occurred in the 4th millennium Aegean, mapping the distribution of the material culture and analysing the intervisibility of the sites (‘Cultural koinae and maritime networks in the 4th millennium Aegean and its adjacent coastland: mapping the distribution of the material culture and the intervisibility of the sites through ArcGIS’). In the second contribution, ‘The wind fills the belly of the sail. A reassessment of the so called “Western String” route’, Angiolo Querci considers the climate factor in relation to seafaring and seaworthiness and aims to reassess the Aegean ‘Western String Route’. With respect to the the same geographical area, Christopher Nuttall then explores the concept of ‘coastality’ in Early Bronze Age sites (‘Backs to the sea? Least-cost paths and coastality in the Southern Early Bronze Age IIA Aegean’). Moving to Sardinia, Alessia Monticone reviews the available data of previous investigations trying to build a methodological framework suitable to future developments in underwater and coastal archaeological research (‘The Gulf of Olbia (Sardinia): bases and development of underwater and costal research’). In the last paper of the section, ‘Radiocarbon evidence for an abrupt cultural change at the transition of the Late 14 Introduction Islands in Dialogue Giulia Albertazzi, Giulia Muti, Alessandra Saggio 15 Bronze Age – Early Iron Age at the Balearic Islands (Mallorca and Menorca)’, Mark van Strydonck and Guy De Mulder analyse the radiocarbon evidence in relation to the radical cultural changes affecting the Balearic Islands at the transition between the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. ‘Dwelling on a (Mediterranean) Island: Identity, Social and Settlement Dynamics of Insular Communities’ is the third section of the volume (Section 3). This part is dedicated to the analysis of communities and social cooperation in the Bronze Age Crete, Pantelleria, Sardinia, and Cyprus. Six contributions investigate the organisation of island communities, their internal relations and cooperation, and intra-community exchanges. In the first two papers, Antonis Vratsalis-Pantelaios (‘Same sea, different waves? A contextual approach to monumentality in the islands of the Mediterranean from the 4th to the 2nd millennia BC’) and Ralph Araque Gonzalez (‘Monuments of cooperating communities: Sardinian nuraghi and sanctuaries’) explore, from different angles, the meanings of monumental buildings in the Aegean and Sardinia and anlyse the reasons and social implications correlated to their construction. The third contribution of the section, ‘Stone, earth and fire. Living on Pantelleria island between 1750 and 1450 BC’, co-authored by Florencia Debandi, Alessandra Magrì and Alessandro Peinetti, is a thorough investigation of space uses and building techniques in the Bronze Age settlement of Mursìa (Pantelleria). Marta Pais (‘Ways of life during the Nuragic Age: domestic architecture at Palmavera (Alghero, Sardinia). The case study of Hut 42’) examines earthen materials and their correlated stratigraphy from the Nuragic settlement of Palmavera (Sardinia) and discusses the evidence to understand the organisation and function of domestic spaces. In the following article, ‘Nuragic settlement dynamics: the plateau of Teccu (Ogliastra, Sardinia)’, Cezary Namirsky shifts the focus to networks of Nuragic settlements, comparing different sites to investigate the spatial organisation of the Nuragic landscape. The last paper of the section, by Andrea Villani, ‘Settlement abandonment in Cyprus in the Middle Cypriot III/Late Cypriot IA transitional period. A preliminary approach’, scrutinises the archaeological evidence for different practices of site abandonment on Cyprus between the Middle and Late Bronze Age. Section 4, ‘No Artefact Is an Island. Exploring Technologies, Production, Circulation, and Imitation of Objects across the Mediterranean’, is dedicated to explore different aspects of materiality on specific islands or across the Mediterranean. Concerning pottery, Paraskevi Vlachou (‘The dispersal of Scored/Combed pottery in the Aegean and the East Mediterranean coasts between 5th and 3rd millennia BC. Matters of origin and circulation in a dynamic cultural perspective’) investigates issues related to the identification and spread of the Neolithic Scored ware in the Mediterranean, with a focus on the Aegean islands and the East Mediterranean coasts. Jacek Tracz, in the second article (‘Social impact of Rhodian imitations of Cypriot pottery in Late Bronze Age’), reflects upon the imitations of Late Bronze Age Cypriot imported pottery in the Rhodian ateliers, highlighting the social aspects of the phenomenon. Thereafter, Kevin Spathmann (‘The last Cypriot ware in Bronze Age Eastern Mediter- ranean. Difficulties and possibilities Proto-White-Painted ware can offer for ‘Dark Age’ exchange systems’) uses the Cypriot Proto-White Painted ware as a potential lens to scrutinise the flourishing interconnections between the Levantine coast, Anatolia and the Aegean at the edge of a new era, namely the beginning of the Iron Age. Moving away from clay fabrics to explore the woven ones, Katarzyna Żebrowska (‘Weaving in Early Bronze Age Sicily: testing and comparing the functionality of potential weaving tools’) analyses non-canonically shaped tools for weaving on the vertical warp-weighted loom in the Early Bronze Age Sicilian and Aeolian communities by integrating the archaeological data with experimental tests. The contribution presented by Christian Vonhoff, ‘The silver studded sword from Tamassos tomb 12 (Cypro-Archaic II) in the Cypriot Collection of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge – An Iron Age reflection of a Late Bronze Age hero burial?’, concludes the section and the volume and offer an insight on the metallic materials. In particular, the author deals with the silver studded sword from tomb 12 in Tamassos (Cyprus), drawing upon the narrative around the heirloom-character of Iron Age weaponry and the possible perpetuation of social ideas and constructs from the end of the Bronze Age to the Iron Age and beyond. 16 Introduction Giulia Albertazzi, Giulia Muti, Alessandra Saggio Dedication We are very saddened to hear that Dr Christian Vonhoff, one of the contributors to this volume, passed away recently. He was not just a colleague: he was a friend. Always passionate for Cypriot archaeology, he was the gentlest soul to all those who had the pleasure to meet him. We will never forget his great support and constant encouragement to the organisation of the conference and the preparation of the proceedings. He will be immensely missed. This volume is dedicated to him: an amazing archaeologist and exceptional human being. Acknowledgements The editors would like to warmly thank the members of the scientific committee and the peer-reviewers for their essential contribution to the conference and this volume. Their support, enthusiasm, and active participation in this international dialogue was crucial. We particularly express our gratitude to: Dr Marialucia Amadio (Università di Torino), Dr Ina Berg (University of Manchester), Prof Luca Bombardieri (Università di Torino), Prof Manuel Calvo Trias (Universitat de les Illes Balears), Prof Maurizio Cattani (Università di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum), Dr Lindy Crewe (Cyprus American Archaeological Institute), Dr Helen Dawson (Freie Universität Berlin), Prof Anna Depalmas (Università di Sassari), Prof Luca Girella (Università Telematica Internazionale Uninettuno), Prof Giampaolo Graziadio (Università di Pisa), Dr Kewin Peche-Quilichini (Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Inrap Méditerranée), Dr David Reese (Yale University), Prof Elisabetta Starnini (Università di Pisa), 17 Prof Carlo Tozzi (Università di Pisa), Dr Agata Ulanowska (University of Warsaw), Dr Sophia Vakirtzi (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens). We are immensely thankful to the Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università di Torino, directed by Prof Donato Pirovano, and the Department of Classics, Ancient History, Archaeology and Egyptology, University of Manchester for their hosting and supporting our initiative. Our heartfelt thanks also go to our colleagues Andrea Villani, Martina Fissore, and Martina Monaco, for their help with logistics and support in the organisation of the event. Special thanks are also due to the ‘Erimi Community’ for invaluable support. Authors were responsible for English proofreading of their own contributions. However, Harriet Cliffen, to whom we are extremely grateful, provided language corrections to selected parts of this volume. Lastly (but not the least!), we wish to thank all the participants in ISLANDIA: without their presence and collaboration, this would have not been possible. Grazie! Miller, C.H. 2014 Thomas More, Utopia. New Haven/London: Yale University Press. 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