HOMER, ATLANTIC THEORY PART II

Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing ATLAN TIC G EO G R APH Y | O D YSSEU S' FIR ST VO YAG E | OD YSSEU S' SEC O N D VO YAG E THE ATLANTIC THEORY Translation of parts of Homeros Odyssee, De zwerftochten van Odysseus over de Atlantische Oceaan by Gerard.W.J.Janssen, Leeuwarden 2018. Continuation of Atlantic Troy, in academia.edu. Website Homer Odyssey. PART 2: ACHAIANS, PIRACY, SHIPPING, WRITING 1. ACHAIANS Features Achaians The names Argeians (Argeioi), Achaians (Achaioi) and Danaans (Danaoi) are often used indiscriminately for the allied forces, but northern tribes are more commonly referred to as Danaans (Danaoi, Danes, Thanes, Saxons) and the peoples of Central and Southern Europe as Argeians (Argos), while Achaians is the general name for the Allies. The three names all express a "connectedness" since Achai- can be derived from ach (-brother Fen.) and indicates a "brotherhood". Dana- is associated with Gallo-Germanic "teen" (-wicker, strap) and indicates "connected people" and Argei- might have a connection with arca, the secret box with in it the image of the supreme goddess and the cult objects, which were kept in the arx, the castle of the king, as described in Introduction Argos, so that the Argeioi were the burghers or civilians who were organized in brotherhoods or military orders and, together with the king-priest, took care of the cult objects (PA 416). Homeros may provide some information about the type of cult in this excerpt: Heralds were leading a large mass of sacrificial victims dedicated to the gods through the city, as the smooth-shaved Achaians gathered in the dark grove of Apollo the far-shooting Archer. (20,276 ff) These three lines form a striking passage: they stand without an explanatory word as "in the meantime" between two parts of the party at Odysseus' house. Apparently a large Apollo festival is being celebrated throughout the city, with the brotherhoods with smooth-shaved hair, the Achaians, gathering as initiates in a sacred forest. This indicates a Celtiberian cult site, probably with a stone circle, as was coomon in those days. The suitors, though they are also called Achaians, are excluded as uninitiated and locked up in Odysseus' house, where they are killed. According to Wilkens, that is just the essence of the suitors: they don't want or are not able to be initiated because of their bad character or lack of intelligence. For the nature of this party, see Introduction Apollo. 1 Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing Qualifications There are three specific qualifications associated with the Achaians: karé-komóontes, euknémides and helikops. 1. The word karé-komóontes is always translated as "long-haired." However, the word literally means 'having hair on the head', which is a nonsense qualification. The hair is apparently a distinctive sign for the Achaians, the allied forces. According to Cailleux, the correct etymology is with a slight change of the word to keiré-komóontes: "having shaved hair". As soldiers, all Achaians have their hair nothing but short shaved, except for the Abantes (Northern Spain), who grow a braid on the back of their otherwise bold heads (II,539)! The Danaans wore (long?) hair, as can be seen from these lines:: So, after we carried you out of the ranks and back to the ship's camp, we cleaned your beautiful skin with warm water and ointment and then placed it on a bier. The Danaans shed many hot tears around you and cut their locks. (24,44 ff.) From the fact that the Danaans shaved their hair as a sign of mourning, it can be deduced that the Danaans normally grow their hair as opposed to the Achaians. The Danaans apparently formed another brotherhood, although they are part of the Achaian Alliance. The view of Cailleux is confirmed by the discovery of bronze razors on and around the battlefield at the Wash, while in X,173 Homeros also speaks of a "razor" (ksuron), an article that would be unnecessary if the Achaiers wore long hair and/or had beards! The Sea Peoples depicted on a bas relief in the temple of Medinet Habu in Egypt did not wear beards, which is another proof that the Sea Peoples, like the Pelasgians or Achaians, were not Mycenaeans since these warriors are depicted with beards on Mycenaean pottery.1 2. The second qualification euknémides is interpreted in a special way by Cailleux. This word is traditionally translated with "with beautiful shin plates". Shin plates, however, are worn by all soldiers, so this qualification would have little meaning. Cailleux gives the meaning (PA 432): 'à la belle jarretière', comparable to the "knights of the garter". This seems plausible, were it not for the fact that in VII,41 the Achaians appear to possess not only beautiful but also bronze knémides, which is difficult to translate with "bronze knee bands", but perhaps with "bronze knee pads" as a special part of the Achaian shin plates, a sort of attachment. The entire shin plate with knee pad is fixed at the bottom with ankle straps (episfuria).The members of the brotherhood of Achaians can, therefore, be recognized externally by their shaved heads and special knee pads. 3. Another epithet for the West European, Gallo-Germanic Achaians is helikops (Il.1,389), which means "someone with clear or elongated eyes" and forms a contrast to kuklops which means "round-eyed" and refers to the Cyclopes who possibly had negroid features. See Introduction Cyclopes. To get an idea of the extent of such a brotherhood we will look at the following excerpt, in which Nestor and his Achaians make a great sacrifice ceremony in honour of Poseidon on the beach of Pulos : Here on the seashore the residents were sacrificing pitch-black bulls to the dark-tressed Earth-Shaker. There were nine stands, each with five hundred men and each group had nine bulls waiting. (3,5 ff) The city of Pulos, identified as Palos and/or Moguer, is apparently divided into nine boroughs or districts, each of which had its own stand for 500 people. The military and religious order of the Achaians of Palos, therefore, consists of 9 x 500 = 4500 men. If we compare this number with the 2 Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing number of Nestor's ships with which he left for Troy (II,602), namely ninety, about 50 men must have been taken aboard each ship. If we include the loss of men in Troy, the number will be the same as the crew that was on board of Odysseus' ships: about 60. Summary ?Achaians" is a general name for the "allied forces", which consist of various fraternities with a military and religious character. They are characterized by short hair, beautiful bronze kneepads and clear eyes. Note: 1. See also Wilkens p.91-2 and I. Velikovsky, Peoples of the Sea. 3 Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing 2. PIRACY Raids In the Odyssey, there is a frequent mention of pirates and raids. Names of peoples most closely associated with piracy are: Tafians, Thesprotes, Messenians and Fenicians. Raids in enemy territory, robbing the enemies of their wealth, wives and children, was an even more general and accepted phenomenon than piracy. Achaians, such as Achilleus, Ajas and Odysseus, participated in it too with full conviction. The Achaean army robs in the areas around Troy and Odysseus commits himself to it when he attacks the Kikones after leaving Troy, see Introduction Ismaros. The causes of these more or less organized robberies are indicated in the following excerpt. Odysseus tells Eumaios that it is the stomach that causes hunger, caused by poor harvests, overcrowding or unequal distribution. So I can handle quite a bit, since I have endured a lot of suffering in waves and war. Just add this to all that’s gone before. It is the stomach, the ravening hunger you cannot hide if it harasses you, a cursed plague that brings men plenty of trouble and is the reason why ships are equipped with oars to sail across the immeasurable sea harming their enemies." (17,284 ff.) As a result, expeditions by sea are organized that cause wars and misery. The raids around Troy by the Achaians certainly had to do with the supplies for the enormous army, but greed also played a role. Women were taken prisoner, just as Helena was ravished by Paris in Achaian territory before. Similarly, the "sea peoples" started from 1600-1000 BC plundering along the shores of the Mediterranean up to Egypt and the Levant. "Sea Peoples" is a group name that undoubtedly denotes nothing but groups of Achaians, Teucrians, Danaans, Pelasges, Siculians, Sardinians, Trojans, Libyans and others, who are designated in Egyptian inscriptions with names such as Ekwesh, Tjekker, Denyen, Peleset, Shekelesh, Sherden, Teresh etc. Although especially around 1200 BC a huge devastating wave of them seems to have overwhelmed the Mediterranean, "strange peoples of the sea" lived there much earlier since 2000 BC, some of which were employed by the Egyptian empire as defence forces and bodyguards, as reported about the Sherden on the temple walls in Egypt. The immigration waves of Ionians and Aeolians also took place at that time. If the above-mentioned identifications of names can be maintained, it is not unlikely that some names known from Homer have already come along with the previous waves of migration. Perhaps we can identify some Sea Peoples. The Peleset are probably the Pelasgians (Belgium and Northern France), about whom Herodotus (I, 57) says that they were non-Greek people who settled in Greece and gave many places new names; the Shekelesh, often determined as Sicilians, could have been Ramses III defeats the Sea Peoples, appr. 1200 Hebraians or Fenicians from southern Spain, who also had branches in Sicily (the ?shekel" was their BC 4 Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing currency). Ramses indeed speaks of an Israelite people who first landed in Palestine, then went overland with carts, women and children and attacked his land with a part of their army by sea. This invasion was apparently poorly prepared since they were already destroyed at sea by rowboats with archers. The Ekwesh are the (S)ekwesh, the Sequani, the residents at the mouth of the Seine, or otherwise Achaians. The TRS (Teresh), often determined as Turrenans from northern Italy (but the Etruscans had not yet settled there!), could also be Trojans, people from TRS (Troias) in Britain. The Denyen are the Danaans of Homeros. The Libyans are situated by Wilkens in the South of France, but by myself on the south coast of the Baltic Sea, see Introduction Fenicians. In any case, they are not the neighbours of Egypt since in Egypt ancient Libya itself is referred to as Tenehu. The Tsjekker are identified as the Teucri of Troy and thus come from England as well as the Lukka, who came from Lukia (Lycia), which Wilkens has identified as the Cumbria (Lake District) area.1 The Wesjesh might be (úargeians or úachaians) All Homeric "heroes" who committed robberies did so from a tradition that had existed for centuries. For example, Nestor is proud to announce in Il.9,671 ff that he had organised a raid in Elis, his neighbours, and how he took 50 herds of cows, the same number of sheep, pigs and goats plus 150 mares with loads of foals with him. In 8.4, Odysseus gets the exalted name "city exterminator", an epithet that refers to the "raids" that he had undertaken with Achilleus against many cities in the Trojan land. In the following excerpt, Athens indicates to Odysseus that with her help, stealing sheep and goats is not a problem whatsoever, even in the face of force majeure of soldiers. Suppose fifty divisions of intelligent soldiers surround us two, all eager and willing to kill us in battle, then you would still drive off their cows and fat sheep! (20,47 ff) With that, the goddess seems to agree with "raids". But they have to be justified according to these lines: Yet the blessed gods do not approve of such wanton acts. No, they honour decency and justice among people. So, as for barbaric and aggressive men who organize raids in someone else's territory and head for home with their ships filled with loot given by Zeus - these people often have a strong fear of punishment and retribution too. (14.83 ff) Here we find some moralizing statements, in which Eumaios indirectly criticizes Odysseus' first phase of life, in which he held raids abroad as a freebooter. See, for example, the passage in the second fictional story, in which Odysseus states that he already had nine raids to his name before he left for Troy. So, this old lifestyle of Odysseus is described by Eumaios as "barbaric and aggressive". Odysseus had experienced that the gods did not like this behaviour since he lost all his ships and mates while he himself was shipwrecked twice because of the anger of Zeus and Poseidon. By the way, Odysseus has not got this ravishing behaviour from a stranger. In Il.10,267 the grandfather of Odysseus, Autolukos, is described as a thief and in 19,394 as a master of deceit and deception. Hermes would be responsible for this thieving behaviour, see Introduction Hermes (H.O)! Odysseus, however, states in 18,130 ff that after all his wanderings his self-knowledge had grown, because he points out to Amfinomos the weakness of humanity. The moral of his argument is that people never think about the future but simply accept everything that happens to them. They just live by it, commit crimes and don't think about the consequences. Odysseus then points to his own "first phase of life" of looter and pirate and to his current pitiful condition as "beggar". 5 Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing Piracy While the aforementioned "raids" can be considered as a form of public warfare, piracy is more a matter of individual ships or groups of ships. The object is monetary gain in which slave-trade plays an important role. Eurumachos' words to Telemachos in 1.403 indicate that the possibility of robberies should always be taken into account. For example, the swine keeper Eumaios had been kidnapped by Fenician traders as a young boy and sold to Laërtes. The bitterness of Eumaios about the barbarity of people committing robberies can, therefore, be explained (15,403 ff.). Also, the old nurse Eurukleia, of whom Homeros gives a small pedigree in 1,429, seems to have been kidnapped by a pirate from a distinguished house in her younger years and to have been purchased by Laërtes for a value of twenty cows. Who are these pirates? -The first group that we meet several times in Homeros are the Tafians. They are described by Homeros as metal and slave traders (Od.14), pirates (Od.15 and 16) and good seafarers. Tafos and the Tafians have been identified by Wilkens (p.213) as Celts on the west coast of Morocco, where some toponyms begin with Taf, such as Tafraoute, Cape Tafelney near Tafedna with their iron deposits. According to Cailleux, Taf is associated with ?tof" (-drum), with which they predicted the future. The Tafian king Mentes indeed makes a prediction in 1,202, although he says he does not know much about predictions and bird signs. Cailleux therefore makes a connection with gypsies and places the Tafians at the mouth of the Baetis (Quadalquivir), where they would still gather for certain rituals. However, this identification seems untenable since Athenians lived at the mouth of the Baetis , as indicated in Introduction Athens. Unfortunately, we have no more data except that in 1,258 it is told that Odysseus had once visited the king of the Tafians and father of Mentes, asking for poison for his arrows. Since Ilos van Efura (= Evora, Portugal), whom Odysseus first asked for poison, did not give it to him, he moved further on to the Tafians, where the father of Mentes was more obliging. The Celtic west coast of Morocco is certainly further than Evora, so that Wilkens' identification could be correct. -A second people that regularly pops up in the case of piracy is that of the Thesprotians, by whom Odysseus himself was even almost sold as a slave according to the following excerpt: Before that time, however, he sent me off since a Thesprotian vessel was setting out for corn-rich Doulichion. He instructed the crew to treat me with kindness and take me to King Akastos. However, they had bad intentions for me so that more suffering would be added to all my misery! So, when the sea-splitting ship was far from land, they quickly implemented their plan to enslave me. First, they stripped me of my clothes, my coat and chiton. Then they put on me another, dirty ragged coat plus the tattered chiton you can see with your own eyes now. (14,334 ff) He tells Eumaios extensively in his second fictional story how he managed to escape from them. According to the data from this story, Thesprotia must lie somewhere between Ithaka, Doulichion (South of Spain) and Kreta (Scandinavia). Wilkens (p.242) places the Thesprotians in SW France near Cahors on the river Lot, but gives hardly any arguments for this. Unfortunately, further details are missing. The land must be at the sea coast because a ship is already equipped to transport Odysseus if he were to return from Dodona where he supposedly went to consult an oracle. Wilkens places Dodona in Northern Germany, near Dodendorf.2 In that case, it is quite imaginable that Odysseus after his so-called shipwreck was washed ashore somewhere in the Netherlands or Northern Germany on the Elbe or the Dollard, for example, and that we have to look there for the Thesprotians where the 6 Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing Salzgitter and Odenwald iron mines are in the hinterland. Below Hamburg is a small town called Sprötze, which might be a reminder of Thesprotia (De-sprötze), and in Hamburg itself we find Sprützmoor, Sprützwiese, Sprützkamp. Possibly 17,526 is a confirmation of this identification, in which Eumaios tells Penelope the "beggar" claimed to have heard that Odysseus was in the neighbourhood of Kreta (= Danmark, Scandinavia) in the fertile land of the Thesprotians. - A third pirate name is that of the Messenians, mentioned in the Introduction Messene. If the identification with Messe in Mauritania is correct, it means that Messe pirates from Morocco had organised a 'raid' with several ships to Ithaca (Cadiz, Jerez) where they had stolen three hundred sheep and goats. In order to get a reparation of damage, Odysseus had to undertake a "long journey" from Cadiz to Messe (780 km). - A fourth name is that of the Fenicians, the famous seafarers who were sometimes guilty of kidnapping too, see Eumaios' story in 15,403 ff. The Fenicians, certainly in later centuries, were extensively involved in the legal slave trade of prisoners of war, debtors, criminals etc.3 For all these groups, their pirate activities were not state activities, but individual crew actions. After all, Mentes, leader of the Tafians, claimed to be a guest friend of Odysseus, while Odysseus himself would have been received with all due respect by the king of Thesprotia. The Fenicians were more known for their nautical science and trade than for piracy. Pirates, however, were a danger that had to be taken into account. But see, even pirates are sometimes welcomed! In 3.73 Nestor welcomes Telemachos and Mentor hospitably and only then asks who they are, while explicitly keeping open the possibility that they could be pirates! Notes: 1. See also Wilkens p.414.420 and Dictys Cretensis p.250 ff. and II, 16-18. 2. Wilkens p.375 ff. p.400. 3. Rawlinson p.162. 7 Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing 3.SHIPPING AND NAVIGATION Sails, mast and rigging Then Telemachos shouted to his crew ordering to lay hold of the tackle; they obediently carried out his assignments, raising the pine mast into the hollow mast box. They secured it, then fastened it to the deck with forestays. They hoisted the white sails with skillfully plaited ox-hide ropes. (2,425 ff) Long-rigged flat bottom with swords and forstay, length 15 m, TX 33 Poolster (Makkum) The data from this fragment show that the mast cannot be too long, because it must be on board the ship, so that the length is approximately 10-12 meters. It is best to set up such a mast with a wedge-like construction of two beams on the coach roof and with a forestay as a halyard. The mast then rotates around a pierced bolt and can then sink into the mast box and be secured. What is striking is that there is only talk about forestays (protonoi -pretensioners) and not about back or sidestays. This means that the mast stands free in a mast tube, that mast tube and mast must have a slight backward slope and that the mast is pulled tightly forward by the forestays. This is proved by 12,407 ff, where it is stated that both forestays broke and that as a result the mast fell backwards into the hold. In 12,432 an epitonos is mentioned, which after the shipwreck was still attached to the mast. This is probably the halyard of the yard or the mainsail, with which the yard or mainsail could be furled in its entirety along the mast and which was placed on a cleat on the mast. The use of a forestay makes it possible to use a foresail, that can be used for upwind courses and perhaps a jib on a second forestay for headings up to beam reach (see fig. TX 33, which has a mast of 15 m, one forestay and no side and backstays). The poet also constantly speaks of sails in the plural, the importance of which is not understood by the commentators I know! The images of ships on classic Greek vases with one yard sail also determine the image of the Homeric sea-going vessels, although more than 600 years have passed since and the setting of the Odyssey is not Greek either! Nobody notices what the poet really writes about it. Homeros nowhere indicates that ships are cross-rigged, although that is quite possible. Only one yard sail or 8 Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing mainsail fits on a mast of 10-12 meters. The other sail (or sails) must, therefore, be attached to the forestays. With foresail and mainsail, the Homeric ships look more like Dutch flat-bottomed boats such as "blazers", botters, tjalks and skûts than the Greek ships of the vases (see fig. TX 33). Assuming that ships before 1800 AD weren't able to sail upwind is an absurd dogma due to a lack of sailing knowledge and experience. Even ships with one sail can sail well upwind, for example an Optimist or an Olympic gig! Of course, Homeric ships were not modern yachts, even though Homeros speaks of particularly fast Faiakan ships and Odysseus' ships are called "fast" too. The angle that one could make with the larger cargo ships in one upwind stroke is around 120 degrees, but with the faster yachts, smaller angles were undoubtedly possible. A big problem is the drift, which can be absorbed by leeboards like traditional Dutch ships use. That is, in my opinion, also referred to by Homeros with the term "purple (or red) cheeks" (4,324 and 11,124). This term is an important indication of the appearance of the Homeric or Fenician ships. These leeboards, which must combat drift on flat-bottomed boats, were an indispensable part of seagoing vessels and were so important that the Fenicians used their expensive purple dye for it! Ezekiel 27 might also refer to these leeboards when he states the decks of the Turos ships were painted purple. Painting a deck purple is a rare waste of the expensive dye, while the "cheeks" have a smaller surface which reduces the costs. Like many commentators, Wilkens (p.196) also gives an incorrect interpretation of the manoeuvring possibilities of a Homeric ship: "The big white sails were fixed on traverse beams, which meant that the ship could not tack easily into the wind, as became possible after the invention of the triangular mizzen. To reach a chosen destination it was, therefore, necessary to wait for a wind blowing within 45 degrees of the stern or else to row." As shown above, there was only one sail attached to the yard and the other sail(s) to the forestay. It is just with clevis sails that tacking in strong winds is a problem. Apparently, Wilkens does not know that ships with a yardsail can simply gybe with dead run and can, therefore, be manoeuvred easily if there is sufficient space available. Furthermore, the presence of "purple cheeks", or leeboards, enabled the ships to run a reasonable upwind course. Under sail, these wide flat-bottomed sails made little heel upwind and certainly with beam reach wind, so that activities were still possible on board. The sails are hoisted and furled on the yard beam (with cross-rigged vessels) or tied against the mast (with endlong-rigged vessels), see 3.11. The advantage of this method of furling is that there are no sails on the deck that can hinder rowing or loading and unloading. Concerning the material of the sails, the lines 7.99 ff., quoted in Introduction Scheria, give a clue. A row of female slaves is diligently engaged in the production of oilcloth needed for sailing. Tightly woven linen was used to make a solid canvas, which apparently was covered with oil for a longer lifespan: 'Creamy oil dripped down from the tightly woven fine linen'. Sailing suits will also be made of that type of cloth. The men sail, the women take care of the ship's textile. The sails (pl.!) Odysseus uses for his raft when he leaves the Azores are definitely not these high-quality, oiled linen sails. From what material did he make sails on this uninhabited island? In Introduction Ogugia we have mentioned that Odysseus possibly removes the shrouds (farea) from the mummies that were placed there in caves, preserved as they were with amber and tar, and makes tarpaulin from them! The tarring of sails is still in use as a traditional method of preserving linen and cotton sails (see fig. TX33). Size and speed of the ships The size of the Homeric ships can be derived from text fragments that describe the number of people on board. For example, it says in 10,208 that Odysseus divides his remaining men on the island of Kirke in two. Half of the group consists of twenty-two men plus a leader. This is important information for the numbers on board Odysseus' ships. The group of remaining companions now consists of 22 + 22 = 44, 9 Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing plus 15 dead and the two leaders themselves = a total of 61 men. In 1,279, Athena tells Telemachos to select a ship, the best ship there is, that is, a fast yacht with only twenty rowers on board. If Telemachos' ship has eight rowers on each board (four men as substitutes), that means a ship of at least 15 meters in length. This ship appears to be able to sail pretty well close-hauled, but is nevertheless so spacious that horses can also be taken on board (4,635). Compare this to Odysseus' ships with more than 60 people on board, which must have the size of a small clipper. In the Ships List (Ilias 2,510) we read that some ships had even 120 people on board, plus animals, horses, tents, weapens etc, which means they had the size of an 18th-century ocean-going vessel, like the Dutch Batavia! Flat bottom ships can achieve impressive speeds with side or astern winds, whereby an average of 5-9 knots is normal. These speeds can also be used as a standard for the calculation of distances or travel duration mentioned by Homeros. For example, the route from Cadiz to Palos is quickly covered by Telemachos. It takes him one night and morning or about 8 hours, which amounts to a speed of 6 - 7 knots, an achievable speed for a fast yacht with an almost close-reach wind. The distance that Odysseus travels in 17 days from the island of Kalupso (Azores) to the east can also be calculated in this way. Suppose he had a fast ship, the shortest distance to Ithaca (Cadi) would be around 17 (days) x 24 (hours) x 5 kn = 2160 M. However, since he sails on a slow raft, the average is more likely to be 2 to 3 knots, making the distance 864 - 1000 M (=1590 - 2000 km). Both Ithaca (=Jerez, Cadiz: 1750 km) and the Faiakan Isle of Lanzarote (1400 km), where he eventually ends up, are located in that range. The superfast ships of the Faiakans, which have been mentioned in the Introduction Scheria, deserve special mention. In 13.81 ff, Homeros describes how the brand new Faiakan ship with Odysseus onboard sails away. It is like a four-in-hand stallion that darts away over the race track. The 52 rowers must provide great propulsion; compare the twenty rowers of the fast ship of Telemachos with this ship. The bow rises and the ship leaves behind a mighty wave of swirling wake. It behaves like a Formula 1 racing boat, which in 1100 BC Homeros apparently could already imagine vividly! From 13.18 it appears that the bronze objects and all the gifts Odysseus received have been stowed away under the benches. This means the Faiakan ship has neither hold nor deck but is built like a super-fast rowing machine. Line 86 states the ship is faster than the fastest falcon; it is even faster than the mind (7.36), so fast that no berths are needed on board! The distance Scheria-Ithaka (Lanzarote - Cadiz: 1075 km) is covered in one night, which means a speed of more than 100 km per hour! When they land Odysseus at Ithaka (Cadiz), the ship jumps a little further on land due to the enormous speed. They are magical, modern, computer-controlled ships with an internal memory that allows them to bypass all the cliffs at sea! They have a self-steering device and scan the thoughts of the crew. Sea charts of all destinations and seaports appear to be stored in the memory of the skippers and in that of the ships themselves (8,555 ff). Apart from the magic, we can conclude from this description that the Faiakans had collected a large mass of data about seaports and routes that were stored in the memory of the captain and the crew. The comparison of the Faiakan ship with a four-horse stallion is an indication that we are dealing here with Fenician ships that were considered as the horse-drawn carriages of the sea. For Fenician ships, see Introduction Fenicia and Faiakans. Beacons, slipways, navigation The economic importance of shipping can hardly be overestimated, since mining, war industry, import and export of ivory, slaves, agricultural and livestock products, amber and down, and thus wealth and prosperity, were all depending on sea connections. For safety at sea and around ports, provisions had already been invented in the distant past such as piers, beacons, lighthouses, navigation instruction and slipways. The Odyssey provides some insight into these provisions in several instances. For example, a "road" (keleuthos) is mentioned in 2,434. Nocturnal voyaging along the south coast of Spain was facilitated by fire beacons, atalaya, built at regular distances, so that you can speak of a signposted 10 Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing path at sea, a ?road". Odysseus saw the same beacons when he sailed home with his ships from Aiolos and was almost home (10.30): "men lighting a beacon on sighting a strange ship" (Stanford I, 367). In the Iliad, these beacons are spoken of in a comparison: "... just like when far at sea, seafarers perceive the light of a fire burning high on the mountains on a isolated installation...." However, the term "sea road" may only be a poetic description of the course to be sailed at sea. In 10,141 Odysseus arrives at the island of Kirke (Schouwen): "Here we put our ship ashore at a headland in a bay with a slipway." The headland or cape where they landed the ship could be one of the wooden "capes" that were put down in the dunes to guide the ships.1 The bay with slipway is a harbour where the ships could be caulked (naulochos limén). Cailleux identifies this place with Brouwershaven on Schouwen, Zeeland, which can be connected with brouwen-breeuwen (-caulking). For the port installations and cranes the episode of Skulla and Charubdis gives some insight, see Introduction Skulla. All Atlantic authors except De Grave and Vinci situate Skulla on the south coast of England, namely on St. Michael's Mount in Mount's Bay. Cailleux was the first to suggest Skulla being six cranes, the 12 legs of which are invisible and the necks and heads of which could be stuck out to load and unload ships. Her mother Krataia is the driving mechanism of the cranes, a winch that works on springs. The squeaking and barking of Skulla is the squeaking of the drive wheels and springs. The Odyssey also partly serves as a skippers memory aid for navigation and the courses at sea. Consider, for example, the important constellations Odysseus must keep in mind when he leaves Kalupso to sail home (from Azores to Cadiz, Jerez). These constellations were also depicted on the shield of Achilleus, such as Ursus, Pleiades, Orion. The hemeroscope of Denia on top of which celestial phenomena were studied is already mentioned in Introduction Achilleus, but there were undoubtedly more of these astronomical centres in the Atlantic world. Homeros describes some ports of call with fairly high accuracy, eg in 9,116 where he describes the small island off the coast of the Cyclopes land, with the intention of pointing the sailors to this good resting place before the large crossing to the Caribbean. Homeros acts as a maritime "pilot" by giving clues about the weather, the location of a bay, the presence of water sources and food (in this case: goats) and the way to sail in. Unfortunately, the "route book" of the Odyssey is not so detailed that we can copy all destinations onto a map without any problem. Usually, the ships are pulled ashore and, at fixed berths, put in pits dug in advance. Possibly this is referred to in 4,438 ff., the episode of Proteus and the seals, discussed in the Introduction Egypt and Faros. Odysseus and his men are laid by Eidotheia at St-Vaast or at Tatihou in pits she had dug and the stinking seals lie neatly in a row next to them. Possibly this indicates that this is the place where the Fokaians pulled their ships ashore putting them in pits next to each other. According to Wilkens, the landing of ships is facilitated by the fact that they are amphielissai, "curved on both sides," like the later Viking ships. It is not indicated, however, that these heavy vessels could 'sail in both directions' since the mast is positioned in front of the centre, the swords point only one way and the rudder cannot simply be moved. The sailors could, of course, row a short distance backwards. Another interpretation of the word amfielissa is "able to rotate to both boards", which is an indispensable feature for a seaworthy ship: it must be able to withstand the longitudinal and transverse swell without water flowing in. A translation with "seaworthy" would well represent the connotations of this word. Wilkens points out that the seafarers used a type of sextant, the Jacobs Ladder, to determine the latitude. Calculating the longitude was more difficult. Through continuous measurements of the speed with knots on a rope and the estimation of the distances travelled, it is also possible to know the longitude approximately. Wilkens (p.198) quotes Hapgood, who had studied the oldest sea charts: 11 Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing ".... but the evident knowledge of longitude implies a people unknown to us, a nation of seafarers, with instruments for finding longitude undreamed of by the Greeks, and so far as we know, not possessed by the Phoenicians either."2 One of the possible instruments is a properly functioning clock (water clock or hourglasses) with which one could measure the differences in time zones based on the time of the rising and setting of the sun, which combined with knowledge about the circumference of the earth the druids already possessed can produce a reasonably accurate position. Cailleux believes (PA 373) the old Gallo-Germanic seafarers already had a kind of compass needle, a bitacora (named after Pythagoras). Since time immemorial, the Chinese had known a compass, a magic magnet they had received from the Royal Scythians, on which the name of the capital of Menelaos' empire Lakonia was written: Lachos (Lagos), which shows the Gallo-Germanic or Fenician origin.3 Unfortunately, after the destruction of Carthage and the genocide on the druids by the Romans, most navigation knowledge has disappeared and only rediscovered in Columbus' times. Resume The Homeric ships are seaworthy, flat-bottomed boats with one movable mast, swords and several sails, which can sail fast with an average of 5-9 knots. The size of the ships varies from around 15 to 30 meters to accommodate a crew of 20 to 120 people. Shipping was very well developed during the Bronze Age with safety provisions such as beacons and lights, ports, berths, navigation instruments and maritime education. Notes 1. J.L.Braber / De Vrieze Schouwens Westhoek, Zierikzee 1971, p.103, 153,156. Of course, the "beacons" mentioned here are modern (1700-1950) variants, but given the continuity of shipping, it is not unacceptable to consider such beacons already present at an early stage. 2. C.H. Hapgood, Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings, London, 1979 p.49. 3. Bouillet Dict. de l'antiquité, tome I s.v. Lachus. 12 Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing 4. WRITING Writing at the time of Homeros1 We have placed the origins of the epic legends in Western Europe and more specifically in Iberia, see Introduction Thebes and Homeros (H.O.). Could one already write in the Bronze Age? Yes, Homeros explicitly states in two passages that writing was known in the Bronze Age. People used notes to send messages (angeliai) (13,381) and wrote on double boards (VI, 169). The last episode follows beneath. The wife of Proitos, the handsome Anteia, fell madly in love with Bellerofontes and wanted a secret love affair with him but could not seduce him at the time, because the proud Bellerofontes was too wise. Then she told King Proitos the following lie: "Proitos, as far as I am concerned die! Or else kill Bellerofontes, who wanted to have sex with me, while I was not willing to do that." So she spoke. The king was furious for what he had heard. However, he did not want to kill him, because his conscience prevented that, but he sent him to Lukia with a painful letter. He wrote many deadly signs on a folded board and ordered him to show these to his father-in-law, that he might be slain. If writing was known, one could also write an epic story, for example on linden bark as the oldest writing material or on papyrus, and the imperative need for an oral tradition of the Homeros texts, as we are constantly told by the manuals, also lapses. Since the Homeros texts have an Atlantic setting, "we can assume that these signs resembled one of the prehistoric scripts of western Europe, although we do not know which one. There was a variety of alphabets such as the well-known Rune and the lesser-known Ogam scripts or else the Phoenician alphabet (also known as the Pelasgian alphabet) or possibly the very old Norwegian Tifinag alphabet found in North America." (Wilkens p.57). Even Greek letters are possible since according to Caesar the druids used the Greek alphabet and in the distant past Greek was undoubtedly spoken in many more places in Europe as "lingua franca" in ports and by many more tribes than today. Later, this language has sunk into a pocket of Europe, just like Gaelic, Basque, Frisian and other minority languages.2 Before the time of Homer, Fenician was probably more common than Greek as a trading language. Numerous Fenician, Greek and Roman inscriptions have been found in Spain, but this applies to more areas along the Mediterranean. What is special about Spain, however, is that there are many old inscriptions in other scripts, some of which have not yet been deciphered. They sometimes approach the Fenician alphabet and sometimes are referred to as Celtiberian. Several Fenician inscriptions have also been discovered in the Azores. In the northeast of San Miguel is a large, wide cave, where in the past stélai have been found with Fenician inscriptions:3 MUTSAL, SARAHAL TALBIZ. See Introduction to Religion (H.O.) for detailed discussions. The script used clearly reflects the relationship between the Azores and the Fenicians. In 2015, an article was published by N.Ribeiro and A. Joaquinito, et al., entitled Proto-historic and Historical Atlantic Navigation: Unpublished Archaeological Sites in Azores and Archaeoastronomical Orientation of some Monuments. The writers come to the cautious conclusion that there is increasing evidence that there have been connections between Europe and the Azores in ancient times and that the skippers used astronomical knowledge for their journeys. They also found a stone with inscriptions in an unknown Indo-European language on Terceira. Rock inscriptions have been found at the headwaters of the Paraguay River, which Barry Fell has translated and identified as Iberian. One of these inscriptions represents a reminder of a visit from sailors from Cadiz and is dated between 500 and 300 BC.4 It is certain, however, that people, even in classical antiquity, hardly ever remembered that this archipelago, let alone America, was visited by 13 Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing sailors. This lack of knowledge may be explained by the assumption that the seafarers kept the Atlantic routes for themselves for competitive reasons. For Ogam and Tifinagschrift see Wilkens p.377-384 and Cailleux (PA 384), who states that the old Ogham script accompanied Celtic emigration waves, ended up in the Middle East and developed into cuneiform script there. Inventors of writing If writing had been invented long before Homer's time, how can it be said that the Romans learned the writing from Evander of Arkadia and the Greeks from Kadmos? These names must then be associated with the Atlantic world in some way. Kadmos has already been extensively discussed in the Introduction Thebes, in which we concluded that the legend of Kadmos is nothing more than a Fenician portrayal of the course of the eastward (kedem) river Turia in Spain and that the invention of writing has been ascribed to this legendary Iberian figure. If Kadmos had come from the Levant, he would have taken along the cuneiform script, which in no way resembles an alphabet. All stories told about Evander also refer to Iberia and especially to the region around Cadiz and the Tagus. Livius (I, 7) reports that Evander introduced the script to Italy and also introduced the cult of Hercules, who would have come to Italy after he had killed the giant Geryon, that is, after coming from Iberia; see Introduction Heracles (H.O.). The cult and also the man who introduced him are therefore from Iberia and not from Greece. Tacitus (Ann.11,14) states: At in Italia Etrusci ab Corinthio Demarato and * Aborigenas ab Arcade Evandro (litteras) didicisse, which in view of the above should mean: "In Italy, the Etruscans have learned the script from the Corinthian Demaratos and the residents of Iberia have learned the script from the Arkadian Evander'5 . In that case, Arkadia must also be found in Iberia. Indeed, there is a mountain in Iberia where the mighty rivers of the Tagus, the Car and the Turia originate, the Arcabriga, where the city of Arcas now lies. The names Tagus and Evander are interconnected because in Arcadia Homeros calls an area "Tegea" (Il.2,605) and a region "Parrasia" which can be identified with Al Barracin at the sources of the Tagus. The Romans called the mother of Evander "Tegaea". The city of Talavera on the Tagus used to be called Evandria and the province of Carpetania where this city is located is more or less indicated by Ovidius in these lines (Fasti 619 ff.): Nam prius Ausonias matres carpenta vehebant; Haec quoque ab Evandri dicta parente reor. (In the past, women in Ausonia/Italy were transported by wooden carts; I think that was also set by Evander's mother) Neither Evander nor his mother have of course anything to do with carpenta (carts) since all the car types were from Gaul and not from Arkadia or the east. No, Ovid must have misinterpreted the name Carpetania of the province with its city Evandria on the Tagus as "Car Country". The capital on the Tagus river, however, is Toledo and it seems that together with Evander all kinds of memories of Toledo have been transferred to Rome. Toledo had seven hills and Rome was called Septimontium6 . One of these hills was Perta Bisagra, Toledo 14 Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing steep, from which convicts were thrown down: the current Mirador del Paseo del Tránsito. The name was once called the Tarpeian Rock because of a synagogue that stood nearby and was called in ancient Spanish Tarbea (= large hall)7 . Such a Tarpeian Rock also exists in Rome near the Forun Romanum. In Toledo there was a street called Visagra or Via Sacra as in Rome, also called Via Scelerata, because of the crime that Tullia committed there by driving over her father. The name Visagra can still be found in the large city gate of Toledo, the Puerta Bisagra. The fact that Evander would have introduced the Hercules cult also refers to Toledo of which this hero is the patron, as the following inscription indicates: HERCULI PATRONO ENDOVAL.TOL. (to Hercules the Guardian, Enduval, Toledo8 ) When Aeneas arrived in Rome, Evander told him that there was a cave where a fire-breathing giant named Cacus used to live, who was the terror of the neighbourhood (cf. Aeneis VIII). Hercules strangled the monster and freed the land from this plague. However, this cave should not be found in Italy but in Spain. It is the Cueva de Ercole in Toledo, accessible from the church of San Ginesio, with a length of a few kilometres, a corridor system that, according to some, runs through the city and below the Tagus and offered an escape route in the event of a siege, but according to others was once part of a large sewer system.9 Cacus is the Toledan Caco, a ghost figure who is carried through the streets as an enormous giant during processions10 . There are various stories about the Cueva de Ercole. According to José Amado de los Rios11 , the cave was closed for centuries. When Rodrigo opened it he found a coffin with a text that would have been engraved by Hercules himself and announced disasters for Spain should the coffin be opened. The Moors then invaded Spain! In Rome the following legend is told that contains almost all elements of the above-mentioned Spanish story: "A farmer who had dug a deep groove saw a man come out, calling himself the son of Genius by the name of Tages. He wrote down magic signs in a book, which formed the basis for the art of predicting by the augures; in view of the depth of the groove from which the man came, Cicero said his books were called "Acherontic Books"12 . The deep groove and the Acheron refer to the Underworld of the Cueva de Ercole, Genius to the S. Ginesio, Tages to the Tagus and the book with the magic signs to the coffin with the predictive text. One could conclude from this that the characters were originally used for magical and mantic purposes, for which zeros and ones (circles and dashes) were used in all sorts of combinations, which ultimately were transformed into an alphabet. If we take all the data into account, the conclusion seems to be that the Latin alphabet comes from the banks of the Tagus via Evander and that the Greek alphabet, attributed to Kadmos of Tur, also came from Iberia, namely from the east side where Fenicians and Greeks lived around the Turia (= Tur). The same areas that gave the Mediterranean people the Homeric epics also provided them with the means to record traditions and legends in writing. Settlers of Iberia have fanned out all over the Mediterranean and settled in Sicily, Greece and the Levant, among others. Homeros may have written down his poetry in Fenician, Celtiberian or possibly in Greek script. This text was copied and memorized and was transferred to Greece via the Greek world of Marseilles, southern Italy and Sicily, where it may have been translated into Greek. In Greece, the text has been saved and copied by the so-called Homerids. Around 800 Lycurgus, legislator of Sparta, allegedly collected the texts.13 Writing materials (PH 252 ff.) The oldest materials used for writing are a. Boards and tablets (pinax) b. Linen fabric, the lintei libri of the Sibyline books c. Bast, bark of trees and plants14. 15 Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing The oldest tablets are slate, found in tombs in South Gaul with drawings of mammoths and reindeer. These slate tablets have been maintained well into the 20th century in the form of slate boards (Romans) and waxed slate and pencil. The linen fabric, which was soaked, felted, crushed and pressed, later developed into our rag paper. Bark (cortex Lat.) was used very early. This was called charta in Greek. The earliest books contained cabalistic signs, meant for the mysteries and mantic. They were referred to as papiré, which means "holy bark" in Fenician. They were the holy books: sacra biblia. The word "paper" therefore comes from the Fenician language area and it is the western languages area in which the word "paper" is used most frequently, because Greeks and Romans used the word "charta". Papyrus and paper therefore seem to belong to the Gallo-Germanic and Iberian world. When the bark of the papyrus plant was preferred to other types of bark, this reed was planted and used Oldest papyrus, 2500 BC, Egyptian Museum Caïro everywhere. We know of seven types of papyrus from Isidorus of Seville. The Egyptians also used papyrus. The oldest rolls of hieroglyphics, which were dug out in the desert in 2013, are from around 2500 BC, see fig. above. The Egyptian term for papyrus, however, is berdt, which again indicates a Gallo-Germanic origin. The word can be traced to 'bord, brett', that is to say, a writing board or tablet on which the bards recorded their poems.15 This Gallo-Germanic background is confirmed by the synonyms of "berdt": pinax, ripia, lath and ais: -The Homeric pinax (root: pinac-) for "writing tablet" (Il.6,169) is probably called that, because before Homeros, Punic (punica =Fenician) letters were written on it. -Ripia (Sp.) is the root of the word ?rapsooidos" (ripias-aooidos, lit .: "tablets-singer"). -The Breton lath also means 'slat' (-Du. lat), from which the word ?Latin" is derived. -Ais (Gallic for 'board') is associated with ash and refers to the famous ash tablets on which the druids of the north wrote their rune texts.16 The poet Fortunatus (ca. 600 AD) describes it this way (VI, carmen 18) ): Barbara Fraxineis Pingatur Runa Tabellis. "... that the barbarian rune is drawn on ash boards". Just as all these words with their meaning "slat, board, tablet" are of Gallo-Germanic origin, the same goes for the Egyptian berdt. 16 Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing According to the Egyptians, Isis had invented the script. This confirms the Iberion origins of writing, since at the mouth of the same river Turia where the legend of Kadmos took place an Isiscultus existed. The name Isis can be found in Isidorus, consisting of Isis and athor which means "Isis on the Tur(ia)". Moreover, in Valencia, where the Turia ends, the following inscription was found in 1759: SODALICIUM VERNARUM, COLENTES ISID. "Association of Indigenous People (slaves?) who worship Isis" It seems that the oldest writing materials, boards and bark were introduced to Egypt from the West as early as the Stone Age, and that from 2500 BC, the Egyptian berdt, later named ?papyrus" after the Fenician papiré, became the most important writing material. After the decline of this product, the plantations continued to exist only where the plants naturally occurred. It is therefore noteworthy that in Europe papyrus only occurs in Sicily, and in the vicinity of Syracuse, where the plant can reach a height of 5 m, suggesting that Sicily may be the birthplace of papyrus as writing material. Papyrus is now hardly found anywhere along the Nile and in the delta, but it is found in marsh areas of Sudan. In Sicily, the Homeric epics were also collected and edited and then distributed throughout the Greek world, as discussed above. The metre It has been argued by several scientists that the hexameter in which the Homeros texts are written does not fit well with the Greek language. In the first place, Greek is a language with musical in stead of emphatic accents and secondly the dactylic hexameter requires so many short syllables that it cannot be easily adapted to the Greek language, which led Laserre to suspect that it was borrowed from a non-Greek model. R. Flacelière also remarks the same in the introduction to his French translation of the Iliad: "the dactylic hexameter seems to be a borrowing" (Wilkens p.379). This seems to confirm the hypothesis that the Iliad and the Odyssey were initially composed in a language other than Greek in a dactylic metre and were later translated into (mainly) Ionian Greek, while maintaining the original metre. My translation of the Odyssey shows that the dactylic metre fits very well with Dutch, even though there are limitations, such as words that have three consecutive short syllables. Conclusion The conclusion is (PH 258): Homeros owes nothing to the Hellenes of Greece. The bard who composed his epics got his inspiration on the shores of the Atlantic. The legends that he edited and noted were conceived in a Gallo-Germanic or Iberian language. The script used by Homeros was also invented in these regions and the metre used by Homeros shows that the text was originally written in a different language. On their way to the east, the poems were written down on papyrus material in book rolls and eventually ended up in Sparta on the Peloponnese where the Greeks had no idea of the origins of these masterpieces. For the role that Lycurgus of Sparta played in saving and copying the Homeros texts, see Introduction Homeros (H.O.). Notes: 1. Main source for this chapter: Cailleux PH thèse 11. 2. C. Renfrew Archeology and Language, 1988 3. A. Thévet Cosmographie universelle, 1575, XXIII, 7 and PA 249 ff.. 4. B. Fell, America BC, New York 1989, p.64. 5. A text correction is appropriate: Aborigenas> Iborigenas. Aborigenas - "the original inhabitants" has no meaning in this sense. 6. J.H. Laarman Portugal, Spain and France, Amsterdam 1839 7. Now the Sinagoga del Tránsito, originally from 537 BC. (Cailleux: Judée and Europe). 8. Enduval = Hannibal. See R. Ford Manual para viajeros por España etc., p.194. 17 Gerard W.J.Janssen The Atlantic Theory: Achaians - Piracy - Shipping - Writing 9. Davillier Viaggio in Ispagna, Milan 1874, p 378. 10. See also La Leyenda de Hercules y Caco in Moncayo o Monte Cano: visitaporelmon cayo.com/2013/02/leyenda-de-hercules-y-caco.html. 11. Toledo pintoresca, Madrid 1845 12.J. Lenaghan A commentary on Cicero's Oration de Haruspicum responso, Paris 1969 13. Plutarch Lycurgus c.4 and notes 20,384 about Sicily and Introduction to Homeros (H.O.). 14. See Dictys Dagboek van de Trojaanse Oorlog, Leeuwarden 2003, Introduction p.32 and 55: "linden bast". 15. W.G.Browne Travels in Africa, Egypt and Syria, London 1799, p.353. Dict. class. d'histoire nat. II, 17.585: burdi or berdi: Arabic synonym for Cyperus papyrus. 16. Run or tan is the black mark, made from ground oak bark, used as ink. The Athenian laws were written on ash-wood tablets. Series Atlantic Odyssey I. Series: Odysseus' First Voyage - part 1: Troy- Gog Magog Hills, England - part 2: Ismaros and the Kikonen - Brittany - part 3: Lotophages - Senegal - part 4: Cyclopes - Fogo, Madeira, Cameroon - part 5: Aiolia andAiolos - Corvo (Azores) - part 6: Laestrygones - Cuba, La Havana - part 7: Aiaia and Kirke - Schouwen, Zeeland - part 8: Hades-Walcheren, Zeeland III. Series Atlantic Geography in Homer -part 1: Lesbos, Kreta, Argos and Hellas -part 2: Athens, Eleusis, Egypt and Faros -part 3: Elis, Fenicia, Fokaia -part 4: Lemnos, Imbros, Messene, Pulos, -part 5: Olumpos, Sparta, -part 6: Samothrake, Thebe, Thracia, The Channel and the Isle of Wight II. Series: Odysseus' Second Voyage - part I: Tenedos-Thanet and the Seirenes; - part II: Skulla, Charubdis -St. Michael's Mount - part III: Thrinakia-Cornwall - part IV: Ogygia- Azores, Kalupso; - part V: Scheria-Lanzarote; - part VI: Ithaka-Cádiz, Jérez IV. Series Atlantic Theory -part I: Achilleus and Agamemnon -part II: Achaians; Piracy; Shipping; Writing -part IV: Religion in Homer -part V: Apollo and Athena -part VI: Demeter, Hermes and Poseidon -part VII: Zeus ans Herakles -part VIII: Atlantic Authors -part IX: Themes of the Odyssey 18