ATLANTIC GEOGRAPHY IN HOMER IV

HOMER'S GEOGRAPHY Translation of parts of Homeros Odyssee, De zwerftochten van Odysseus over de Atlantische Oceaan by Gerard.W.J.Janssen, Leeuwarden 2018. Continuation of Atlantic Troy, in academia.edu. Website Homer Odyssey. Part 4: Atlantic Lemnos, Samos, Imbros, Messene and Pulos 1 LEMNOS, IMBROS, SAMOS LEMNOS Location The texts about Lemnos give a very confusing picture. We list all data: - Lemnos is a beautifully situated castle town in a country that was particularly popular with Hefaistos; the Sinti live there who ?emit throat sounds" (gutturals, 8,282 ff.); - It is a "very holy island," where Filoktetes was left behind (II,722); - A lot of wine is grown there and many cows are grazing, with their upright horns; Achilleus had made a raid there (VIII,230); - It owns ships that trade wine in the Achaian camp, owned by Euénos of Hupsipulé; - It is "enveloped in smoke", "inhospitable" or "pure" (the translation of amichthaloessa is uncertain: XXIV,753); - It is connected to Samos and Imbros, because it is far from Troy on the other side of the immeasurable sea (ibid.); - It is a very sacred, beautifully situated area far from Troy, where Achilleus sails to in order to sell Lukaon as a slave; - Lemnos and Imbros apparently have a close relationship, since it is referred to as 'the city of Lemnos and Imbros' where Sleep, brother of Death, and Night live (XIV,230). How did Wilkens and Cailleux solve all these contradictions? Wilkens According to Wilkens, Filoktetes lived in Thaumakia in West Germany and he puts forward strong arguments for this.1 Those who inhabited Methone, Thaumakia and Meliboia, and who inhabited rugged Olizon: they came with seven ships under the command of Filoktetes, a skilled archer. Fifty oarsmen were on board in every ship, well able to handle the bow with force. But he was lying yonder on an island, holy Lemnos, where he had been abandoned by the Achaean army, tormented by terrible pains and a festering wound, inflicted by a deadly snake. There he was writhing in pain, but the Argeians would soon remember Lord Filoktetes in the ship camp! Yet they were not without a leader — they missed their leader of course-. 1 No, Medon led the army now, Oileus’ bastard son whom Rhene bore for Oileus the City-destroyer. (II, 716 et seq.) Names mentioned in this fragment can be found in West Germany: Meliboia and the Melibocus mountain are almost identical, Olizon is Olz(heim), Methone is Metten(dorf) etc. The mother of Medon is Rhene who is to be considered as a Rhine goddess. The troops of Medon and Filoktetes come from the Middle Rhine region. Due to a wound at his foot Filoktetes was left behind on Lemnos, which according to Wilkens (p.188,328,350 ff.) is the Frisian former island of Lemmer. He would have been left there by the troops who descended the Rhine from Frankfurt and went via the IJssel and the Zuiderzee to Denmark, where the armies had to assemble in Aulis (Aalborg) (p.334). This identification Lemnos-Lemmer does not seem very credible, because the area is completely outside the route taken by Hera in XIV,225-231: Hera departed very quickly from the cape of Olumpos, entered Piëria, then lovely Emathia and flew rapidly over the snowy mountains with very high peaks of Thracia where people bred many horses, but did not touch the ground with her feet. Then she flew from Athos over the wave-rich sea and arrived in Lemnos, city of the divine Thoas. According to Wilkens, this route goes like this: 'Hera departed from the Mont Blanc (Olumpos), travelled via the Pyrenees (Piëria), the Dordogne (Emathia), where the cities of Eymet and Eymouthiers still remember the name, and the snowy heights of Brittany (Thracia) to Athos (near Cherbourg), where the last part of the journey did indeed took her by sea to Lemmer in the Netherlands (Lemnos), where she visited Sleep, the brother of Death.' This is a trip with various kinks in it. Wilkens himself speaks of a 'circuitous tour de France'. Moreover, Lemmer is not "covered in smoke" - an addition that could indicate volcanic activity - nor "inhospitable", but possibly "pure". Furthermore, Wilkens does not indicate any connection between Imbros, Lemnos and Samos and does not state who the Sinti are. Large-scale viticulture on Lemmer is also unlikely. So, for the time being we will not take Lemmer into consideration. Cailleux According to Cailleux, Filoktetes came from Wight, because he is always connected to the bow of Herakles, which was indispensable for the capture of Troy, and which is precisely the symbol of the Isle of Wight (see drawing below). As concerns the names in the aforementioned excerpt, Methone can be found in Medina, the river that cuts Wight in two, and Olizone is Holy Zone, "Holy Belt," that is the Solent. Filoktetes would then have been left in Lyming(ton) on the Solent because of a wound on his foot (sole), a myth that explains why the Solent got its name: it was derived from ?sole". In Lemnos live Sintians, "who speak guttural sounds", as the traditional translation is (8,293.). The Sinti are exactly what the word says: saints, sancti, holy priests, druids (PA 225). That these people emit guttural sounds could be related to the Germanic (Saxon) descent of the population in southern England, the litus saxonicum (eg a sharp -g- and -ch- as in Dutch "geef" or German "Ach!"). A text change from agriofonoi to (h)agiofonoi may, however, also be worth considering: pronouncing ?sacred texts" instead of "gutturals", something the Saints do 2 of course. The Sintians are always connected with Hefaistos and received him when he was thrown out of heaven by Zeus (Il.1,594). Hefaistos is the blacksmith god of western Britain with its many mines and melting furnaces so that the phrase "always covered in smoke" can be explained. Since this region in southern England is full of druidic monuments, the identification of Lemnos with Lymington (Lemn-town) or with Lyme Regis, a beautifully situated castle, as can be read in 8,282 ff., is plausible. According to Cailleux, the 'very holy island of Lemnos' where Filoktetes was left is nothing but the Isle of Wight opposite the town of Lyming, which is separated from it by a dangerous water (snake), namely the Solent, also called Gortun (the cord of the bow) and, as stated above, Holy-zone (Olizone). According to the myth this water snake would have bitten him into the sole of his foot. However, the identification of Lemnos with Wight contradicts Cailleux's own statement that Wight is Homeric Kreta where the ships of Menelaus were shipwrecked (3,291 et seq.). Since I have shown that Homeric Kreta(i) indicates the three parts of Scandinavia (see chapter Kreta), the identification Wight = Lemnos could be an option though. In that case, the area must, however, be connected to the Achaians and cannot be an enemy area, so that a raid of the Achaians on that island cannot be explained. Shame on you, Argeians, cowards with beautiful faces! Where is that big talk of that time when we said to be the strongest, where the stupid bragging of you in Lemnos, where you ate masses of beef from cows with outstanding horns and boozed barrels full of wine, that each of you would fight against one hundred, even two hundred Trojans during the war?! (VIII, 228 ff.) This passage from the Iliad refers to an Achaian expedition to Lemnos, where the Achaians indulged in eating meat from cows with upright horns and drinking mixing vessels full of wine. These cows can again be an allegory for "ingots" of precious metals, as discussed with Thrinakia and the Laistrugones. This fragment makes the identification of Filoktetes' Lemnos with Wight very problematic. Moreover, the combination with Samos and Imbros has not yet been explained and a question arises whether large-scale viticulture took place at Wight. Encircled: Montforte d'Lemnos on the Douro The Lemnos wine region The last question was solved by Cailleux as follows. It is not the Isle of Wight nor Lymington where the large quantities of wine came from that were exchanged for iron, bronze and prisoners (slaves) among other things (VII,,465), but Montforte d'Lemnos (now Montforte de Lemos) on the upper 3 reaches of the Douro in Portugal, where the Limici lived and a city of Lamego (see map above of Léon, Asturia and Galicia, 1680 Janssonius). This wine import is already mentioned in an old Irish text that goes back to druidic times, the Senchus-Mor.2 The mention of the slave trade (exchange for wine) makes it plausible that sons of Priamos were sold to this Lemnos in Portugal too, thereby explaining the passage XXI,40. Here, Lemnos is mentioned as the beautifully situated place where Achilles brought the captured son of Priamos, Lukaon, by ship to sell him as a slave. In XXIV,753 Lemnos is mentioned in the same breath with Samos and Imbros as areas on the other side of the vast sea, where many sons of Priamos were sold as slaves. Lemnos is called amichthaloessa, the meaning of which is not clear. If the identification with Montforte d'Lemnos is correct, this word has the meaning "unmixed, pure" referring to the surroundings of this beautiful wine region on the Douro. In VII,465 it is told that a large number of ships from Lemnos had landed at the Achaian camp with wine, sent by Euénos from Hupsipulé. Cailleux sees in Hupsi-pulé, which means "High Door", an indication of this Gallic region: the High Douro. The journey of Hera The journey Hera makes via Pieria, Emathia, the snowy mountains of Thrace and Athos, as described in the above fragment, ends in another Lemnos, namely on the Isle of Man (Elan Man)3 . Old sources mention a (deserted) island called Lemnos between England and Ireland. Homeros reports that the Night is connected with it, who protected Sleep against the anger of Zeus (XIV,259 et seq.). The Night symbolizes the West. It is therefore an island in the west. The route that Hera follows is according to Cailleux (PH 342): from Salisbury, where Stonehenge, Avebury and possibly the Olumpos are located, she passes the land of the Pairs (Peers-Pieria) and the mates (= Emathia) goes over the mountain Snowdon (snow-capped mountains of Thrace) to Holy Head (Athos) on Holy Island separated by a narrow channel from Anglesey. There she crosses the sea and lands on the island of Sleep where the city of the divine Thoas lies. This is the port of Douglas, a name that can be traced to Thoa-Kluyse, the monastery of Tau (a druidic "resurrection monastery"). The name Man or Mona can be traced to manes or moon ("spirit, ghost" in Lat. and Celt.) There, the saints of the old religion were embalmed with nektar and ambrosia (amber) and buried and slept under the watchful eye of Sleep, the brother of Death (!), until the moment of resurrection.4 The Greek name Lemnos may be a translation of Lame (?paralyzed, mummified"), but a corruption of Elan Man> Lanman> Lamn> Lemn (os) is conceivable.5 The two gods Hera and Sleep leave 'the city of Lemnos and Imbros', then come ashore at Lektos and fly to the Ida. If one would draw a straight line from the Isle of Man to the Wash, where the Ida is located (Bretton Woods), the place where the gods come ashore is immediately clear: Lyt-ham (van Lekt-hem).6 Hera's trip from Salisbury (Olumpos) to Man (Lemnos). Back via Lytham (Lektos) to Bretton Woods on the Wash 4 But what is meant with ?the city of Lemnos and Imbros"? A city cannot be the capital of two islands at the same time. Here again, Cailleux has a brilliant solution. The names Lemnos and Imbros must be seen as a Greek corruption of the Lames and the Ambers, the spirits and the mummies (PH 344). So the gods left Douglas, the mystical ?city of spirits and mummies", come ashore at Lytham Saint Annes and fly to Bretton Woods at The Wash. We have now discovered three places that are referred to as Lemnos: 1. Montforte de Lemnos, the area of vineyards and the slave trade; 2. Lymington (or Lyme Regis) and Wight as the place where Hefaistos liked to stay with the Sinti and where Filoktetes would have been left behind; 3. Isle of Man where Sleep lived. The last two places can be referred to as "very holy." Still, two problems exist, that of VIII,230, the Achaian expedition to Lemnos, and that of XXIV,753, in which Lemnos is mentioned in one breath with Samos and Imbros as areas on the other side of the vast sea, where Priamos' sons were sold as slaves. Regarding the expedition, it is unlikely that the Achaians made a raid to befriended territory in Portugal (Montforte d'Lemnos -Diomedes' territory) or to the land of Filoktetes if the identification with Wight is correct. Lymington or Lyme Regis on the opposite coast, the land of the Sinti, indeed could be a target. Regarding Samos and Imbros, where the sons of Priamos end up as slaves: Samos (or Same) has been identified throughout the Odyssey as the island of Léon with the city of Cadiz, see Introduction Ithaka. Just like Montforte d'Lemnos, it is far away 'on the other side of the vast sea'. Only Imbros has yet to be identified. Before continuing with the Lemnos problems we will see where Imbros is located. IMBROS and SAMOS There are still a few passages where Imbros is mentioned. In XXIV,78, Iris jumps into the sea between Samos and sandy Imbros to convey a message to Thetis, who is there in an underwater cave in a bay called busson, derived from a Gallo-Germanic word " bosom, boezem ". XIII,32 also speaks of a wide underwater cave in the depths of a deep bay between Tenedos and sandy Imbros, where Poseidon stables his horses and gives them their ambrosia. After he had first gone from the wooded Samos of Thrace, where he on a mountain top had an overview of the entire Ida, Priamos' city and the ship camp of the Achaians (13,10) to his underwater palace in Aigai to pick up his horses, he arrived at this spot between Map Cailleux, 1880 Tenedos and Samos.7 Wilkens conceives the aforementioned Samos of Thrace, traditionally translated with "Samothrace" because of the usual Greek mind set, as the large area east of the Wash with the Sandringham Hills in Norfolk (map: near Castle-Rising). This Samos is therefore not the Same of Samos that is part of Ithaka (Jerez / Cadiz). Cailleux and Wilkens 5 identify this Imbros with the Humber and Holland, a large area west of the Wash (Lincolnshire). The underwater caves (holes) of Thetis and Poseidon refer to this Hole-land (Holland). The ambrosia for the horses again refers to amber that used to wash up on the coast in large quantities and could explain the names ?Imbros" and ?Humber". In both cases, the phrases "between Tenedos and Imbros" and "between Samos of Thrace and Imbros" point to a place near the Wash along the coast of Holland, Lincolnshire, where the underwater caves of Thetis and Poseidon are supposed to be (PH 339 and map: Isle of Thanet and Humber). Now that these identifications of Imbros and Samos Nameplate Holland (Mus. of Lincolnshire Life) have been made, we can conclude that the "overseas" with the Latin motto: Imbros does not indicate the Humber nor Holland Labor Ipse Merces (Work is his own reward) since these areas were part of the realm of Priamos. Since none of the Atlantic authors has noticed this problem, I myself will give a few possible identifications for this overseas Imbros: Umbria in Italy or southern France (with cities such as Ambronay, Ambres, Ambrus). If these identifications are acceptable, the sons of Priamos are sold to Portugal (Lemnos-Montforte d'Lemnos), to southern Spain (Samos in Ithaka) and to southern France (Imbros-Ambres) or Italy (Imbros-Umbria), at least far enough to say "on the other side of the immeasurable sea." AGAIN LEMNOS I said above that for the time being we were leaving the Dutch Lemmer out of consideration, but now that several places have been determined as Lemnos, we must reconsider our judgment on Wilkens' identification. The route that Hera takes to the sacred Lemnos and Imbros of Sleep turned out to have nothing to do with Lemmer but with the ghost and mummies of the Isle of Man. The argument that Lemmer is neither "covered in smoke" nor "inhospitable" and is not a wine country is also void because that Lemnos has been identified Map Holland (from Wilkens Where Troy once stood as the wine country of Montforte p.350) d'Lemnos. The fact that Wilkens did not indicate the relationship between Samos, Imbros and Lemnos and did not state who the Sintians are, is also of no importance anymore because these connections, which have been explained above, do not indicate a relationship with Lemmer but 6 with respectively Ithaka, southern France (or Umbria or Lincolnshire) and Lymington. So, the holy island where Filoktetes would have been left behind could well have been the former island of Lemmer. It lay on the way from the Rhine to Denmark and has no disadvantage of being in or near enemy territory, such as Wight. The problem of the raid of the Achaiers on Lemnos is also solved since in addition to Lymington the destination of this raid could also have been the opposite Isle of Wight. Conclusion Lemnos If we summarize everything, the conclusion is that Lemnos indicates four areas: 1. Montforte d'Lemnos, the ?pure" wine country far beyond the sea, with which the slave trade took place ; 2. Lymington, Lyme Regis and/or Wight, where the Sintians live, beloved place of Hefaistos and where the Achaians organised a raid to; 3. Lemmer, where Filoktetes was left with a wounded foot; 4. The Isle of Man, ancient name Lemnos, where Hera went to pick up mr Sleep. Imbros Imbros also indicates more areas: 1. The overseas Imbros is Ambres or Umbria in southern France and Italy respectively; 2. The English Imbros is the area of the Humber and Holland in Lincolnshire. Samos Samos indicates two areas: 1. The island of Léon on which Cadiz is located, the Junonian Samos. 2. Samos in Thrace, the area east of the Wash, Norfolk. Notes 1. p.328 and map 18, p. 354, regiment 24. 2.Revue des deux mondes, 1865, Nov. 15 3. PH 338 ff.; PA 257. 4. An ancient geographical name of Man is Moen-apia. 5. In Latin, lamia is a "ghost." 6. The name of the nearby town of Lytham Saint Annes is an indication of the ancient tidal stream religion of Ana, Ino, Nehal-Ennia near to the River Ribble and Douglas (again derived from Tau-Kluyse-Resurrection Monastery). 7. Aigai is related to acha-aqua and means something of W aters, a fantasy name. 7 2 MESSENE The name Messene appears in the following excerpt, in which Penelope is going to fetch the arch of Odysseus from the storage room: The highly elastic bow with the quiver hung there, which contained numerous arrows that could sow death and destruction. His godlike friend Ifitos, son of Eurutos, had once given it to him in Lakedaimon. Both met at the brave Ortilochos, who owned a house in Messene. So Odysseus had gone there to claim a debt that the whole country owed him. Three hundred sheep with shepherds were taken from Ithaka by men of Messene in ships with many oarsmen. That is why Odysseus made that long voyage, sent by his father and other elders, though he was still quite young. Ifitos came there, in search of a dozen brood mares he had lost, including mule foals, who are sturdy workers. (21,13 ff.) Messene is mentioned here as the hometown of Ortilochos (elsewhere referred to as Orsilochos), the father of Diokles of Ferai (= Faro, Portugal), with whom Telemachos and Peisistratos spend the night during their trip to Sparta (Lagos), as shown in this text : Then they reached Ferai where Diokles' house stood, the son of Ortilochos, whom Alfeios bore as her son, There they passed the night...... (15,187 ff.) Diokles, who had lost two sons around Troy (V,542), comes from the area of the river Alfeios that forms a wide stream through the land of the Pulians, indicating that Messene must lie on the Alfeios. The etymology of Alfeios is from elf (-tidal current), as in the Elbe, Albula (= Tiber). 'Elf' is the name of several rivers in Scandinavia. The Alfeios tidal river is the upper reaches of the Baetis (Guadalquivir).1 In 21,14, Homeros talks about the great bow of Odysseus that was once given to him by his friend Ifitos in Lakedaimon and in Messene, which indicates a connection between Lakedaimon (Lagos-Portugal) and Messene (Alfeios area). Inconsistencies However, the following lines about the Messenian pirates (v.18-31) contain a number of inconsistencies that have not been noticed by any of the Atlantic authors. - First, it is stated that Odysseus and Ifitos met in Messene, where he got the bow, but that they never met at their tables home because Ifitos had previously been killed by Herakles. According to Stanford (II, 358), in Homeric times prior to the Doric invasion, Messene was a part of Sparta, as is also indicated in this text: they met in Lakedaimon, especially in Messene in the house of Ortilochos (see above). In the Atlantic setting, this means that Lagos (Lakedaimon) and Messene belonged together. The identification of Messene with the area of the Alfeios would mean that the realm of Menelaos extends not only far north (Hellenes, north of Portugal) but also far east to the Alfeios. However, Ifitos himself comes from Oichalia (II,730), which Wilkens (p.337) equates with Skaelskør on Sjaelland, Danmark. If this identification is correct, the distance from Jerez to Sjaelland makes it likely indeed that they have not seen each other afterwards. - Secondly, it is remarkable that the Messenians came to steal three hundred sheep with large ships (many oarsmen) and that Odysseus had to undertake a "long voyage" (v.20) to reclaim them. From 8 this, it can be concluded that the Messenians came from far over the sea and not from the neighbourhood via the Baetis river. Cailleux has found a logical solution by connecting Messene with Messe on the basis of II,581 ff.: Those who inhabited the hollow land of Lakedaimon with all its gorges and Faris, Sparta and the pigeon-rich Messe, Bryseiai, the beautiful Augeiai, and those who lived in Helos, a seaside city, in Amyklai and Laäs and around the region of Oitulos, these came with sixty ships over which his brother, the always helpful Menelaos, was in charge. Cailleux (PA 424): 'Menelaus ruled in Lagos, but his empire stretched far into Atlantic regions. First, he owned the coast of Mauritania (Morocco) with Faris, Sparta and Messe, that is, the land of the Farusii (source: Pomp. Mela), Cap Spartel and Messe ... '2 Messe or Masse is now Zaouit Massa in the Souss-Massa nature park with the Massa river, Morocco, near Agadir. Cailleux also connects Messe with data from the Bible about the prophet Ionas spit out by the whale at Messe, a large seaside city in Morocco. Now Messe is referred to by Homeros with the term "pigeon-rich" (polutrérona) and the word iona in Phoenician means "pigeon". Homeros apparently refers to these Atlantic territories. If the identification Messene = Messe is Messene on the Alfeios River and Messe (Zaouit Massa) correct, it means that Messenian pirates from Morocco had held a raid with Marocco several ships in Ithaka where they had captured three hundred sheep. The "long voyage" corresponds to the distance Cadiz-Messe (780 km). Ifitos also came to Messe to complain about the alleged robbery by the Messenians of twelve mares with foals. -Third, there is another, chronological problem: are Odysseus and Herakles contemporaries? This is discussed in Introduction Herakles (H.O.). Conclusion Based on the foregoing arguments, we must conclude that the entire passage is chaotic and that two different Messene's have been connected: the Messene on the Alfeios, the upper reaches of the Baetis and part of Menelaos' Lakedaimon, and Messe where the Messenian pirates came from, also part of Menelaos' empire. It remains unclear where Odysseus and Ifitos met, in Messene at Ortilochos' or in Messe, where both were looking for stolen animals. They may have met twice, from which their friendship originated. Notes: 1. W ilkens map 16, p.346. 2. The fragment Iliad 2,581 ff. is thoroughly discussed in Introduction Sparta (H.O.). In addition to these Mauritanian areas, Menelaos also possessed Augeiai and Bruseiai, found by Cailleux in the Azores, since 9 Augeiai can be derived from Hawk-eyes (Hawk Islands) and açora (etym. Azores) means "hawk, falcon", while Bruseiai corresponds to the harbour (St)- Braz on S. Miguel. 3 PULOS Location Apart from some qualifications for Pulos such as "sandy" and "holy", Homeros gives no direct indications about its location and we can only determine the location by thoroughly reading the text and through logic. One of these passages is the one that tells of the sea voyage of Telemachos, who borrows a ship to go from Ithaka (Jerez-Cadiz) to Pulos and Lakedaimon together with Athena in the form of Mentor in order to inquire about his father. In the following excerpt, Homeros gives some indications about the sea route that Telemachos follows towards Pulos: Owl-eyed Athena sent them a headwind, a strong south-westerly breeze, howling over the dark sea. Then Telemachos ordered his crew to lay hold of the tackle. They obediently carried out his assignments: they raised the pine mast into its hollow box. They secured it, then fastened it to the deck with forestays. They hoisted the white sails with beautiful strands of leather. They were on a half-wind course and the dark waves hissed loudly around the bow as the ship went through. It ran over the waves as it completed the journey quickly . (2,419 ff.) First, the sailors must row. How long is not stated? Since they depart from Jerez, they will first have to leave the Quadelete river and pass the bay. After all, a Zephyr is blowing, ie a wind that lies between SW and NW. This wind is said to be hikmenos and akraés, terms that are usually translated with meaningless words such as "favourable" and "sharply blowing". The etymology is then supposed to be from hiko (- begging) and would mean "a wind that is begged for". However, there is nobody who begs for a certain wind, and certainly not now that Athena herself is on board. The correct etymology here is from hikneomai "arriving, coming in." It is a wind that comes in from the front, as is also indicated by the following word akraés whose correct derivation is from akros - "extreme, head", meaning "blowing against the head". The south-westerly or westerly wind is, therefore, a headwind here, which initially is difficult to row against, but once on the high seas, it produces a very fast half-wind course in the right direction. Since the mast and the sails are set, this course can apparently be sailed well with the help of Athena. A half-wind course in relation to a west-southwest wind gives a compass heading of approximately 350 ° NNW, which, on a map, leads the ship to Huelva or Palos de la Frontera. 10 Both Wilkens and Cailleux place Pulos, the area of the Gerenian horse tamer Nestor, west of Seville. Wilkens designates the town of Pilas as Pulos, Cailleux Palos de la Frontera on the Atlantic Ocean. For Pilas, Telemachos has to cross a stretch of sea that is now a swamp area of the Guadalquivir, but in antiquity possibly flooded as far as Seville. Cailleux, however, makesTelemachos sail over the open sea to Palos. Since Cailleux gives more arguments for his choices than Wilkens, I will take Cailleux as a guideline for Pulos and Sparta. The route to Pulos and Lakedaimon that Telemachos is going to take is first a sea voyage to Palos and Moguer and from there by horse and wagon overland to Lakedaimon, which Cailleux has identified as Lagos in southern Portugal (see Introduction Sparta in H.O.). The first part of the route is indicated on the map above. However, it is not an obvious course, since with a Zephyr wind blowing one would expect a more easterly course, which would blow the ship through the Strait of Gibraltar and then along the east coast of Spain. That is exactly what the suitors, who had planned to intercept and murder Telemachos, suspected, helped by the fact that there are also two places on the east coast of Spain with the names Palos and Spartaria (= Cathagena). That is why they are on guard at the island of La Carraca in the Petri Canal, convinced that after his return, they could catch Telemachos there. Telemachos, however, returns from the west and can sail unseen across the bay of Cadiz onto the beach near Cadiz. Thus, by sending this headwind or half-wind, Athens used a ruse to deceive the suitors (See notes 4,669 on the Petri channel and Introduction Ithaka). Since I find this solution by Cailleux brilliant, I have adapted my translation of the fore- mentioned lines accordingly. Any other translation of this passage must make clear why lurking suitors could not discover Telemachos when he returned! It is obvious that in the Greek setting the return of Telemachos from the well-known Pulos on the Peloponnese to Theaki could never have been hidden. Ithaka (Cailleux 1878) Features of Pulos Pulos is called 'sandy' because along the coast of Palos to the south are Las Arenas Gordas, '' The Deep Sands", visible as large sand bumps on old maps. Pulos is also called 'holy'. For this Cailleux (PA 338 and OC 96 ff.) gives the following explanation. The Gallo-Germans are said to have settled as Celtiberians in Iberia through emigrations from northern areas such as England and Zeeland. After that, they took control of the mining areas of the Ebro, the Tagus, the Baetis, the Rio Tinto and the Guadelete and founded important harbour towns like Coruña, Lisbon and Cadiz. The Celtiberians took their religious ideas and customs with them, including the ideas of rebirth and purification around the three major tidal rivers, the Rhine, Helion and Scheldt. Just like the name Baetis has been derived from the Gallo-Germanic 'badt' and 'Bataven' so is the name Neleus, founder of Pulos, son of Turo and Poseidon and father of Nestor, related to the goddess of the northern Helion: Nehal(ennia)1 . Neleus is an initiate of Nehal: a Nehalian, which is consistently referred to by Homeros through the sacred number nine (ennia), as appears from, among other lines, fragment 3,4 ff. They had reached Pulos, the castle beautifully laid out by Neleus. The residents just were sacrificing pitch-black bulls 11 on the seashore to the Earth-Shaker, the god with blue-black hair. There were nine stands, each with five hundred people; nine bulls were waiting in front of each stand. The castle that Neleus built is called holy (21,10), is consequently a religious centre, a monastic castle, and possibly stood on the spot where now the Monasterio de la Rabida is, where a Black Madonna was kept, the Santa María de la Rábida Nuestra Señora de los Milagros, which was originally possibly a tarred mummy serving as a statue of Nehalennia. Rabida is in fact derived from rabat, monastic castle. The monastery is now a museum of the Discoveries. The Nehalennia cult in those parts of the world was continued in Christian times by the cult of the Virgen del Rocio (see map above and Introduction Nehalennia.) Possibly nearby Moguer is the Spanish name for Virgen del Rocio near Palos and Moguer with Megara, to which the word megaroisi in 3,401 could crescent moon as a tidal symbol refer, that always is written without capital meaning "house, halls". It could, however, indicate Megara with a capital, the actual residence of Nestor. The Achaian military and religious brotherhood of Palos and Moguer consists of 4500 men (9 x 500). "It is strange to see," says Cailleux, "how the inhabitants of the Mediterranean have interpreted all those details they did not understand. Pausanias, who did not know that the Gallo-Germanic word "kluyse" meant "monastery" and did not know the city of Moguer at all, turned the entire theory just mentioned into a Greek mishmash (Paus. I, 36-39): <Pulos, he says, was founded by Pulas, son of Kléson, and populated by residents of Megara (a town near Athens)<" In 36.5, Pausanias says about the land of the Greek Pulos that it is sandy and unable to feed many sheep herds, while Homeros actually calls Pulos 'mother of sheep' (15,226). Strabo also believes Homeros having a different Pulos in mind than the one in the Peloponnese. That is correct indeed: Pulos is Palos in southern Spain, where large herds of Merino sheep roam in the Sierra de Moreno. More arguments There are a number of arguments that confirm the identification of Pulos with Palos. -The root of the name Palos or Pulos is pal, poel, peel, pèl meaning "swamp" (palus Lat.), which refers to the Marismas (= Marshes) at the mouth of the Rio Tinto and the Odiel. - Furthermore, details are provided about Nestor, who had been king of Palos for three generations at the time of the Odyssey, that is for at least 75 years. The epithets that belong to Nestor are: 1. Horseman/horse tamer. He is a hippota - 'horseman / knight' or in Spanish a cavallero, a knight of the Achaean brotherhood. That many horses and mules were grazing in the Marismas is discussed in the Introduction Elis. The Greek corruption of cavallero by Homeros yields the word Kefallenian or "leader of Kefallenians," an epithet of Odysseus that cannot otherwise be explained. 2. Gerenian (r.68): the place Gerenia is now Gerena between Palos and Seville, (see map, NW of Seville). Gerena may have been derived from the mythological giant Geruon with his three heads against whom Herakles fought, a history that all classical authors situate at the Baetis in Spain! 12 Andalusia with Palos, Moguer, Pilas, Tryana, Gerena Strabo reports (8,3,7) that three Peloponnese regions claim their Pulos being that of Nestor: Trifulia, Messenia and Elis, the last two of which claim that there would be a town of Gerenus or Gerena in their area that was once had been inhabited. Strabo's tone is justifiably sceptical. Elis' claim is the most real but relates to the area from which the Elians emigrated, namely Huelva, Iberia, on the other side of the Rio Tinto. See Elis. In 24,430, Eupeithes expresses his fear Odysseus could manage to escape the revenge of the suitors parents by fleeing quickly to Pulos or Elis. The ranking of areas mentioned here shows that these places must be located near Ithaka (Jerez, Cadiz). ?Friends, how great a misery this man brought to the Achaians! First, he took numerous brave men with him aboard his ships, lost the curved ships, and destroyed his crew; and now he has butchered more men, the leaders of Kefallenia! Come on, before he quickly leaves for Pulos or possibly for glorious Elis, where Epeians are in charge. Let's go! Or else we will be ashamed forever. Yes, we shall be disgraced in the eyes of posterity too, if we will not punish those who murdered our brothers and sons. It will certainly not be a delight for me to live on. No, I would rather die at once and join the dead. Let's go now because otherwise, they will have sailed away already! " This ranking is further confirmed by the last line because apparently their boat has to cross a bay, sea or river to get from Ithaka to Elis or Pulos. From Ithaka (Jerez) you have to either cross the Baetis, the Rio Tinto and the Rio Odiel, or go 100 km by sea: a day of sailing and the easiest way. Telemachos also chose the sea route for his trip to Pulos. -The Rio Tinto on which Palos is located also offers the solution for the problematic passage 15,293 ff., where Telemachos passes Krounoi and Chalkis on his way home: Owl-eyed Athena then gave them a favourable half wind that gusted through the sky, so the ship would complete its journey over the brine at lightning speed. They then passed Krounoi and also Chalkis' lovely stream. Then the sun dipped; all straits were darkened. The ship set sail for Feai, driven by Zeus' favourable wind and 13 sailed past glorious Elis, where Epeians are in charge. From there he set course to the Sharply Pointed Islands wondering whether he could escape death or be caught . Krounoi means "Sources" and Chalkis something like "Copperish" from chalkos "copper, bronze." According to Stanford (II, 251), there are quite a few problems with the lines 295-298 in terms of text transmission. For example, line 295 with Krounoi and Chalkis in it is not in any manuscript but publishers follow a quote from Strabo (1st century AD). Instead of the place name Feai, the manuscripts have Ferai, but for unclear reasons editors follow here a quote from Strabo too. The name Krounoi is not located by any of our Atlantic authors, while Chalkis is identified by Cailleux (PA 353) with the Baetis River because of the copper mines around Seville. That metal mines were and still are there is well known and is also confirmed by Homeros' Mentes (1,180) who came sailing down the Baetis with a ship full of iron to exchange it on the Thames for bronze or tin. However, I propose a different solution. If we accept Krounoi and Chalkis as the correct reading in v.295, the Telemachos ship sails from Moguer past some sources (eg Fuente de Pinete in Moguer) and down the Rio Tinto, named after the red color of the iron ore that was mined higherup and in these lines called the Chalkis (Copper River). The Rio Tinto region is and was rich in copper, silver, iron and gold. Then it sails past Elis (= Huelva), land of the Epeians (El Epe) towards Ferai, that is, along the two "farosses" (lighthouses) on Doulichion (Feai is, therefore, a wrong reading) and along the Sharply Pointed Islands towards Ithaka (Cadiz, Jerez). See maps above: the lighthouses are those of Chipiona and Sanlucar de Barrameda and the Pointed Islands are the rocks Las Puercas near Cadiz. -According to II, 591 the following places fell under the realm of Nestor: Those who lived in Pulos and lovely Arene, in Thruon, ford in the Alfeios, and Aipu, so beautifully built, and those who had their residence in Kuparisseis and Amphigeneia, in Pteleos, Helos and Dorion, ..... . (Il. 2,591 et seq.) Cailleux (PA 426) identifies Arena as Arenae (see above: the dune area of the "Deep Sands"), Thruon, where a battle against the Epeians took place (XI,690) as Triana, a ford in the Alfeios (= Baetis) and now a Seville suburb, that gave his name to Emperor Traianus who came from there, and Kuparisseis as the copper mine area of the Rio Tinto (see maps above). Wilkens adds some more identifications: Pteleos could live on in S. Telmo and Helos could have to do with Huelva, but these are places in the Epeian territory of Elis (Huelva). The names Aipu, Amfigeneia and Dorion are not yet identified, but cannot be found in Greece either! Conclusion The conclusion is that the area around Palos and Moguer was ancient Pulos, which, just like Lagos, was an important base for sea-going ocean vessels in the Bronze Age. After the stagnation during Roman rule in which much knowledge of navigation and geography was lost, it was again the port of Palos from which Colombus with his three ships set out on a voyage of discovery, rediscovered the once-already known territories and continued in a way the history of the bronze and iron age. Notes 1. Batavians are the inhabitants of the land of the purifying River, the Rhine. See also Introduction Kadmos (H.O). Abbreviations used for the books of Th. Cailleux (1878): OC Origine celtique de la civilisation de tous les peuples PH Poésies d' Homère PA Pays Atlantiques, decrit par Homère 14 Citations of Homer: Roman cyphers = Ilias, e.g. XX,345; Arabic cyphers = Odyssey, e.g. 13,34. Bibliography Atlantic authors: Homeros Odyssee, by Gerard Janssen, Leeuwarden 2018 = H.O. Gideon E. Troje lag in Engeland, Deventer 1991, reprint of Homerus, zanger der Kelten, 1973 Grave Ch.J. De République des Champs Élysées, Gent 1806, 3 vols. Vinci F. The Baltic Origins of Homer's Epic Tales, 2005 W ilkens I.J. Where Troy once stood, 1990, Dutch: Waar eens Troje lag, 2015 Leeuwarden. Series Atlantic Odyssey I. Series: Odysseus' First Voyage - part 1: Troy- Gog Magog Hills, England III. Series Atlantic Geography in Homer - part 2: Ismaros and the Kikonen - Brittany -part 1: Lesbos, Kreta, Argos and Hellas - part 3: Lotophages - Senegal -part 2: Athens, Eleusis, Egypt and Faros - part 4: Cyclopes - Fogo, Madeira, Cameroon -part 3: Elis, Fenicia, Fokaia - part 5: Aiolia andAiolos - Corvo (Azores) -part 4: Lemnos, Imbros, Messene, Pulos, - part 6: Laestrygones - Cuba, La Havana -part 5: Olumpos, Sparta, - part 7: Aiaia and Kirke - Schouwen, Zeeland -part 6: Samothrake, Thebe, Thracia, The Channel - part 8: Hades-W alcheren, Zeeland and the Isle of W ight II. Series: Odysseus' Second Voyage - part I: Tenedos-Thanet and the Seirenes; - part II: Skulla, Charubdis -St. Michael's Mount - part III: Thrinakia-Cornwall - part IV: Ogygia- Azores, Kalupso; - part V: Scheria-Lanzarote; - part VI: Ithaka-Cádiz, Jérez 15