Cyber law is related to information technology (IT) and information and communication technology (ICT). Cyber law is a new phenomenon of modern technological development. Information technology (IT) very rapidly occupied the responsibility of development of human society. The primary goal of this paper is to raise awareness regarding legal loopholes and enabling technologies, which facilitate acts of cyber crime. In perusing these avenues of inquiry, the author seeks to identify systemic impediments which obstruct police investigations, prosecutions, and digital forensics interrogations. Existing academic research on this topic has tended to highlight theoretical perspectives when attempting to explain technology aided crime, rather than presenting practical insights from those actually tasked with working cyber crime cases. There are cyber crime investigation and trial procedure in Bangladesh. Research in this paper has been guided by Bangladesh Cyber law and India cyber law in the preparation of the Comprehensive Study on Cybercrime and is keenly focused on cyber crime investigation and trial procedure in Bangladesh. In this way, the reader to contemplate the reality of a cyber crime inquiry and the practical limits of the criminal justice process.

Growth of e-commerce in India is posing significant legal and regulatory challenges. Deficiencies exist despite significant amendments and introduction of secondary legislation. This paper has been written with an object to highlight deficiencies in information technology legislation governing e-commerce in India. Content analysis of information technology and other relevant legislation/literature revealed that, the IT Act partially address issues like legal validity of electronic transactions, security, content regulation, intermediary liability and jurisdiction, whereas areas like junk mail and spamming, intellectual property, payment, taxation of e-commerce transactions, and consumer protection are unaddressed. This paper fulfills the identification of ten major components of e-commerce value chain vis-à-vis the Information Technology Act and signalizes key deficiencies. Information in this paper is useful for policy and decision makers in government and e-commerce businesses.

E-commerce has changed the way of doing business across the world. In Kenya, the impact of e-commerce on social and economic structures has also been significant. In many spheres and sectors, e-commerce has now become an integral part of day-to-day activities and its relevance is expected to continue growing in the coming years as mobile internet continues to spread, a proposed national addressing system comes into existence, and people become more comfortable with digital transactions. While the rise of this medium has attracted increased attention in business as well as policy circles, not much sector-specific research has been carried out on the various economic processes that currently take place in this area, making business as well as policy decisions all the more difficult. To address this gap, this study sought to carry out in-depth research into the current state of the e-commerce sub-sector in the country, highlighting the progress so far made, the prevailing challenges and the remaining gaps. The study is intended to add to the existing knowledge base on e-commerce in Kenya and contribute to the growth of this nascent industry by providing e-commerce stakeholders with insights that will inform sound decision-making while serving as input for further research. This study was exploratory in nature and employed online desk research method to source for existing literature on the e-commerce sub-sector in Kenya. The data was sourced from an array of secondary data sources from the internet including market studies, published company reports, peer-reviewed journals, newspapers, magazines, and blog postings. This extensive literature review provided background knowledge on e-commerce and allowed the researcher to paint a general picture of the e-commerce sub-sector in the country. The data collection took a period of three months, followed by another 2 months of analysis, editing, design, and reporting. The report is divided into eight sections: The first section is the background. The second provides an introduction to electronic commerce, which looks at the origin, definition, typologies as well as the common forms of e-commerce businesses. The third section discusses the economic contribution of e-commerce. The fourth looks at the various drivers of electronic commerce growth in Kenya. The fifth section provides an overview of the electronic commerce sub-sector in Kenya. The sixth section examines the barriers to electronic commerce growth in Kenya. The seventh section conceptualizes the electronic commerce value-chain in Kenya. The eighth and final section of the paper gives a summary of important e-commerce facets and draws conclusions on five key areas: tends, infrastructure, value chains, markets and rules and regulations

The Indian financial sector today is significantly different from what it used to be a few decades back, in the 1970s and 1980s. The Indian financial system of the pre-reform period essentially catered to the needs of planned development in a mixed-economy framework where the Government sector had a predominant role in economic activity. Financial sector liberalisation in India has been calibrated on cautious and appropriate sequencing of reform measures and was marked by a gradual opening up of the economy. This gradual strategy seemed to have served the country well, in terms of aiding growth, avoiding crises, enhancing efficiency and imparting resilience to the system. In recent years, the Indian Ecosystem has grown towards the maturity. Factors like availability of funding, evolving technology, consolidation strategy adopted by a number of firms and burgeoning demand within the domestic market has given a rise to new beginnings in the forms of startups, angel investing, financial inclusion programs etc. This paper attempts to improve the current understanding of the field in three selected relevant issues. First, it endeavours to map out the investment activity that has been undertaken by a variety of angels, including some of the more prominent angel networks in India. Second, it tries to highlight the major step that Hon' ble Prime Minister Dr. Narendra Modi announced, "Start-up India, Stand up India" to promote Bank Financing for start-ups and offer incentives to boost entrepreneurship and job creation. Finally, financial inclusion is also considered to be a business opportunity for the formal financial institutions. It would help them in penetrating into unbanked areas and thereby attaining profit. In India, there is a significant increase in the efforts of having the optimal situation of financial inclusion.. Conclusively we can say that the Indian financial system hasundergonè structural changes relating to ownership, competition and integration with global financial markets, the necessity of an ongoing restructuring of the regulatory framework and improved monitoring of the embedded risks in the financial system was also recognized. This process of financial liberalization resulted in innovations in instruments and processes, technological sophistication and increased capital flows.

The paper explores forms of electronic fraud which are being perpetrated in the banking industry and the challenges being faced in an attempt to combat the risk. The paper is based on a descriptive study which studied the cyber fraud phenomenon using content analysis. To obtain the data questionnaires and interviews were administered to the selected informants from 22 banks. Convenience and judgemental sampling techniques were used. It was found out that most of the cited types of electronic fraud are perpetrated across the banking industry. Challenges like lack of resources (detection tools and technologies), inadequate cyber-crime laws and lack of knowledge through education and awareness were noted. It is recommended that the issue of cyber security should be addressed involving all the stakeholders so that technological systems are safeguarded from cyber-attacks.

ABSTRACT One of the major impetus for the proponents of cashless societies is the convenience of transacting businesses using digital financial containers (debit/credit/ATM cards). However, challenges with user privacy, network downtime and cyber fraud can impact on the use of digital financial containers. This paper x-rays the advantages and challenges of running a cashless society in the light of the new government initiatives in Nigeria.

Cyber crime has now become a common criminal practices in the advancement of the current global village. The internet has been most misused through the manifestation of the different forms of cyber crime. Very many negative impacts have been carried alongside technological breakthroughs. They have been often categorized as social and economic development problems or challenges. Uganda has not been alien to this particular challenge and indeed faces more of the problems that associated with the use of the internet and cyber space. This paper looks at cyber crime as a problem to reckon with. It looks into the major challenges that Uganda faces when it comes to cyber crime especially in relation to abuse of the internet or Cyber space. It specifically looks into the gaps that arise from the lack of proper legislative measures aimed at fighting cyber crime. It looks at the need for adoption of better legislation by Uganda to counter the high hopes of the embrace of electronic commerce. This paper thus considers cyber crimes as a global challenge that needs joint effort of the global community for smooth technological advancement alongside other developments and advancements.