THE URBAN HALIEUTIC WORKSHOPS OF BAELO CLAUDIA (BAETICA, HISPANIA) by José A. Expósito, Darío Bernal-Casasola, José J. Díaz Research into the salted-products workshops of Baelo Claudia: a historiographical trajectory The city of Baelo Claudia and the urban role of the industrial quarter Right from the first excavations at Baelo Claudia, nearly a century ago, the importance of halieutic activity in the city has been noted; Baelo Claudia has, since that time, assumed a prominent position in scholarship on Roman halieutic industries in urban contexts (Ponsich 1988; Etienne & Mayet 2002; Arévalo & Bernal 2007). Since 2000, the University of Cádiz has been making substantial efforts to continue the investigation of the salted fish industry in Baelo Claudia (Arévalo & Bernal 2007; Bernal et al. 2017a; 2017b); in 2010, this investigation culminated in the research project ‘La economía marítima y las actividades haliéuticas en Baelo Claudia’, which was undertaken in co-operation between the University of Cádiz and the Archaeological Complex of Baelo Claudia 1. To date, the work carried out within the framework of this project has identified three new urban salting factories and a domus associated with these production activities (Bernal et alii 2016). The main aim of this project is to locate new salting factories and other production facilities and to uncover primary evidence of production. A further aim is to determine which marine resources were exploited in antiquity and which products were prepared in these salting factories. This paper presents two new salting factories, labelled Industrial Complex (“Conjunto Industrial” or “C.I.” in spanish) XI and Industrial Complex XII, located in the easternmost sector of the city’s industrial quarters. These complexes represent substantial primary halieutic contexts, which provide evidence specific to the production of fish sauces and salted fish products in Baelo Claudia. In addition to the ichthyological evidence, which has been presented elsewhere (Bernal et al. 2017a; 2017b), the excavation of these cetariae has also yielded compelling data concerning the organisation of the industrial quarters’ eastern sector and the productive potential of the city. The purpose of this paper is to present this new evidence. Most of the evidence for fish-salting in Baelo Claudia has been found in the southern quarter of the city, an industrial district which covers a substantial proportion of the area surrounded by the city walls (a quarter of its surface circa). Up until 2009, when previous works were revised (Bernal et al. 2007; 2016), excavations in this southern sector of the city, within the walled precinct, had identified approximately ten buildings, including two domus, a building that resembles a domus but which was used for productive purposes (Southern Building IX = “Edificio Meridional IX” or “E.M.” in spanish), three buildings whose function is unknown (Southern Building II, III and VIII) and six cetariae (C.I. I, IV, V, VI, VII and X). The overall productive capacity of the salting factories known by 2009 was calculated at 292.84 m3 (the productive potential of individual factories was calculated as ranging between 90.45 and 37.48 m3). These factories opened onto the main cardines (N-S streets); C.I.. I and C.I. IV opened onto a cardo known as ‘the Cardo of the Columns’ (CM4), and C.I. VI and C.I. V opened to the central street – potentially the cardo maximus, CM3 – while C.I. VII opened onto the street to the west of this central thoroughfare (CM2). Apart from the cetariae found in the fish-salting district, excavations at Baelo Claudia have also identified a small establishment which opened onto the decumanus maximus, the commercial heart of the city. Although the productive capacity of this establishment is substantially lower than that of the larger factories (12.54 m3), this space has also been identified as a locale for the production and retail of fish preserves. Based on the evidence from the buildings found in the industrial sector of the city, it has been suggested that the district was divided by five cardines and one decumanus, which divided the area in two (Bernal et alii 2007, Fig. 182). However, recent geophysical evidence, collected in the course of our research project, as well 1 This work has been carried out within the framework of project HAR2013-43599 P ‘Pesquerías y artesanado haliéutico en el Fretum Gaditanum. Caracterización arqueológica, arqueozoológica y experimental de las conservas marinas’, and RAMPPA, “Red de Excelen- cia Atlántico-Mediterránea del Patrimonio Pesquero de la Antigüedad” (HAR2015-71511-REDT), Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia, MINECO, Gobierno de España/FEDER. 289 LA CITTÀ CHE PRODUCE- ATTI X GIORNATE GREGORIANE - ISBN 978-88-7228-851-1 - DOI HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.4475/851 © 2018 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it José A. Expósito, Darío Bernal-Casasola, José J. Díaz as the archaeological evidence compiled over the last decade, demands that this suggestion be revised. Geophysical evidence for the urban organisation of the southern district The first geophysical study to be carried out in the southern district of Baelo Claudia was entrusted to Eastern Atlas in 2010 and focused on the eastern half of the district. The goal of the survey was to obtain new data regarding the identification of salting factories, as well as the urban layout of this area of the city. The results of the GPR survey (fig. 1) suggested that the stratigraphic sequences near the decumanus maximus were particularly disturbed, owing to the construction of a fishing village in the 20th century, but also provided important evidence for the presence of ancient structures and several streets. Especially significant were the anomalies detected between 1.2 and 2.1 m below the surface, in the eastern half of the surveyed area, which confirmed the presence of a N-S cardo (up to this point its presence had been merely speculative). The data from the lowest layers clearly reflect the projection of this street to the NE of the area under study (fig. 1c). Less clear is the evidence for a thoroughfare that runs E-W; this street is indicated by some alignments identified between 1.2 and 1.8 m below the surface (figg. 1a-b). The survey confirmed that the unexcavated areas of the city also follow a regular urban layout and provided clear evidence that the sectors between C.I. XI and XII were packed with structural remains. The new industrial complexes (C.I. XI and XII): their role in the urban organisation of the southern district Industrial Complex XI (C.I. XI) This complex is situated immediately to the south of C.I. X, in the oriental sector, to the south of the so-called ‘Carteia Gate’. The excavation of the complex began in 2014 and is ongoing. The building has been identified as a large salting factory (137.2 m2), with an overall Ushaped, rectangular plan (14 x 9.7 m). The different spaces are distributed around a central courtyard, including a series of six salting vats to the north, two to the east, and three to the west. There are two smaller vats near the main entrance to the building, which faces the south (fig. 2). The productive capacity of this cetaria has been calculated at 90 m3, making it one of the city’s largest. The results of the excavations suggest that the complex was in use over a long period of time; it was built in the early imperial period and seems to have remained active until the early 5th century AD, as indicated by the materials abandoned on the pavement of the courtyard and by the contents of the fills in the salting vats (Bernal et alii 2017b). The residues collected inside the tanks indicate that, in its latest phase of activity, the cetaria was producing fish sauces (garum), the main ingredients of which were Sardina pilchardus and Engraulis encrasiculus. The excavation of this complex has also contributed to our understanding of the urban organisation of the industrial district. Access to the industrial complex has revealed the presence of a hitherto unknown decumanus, the northern end of which can now be defined. The entrance to the building faces south, and is located near the SW corner of the complex. The threshold is 1.52 m wide, and is clearly visible, although evidence for latches or other closing devices is entirely lacking. Industrial Complex XII (C.I. XII) The excavations undertaken in 2014 indicated the presence of another hitherto unknown cetaria in this area, to the east of the so-called ‘domus of the sundial’. The excavations carried out since have confirmed the presence of a large salting factory, 168.14 m2 in size, rectangular in plan and equipped with two rows of salting vats (with four and two vats respectively), distributed around a central courtyard where two additional vats, dating to the earliest phase of the building, were also documented (fig. 3). The productive capacity calculated for this cetaria is 106 m3, more than any other in the city, and the exceptional in situ halieutic remains have revealed that its latest productions were tuna belly salsamenta and garum, made with Sardina pilchardus or Pagellus acarne (Bernal et al. in press). The stratigraphic sequence and the associated ceramic finds indicate that, like C.I. XI, C.I. XII was abandoned in the early 5th century AD (Bernal et alii 2017b). This factory must have opened onto a cardo situated to the east, as suggested by a threshold found in the eastern side of the building which provided access either to the salting factory itself or to a floor above it. It is possible that the central courtyard of the cetaria was accessed through this opening or through another threshold further to the south, in which case the identified threshold would only have provided access to the staircase leading to the upper storey. The threshold is monumentally decorated with pilasters of calcarenite. It is 1.84 m wide and it opened towards the interior, as suggested by 290 LA CITTÀ CHE PRODUCE- ATTI X GIORNATE GREGORIANE - ISBN 978-88-7228-851-1 - DOI HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.4475/851 © 2018 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it Fig. 1. - Results of the geophysical survey in the southern district with detail of the anomalies detected at -1.2/-1.5 m (A), -1.5/-1.8 m (B) and -1.8/2.1 m (C) (Meyer 2010), as well as the desing of the new CM5 and southern decumanus. 291 LA CITTÀ CHE PRODUCE- ATTI X GIORNATE GREGORIANE - ISBN 978-88-7228-851-1 - DOI HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.4475/851 © 2018 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it José A. Expósito, Darío Bernal-Casasola, José J. Díaz logical evidence. Four of the cardines matched Bonsor’s original plans of the industrial area (Bravo et alii 2011, fig. 7), whereas the other one was situated in the easternmost sector of the district, behind the ‘domus of the sundial’. New information became available after the excavation of C.I. XII, and thus we must revise this proposal. A recent publication has put forward a general interpretation of the city’s urban organisation, but this adds little to the interpretation of the street layout of the industrial district (Bravo et alii 2011, fig. 19). Fig. 2. - Plan of C.I. XI, with detail of entrance. the position of each doorjamb. The threshold was marked by three well-squared limestone slabs, of which the central slab is now missing. This threshold provides the first archaeological evidence for a cardo in the eastern end of the city. New information regarding the urban topography of Baelo Claudia’s industrial district: the eastern cardo and the southern decumanus Proposals concerning the topography of the southern district In our first comprehensive approach to the topography of the industrial district of Baelo Claudia (Bernal et alii 2007, fig. 182), we proposed a street layout using the existing data. We suggested the existence of five cardines (CM) and one decumanus (DM) in this urban sector. The latter addressed the need to divide the area into two, owing to the considerable urban density of the southernmost area and the organisation of the insulae in the rest of the city. In any case, this proposal was purely tentative, and was not supported by sufficient archaeo- The eastern cardo of Baelo Claudia (Cardo 5 or CM5) As previously noted, new evidence urges a revision of the location of the easternmost cardo in the southern district, known as CM5. First, the entrance to cetaria C.I. XII, which opens onto CM5, must be considered. This entrance is located on the western side of the street. The location of this entrance matches with the projection of the street layout suggested by the geophysical survey. Further evidence provides additional information on the characteristics of this street: for example, the western faces of C.I. X and XI, which are separated from the eastern wall by 16 m, which would mean that these industrial complexes are somewhat further away from CM5. The excavation of the eastern section of the decumanus maximus is more revealing. Although this excavation has not yet fully exposed the porticoed area, it allows for the visualisation of a line of columns and pillars in the southern portico, which offers good indication of the presence or absence of streets junctions. The last of the visible columns is 27.35 m from the eastern wall, and 2 m from the secondlast column. The second-last column, therefore, could be used as a reference for the breadth of the cardo, as the last column – located 2 m away – may be part of the hypothetical portico covering the cardo. If we visualise this information and link it to the orthophoto provided by the drone service of the University of Cádiz in 2016 (Tav. XII), it becomes clear that the width of the cardines is very regular, between 6.4 and 8.4 m. If we assume a width of 8.4 m, 2 m on either side would be covered by 292 LA CITTÀ CHE PRODUCE- ATTI X GIORNATE GREGORIANE - ISBN 978-88-7228-851-1 - DOI HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.4475/851 © 2018 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it The urban halieutic workshops of Baelo Claudia (Baetica, Hispania) the porticoes, with a road 4.4 m wide. This layout matches the geophysical data (fig. 1), and, more significantly, other cardines found elsewhere in the city such as the Cardo of the Theatre (Cardo 1) and the Cardo of the Columns (Cardo 4 or CM4); respectively, the roads of these are 4.5 and 4.3 m in width and the porticoes are 2.35 and 2.4 m. The possibility that the builders of the entrance and hall into C.I. XII encroached onto the street cannot be disregarded, as similar operations have been detected in Baelo Claudia, in the urban baths and the sanctuary of Isis, to name but two well-known examples. In this case, a width of 1.6 m should be added to the preserved breadth of the street. According to this interpretation, an extra width for CM5 in line with the narrowest known width for the city’s cardines (6.4 m) is suggested. This would result in an original width of 8 m. This seems sensible, as no other cardo in the city is wider than 9.1 m, and if we use the widest reference (8.4 m), the actual width of the street would be 10 m, which seems too much. Fig. 3. - Plan of C.I. XII, with detail of entrance. The southern decumanus of Baelo Claudia (DM) As with CM5, the discovery of the entrance to C.I. XI has provided us with the first solid proof for the meridional decumanus, the northern end of which has now been located. In this case, the archaeological evidence does not match quite so closely the geophysical evidence. Although there is substantial geophysical data for depths between 1.2 and 1.5 m below the surface (fig. 1a), this area has been subject to considerable disturbance, caused by the construction of the contemporary hamlet of Bolonia. Again, the presence of salting factories helps to define precisely the southern limit of the street and its dimensions – C.I. I is situated 9.94 m to the south of the entrance to C.I. XI. It must be kept in mind, however, that Bonsor’s original plans include a series of long structures, which are no longer visible, running alongside the north face of C.I. I. The width of these structures was 2.15 m, but they may have projected further to the north. These structures could be interpreted as part of the portico, but such an interpretation must remain tentative. Finally, it is also worth mentioning that Bonsor’s plans also include another structure to the west of the ‘Cardo of the Columns’, but this feature is at odds with the prevalent regular street layout. As such, it was probably built at a later date and thus should not be considered in our interpretation of the urban layout. According to our interpretation, the decumanus divided the industrial area into two halves. It is difficult to determine precisely the width of this street, which would, in any case, be under 10 m. Assuming the same dimensions for the decumanus and CM5 (4.4 m for the road and 2.15 m for the porticoes), and considering the structures to the north of C.I. I, the southern end of the decumanus would almost fit against the northern wall of C.I. I. In any case, as previously noted, there are several caveats this interpretation, and it must be taken with extreme caution. Another possibility is that the width of this street is similar to that of the decumanus found in the northern district, which was of approximately 6 m (Bravo et alii 2011, 124-126). This width is compatible 293 LA CITTÀ CHE PRODUCE- ATTI X GIORNATE GREGORIANE - ISBN 978-88-7228-851-1 - DOI HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.4475/851 © 2018 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it José A. Expósito, Darío Bernal-Casasola, José J. Díaz with the presence of structures to the north of C.I. I. These ideas, however, are mere hypotheses, since the only solid evidence for the existence of this decumanus and for the position of its northern limit is the entrance to C.I. XI. Towards an urban definition of the industrial district of Baelo Claudia The evidence presented in this article has contributed to our understanding of the urban structure of this sector of the city. The new evidence does not prompt major changes in our interpretation of the urban arrangement; as before, we propose a basic layout structured around five cardines and one decumanus for the southern sector of the city (Bernal et alii 2007, fig. 182). The only new point is the possible presence of two more cardines to the west of CM1, related to those that develop to the north of the decumanus maximus; they could be the southern projections of the ‘Cardo of the Baths’ and the ‘Cardo of the Shops’ (Tav. XII). Further new findings concern the location and configuration of the eastern cardo CM5, which seems to be further west than hitherto believed, and the location of the southern decumanus, the northern limit of which has now been identified. As a result of this arrangement, the insulae are not entirely regular because the district is divided by the decumanus into two halves of different lengths (N-S), and the cardines are unevenly spaced. Whereas the width (E-W) of some insulae is barely 13 m, the breadth of others is over 39 m. It can be confirmed that all the streets intersect per strigas, albeit irregularly, resulting in long and narrow city blocks. The only exception is the insula framed by the ‘Cardo of the Columns’, the eastern cardo (CM5), and the northern section of the southern decumanus, which is a regular square. In conclusion, we may recapitulate that the urban district situated to the south of the decumanus maximus is clearly industrial in nature, that it is located intra moenia – that is, within the city walls – and that it is well-articulated from the urban perspective. The buildings identified within the district include two domus, three buildings whose functions are still uncertain (E.M. II, III and VIII), a building that resembles a domus in structure, but which also hosted production activities (E.M. IX) and a total of eight cetariae (C.I. I, IV, V, VI, VII, X, XI and XII). In addition to this, there are several structures whose functions are unknown. To date, excavations have uncovered 21.34% of the southern district. The salt- ing factories thus far identified cover a total area of 1,088 m2, and their overall production capacity has been calculated at 540 m3. Other buildings cover an area of 1,554 m2, which constitutes 58.82% of the excavated area in the southern district. Extrapolating these proportions to the whole area south of the decumanus maximus (after accounting for the surface taken over by the streets) the cetariae would have covered an area of 5,097 m2, out of a total of 12,379 m2, with an overall productive capacity of 2,531 m3 – that is, five times greater than calculated to date. Taking these computations a step further, a total estimate of 37 mid-sized salting factories for the southern district can be proposed. Baelo Claudia as a model of urban salting industries Salting districts vs workshops-retail shops: Two models of activity in urban contexts Baelo Claudia constitutes a clear example of an urban salting district intra moenia. In analyses of salting activities in urban contexts, two models may be distinguished, which are distinct in terms of scale and intensity of production, as well as in terms of their impact on the surrounding urban environment. The first of these models is the salting district, characterised by its location within the city walls, the concentration of several salting factories (cetariae) in a discrete area, and the smooth integration of these facilities into the urban layout. The second model (Bernal 2014) is represented by small ‘salted-fish and garum shops’, characterised by more limited production and a less standardised spatial configuration owing to the various activities which took place in them, from small-scale primary production to retail. These officinae are also found in the urban context, but not forming clusters, let alone whole districts, as do the cetariae. That is, officinae responded to a retail demand, as opposed to representing a systematic, largescale production operation. To date, Baelo Claudia is one of the best examples from the Mediterranean of the first model. The exploration of the southern district of the city has thus far resulted in the discovery of eight securely identified cetariae, which cover over 40% of the total excavated area in this part of the city. A similar example may be found in Malaca (Baetica, Hispania), where many related finds indicate that the city also had a substantial salting district within the city walls, at least during the Late Roman period (Corrales 2003). Concerning urban ‘salted-fish and garum shops’ involved in the preparation and retail of fish products, 294 LA CITTÀ CHE PRODUCE- ATTI X GIORNATE GREGORIANE - ISBN 978-88-7228-851-1 - DOI HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.4475/851 © 2018 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it The urban halieutic workshops of Baelo Claudia (Baetica, Hispania) there is no shortage of examples – for instance the Bottega del Garum, in Pompeii (Bernal et alii 2014; Curtis 1979), a former house which was adapted to this productive and commercial role in the last stage of the building’s life before it was buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. In Hispania, the only space associated with fish-salting in Ampurias, a shop located in the old Greek Neapolis, an area that was transformed into an urban harbour. The activity at the shop has been dated to the 1st century AD (Tremoleda et alii 2014). Also in Tarraconensis, a small urban workshop/shop was found in Barcino, within a commercial area; however, it was not associated with other locales dedicated to a similar purpose, and activity at this establishment has been dated to between the late 3rd and the second half of the 5th century AD (Beltrán de Heredia 2001). Examples of this kind of shop can also be found in Baelo Claudia, specifically a taberna/cetaria located on the decumanus maximus, to the west of the macellum, and interpreted as a salsamenta workshop/shop (Bernal et alii 2007, 181-186). It is not spatially related to the city’s great salting district, and its production would have been on a smaller scale. Bibliography A. Arévalo, D. Bernal (a cura di), Las cetariae de Baelo Claudia. Avance de las investigaciones arqueológicas en el barrio meridional (2000-2004), Cádiz 2007. J. Beltrán de Heredia, Una factoría de garum y salazón de pescado en Barcino, in J. Beltrán de Heredia (a cura di), De Barcino a Barcinona (siglos I-VII): los restos arqueológicos de la plaza del Rey de Barcelona, Barcelona 2001, pp. 5863. D. Bernal, Garum y Salsamenta. Del origen fenicio a la democratización romana de una milenaria tradición salazonera, in La salaó de piex à Empúries i l’Escala. Del garum a l’anxova, Ampurias 2014, pp. 27-37. D. Bernal, A. Arévalo, L. Aguilera, J.J. Díaz, J.A. Expósito, La topografía del barrio industrial. Baelo Claudia, paradigma de la industria conservera urbana hispanorromana, in A. Arévalo, D. Bernal (a cura di), Las cetariae de Baelo Claudia. Avance de las investigaciones arqueológicas en el barrio meridional (2000-2004), Cádiz 2007, pp. 91-223. D. Bernal, D. Cottica, E. García-Vargas, L. Toniolo, G. Rodríguez-Santana, C. Acqua, R. Marlasca, A.M. Sáez, J.M. Vargas, F. Scremin, S. Landi, Un contexto excepcional en Pompeya: La pila de ánforas de la Bottega del Garum (I, 12, 8). Avance de un estudio preliminar, in Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta, 43, Bonn 2014, pp. 219-243. D. Bernal, R. Marlasca, J.J. Díaz, J.A. Expósito, J.M. Vargas, Roman Tuna fish and Garum from Baelo Claudia. Recent archaeozoological evidence, in Fishing Through Time. Archaeoichthyology, Biodiversity, Ecology and Human Impact on Aquatic Environments, Proceeding of the 18th International Council for Archaeozoology. Fish Remains Working Group (ICAZ-FRWG) (28th September - 3rd October, 2015 Lisboa), in press. D. Bernal, A. Arévalo, J.J. Díaz, J.A. Expósito, Baelo Claudia y sus actividades haliéuticas. Una nueva cetaria y una posible domus en el barrio meridional (2005-2009), in II Jornadas Internacionales de Baelo Claudia: nuevas investigaciones (14 y 15 de abril de 2010, Cádiz/Baelo Claudia), 2016, pp. 147-176. D. Bernal, J.J. Díaz, J.A. Expósito e R. Marlasca, Baelo Claudia y la producción pesquero-conservera del Fretum Gaditanum (Campaña de 2016), in R. González, K. Schörle, F. Gayet y F. Rechin (a cura di), L’Explotation des Ressources Maritimes de L’Antiquité, Activités productives et organisation des territoires, XXXVIIe recontres internationales d’archéologie et d’histoire d’Antibes & XII Colloque de l’association AGER, Antibes 2017a, pp. 85-100. D. Bernal, J.A. Expósito, J.J. Díaz, R. Marlasca, Investigaciones interdisciplinares en los saladeros orientales de Baelo Claudia: Singulares hallazgos en los conjuntos industriales XI y XII (Campaña de 2015), in Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez, 47 (1), 2017b, pp. 151-166. S. Bravo, J.A. Expósito, A. Muñoz, Últimas aportaciones al conocimiento del viario de la ciudad hispanorromana de Baelo Claudia, in Itálica. Revista de Arqueología Clásica de Andalucía, 1, 2011, pp. 121-143. P. Corrales, Datos para la reconstrucción histórica de la Málaga romana: una aproximación a su urbanismo, in Mainake, XXV, 2003, pp. 377-392. R.I. Curtis, The Garum shop of Pompeii (I, 12, 8), in Cronache Pompeiane 5, 1979, pp. 5-23. R. Étienne. F. Mayet, Salaisons et sauces de poisson hispaniques, Paris 2002. C. Meyer, Informe sobre la prospección geofísica en el área oriental del barrio meridional de Baelo Claudia (Tarifa, provincia de Cádiz, España), Eastern Atlas, Informe 1034/2010, Berlín 2010, unpublished. M. Ponsich, Aceite de oliva y salazones de pescado. Factores geo-económicos de Bética y Tingitania, Madrid, 1988. J. Tremoleda, P. Castanyer, M. Santos, I. Puigdevall, Les salaons i les indústries de salaó al Golf de Roses, in La salaó de piex à Empúries i l’Escala. Del garum a l’anxova, Ampurias 2014, pp. 27-37. 295 LA CITTÀ CHE PRODUCE- ATTI X GIORNATE GREGORIANE - ISBN 978-88-7228-851-1 - DOI HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.4475/851 © 2018 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it Tavola XII - Plan of Baelo Claudia, including the perimeter of the city wall (in red) and the fish-salting plants (in blue), as well as the proposed layout for the southern streets, including the four known cardines (in yellow), the new CM 5 and southern decumanus (in white). LA CITTÀ CHE PRODUCE- ATTI X GIORNATE GREGORIANE - ISBN 978-88-7228-851-1 - DOI HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.4475/851 © 2018 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it Bibliotheca Archaeologica Collana di archeologia a cura di Giuliano Volpe 50 LA CITTÀ CHE PRODUCE Archeologia della produzione negli spazi urbani Atti delle Giornate Gregoriane X Edizione (10-11 dicembre 2016) a cura di Valentina Caminneci, Maria Concetta Parello e Maria Serena Rizzo ESTRATTO © 2018 Edipuglia srl, via Dalmazia 22/b - 70127 Bari-S. Spirito tel. 0805333056-5333057 (fax) - http://www.edipuglia.it - e-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-88-7228-851-1 ISSN 1724-8523 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.4475/851 Comitato scientifico internazionale Darío Bernal-Casasola (Universidad de Cádiz), Jean-Pierre Brun (Collège de France, Paris), Michel Gras (CNRS), Daniele Manacorda (Università di Roma 3), Clementina Panella (Università di Roma Sapienza), Emanuele Papi (Università di Siena e Scuola Archeologica di Atene), Grazia Semeraro (Università del Salento), Salvatore Settis (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa), Nicola Terrenato (University of Michigan), Desiderio Vaquerizo Gil (Universidad de Córdoba), Giuliano Volpe (Università di Foggia) La collana è dotata di un sistema di peer review /·DXWRUH KD LO GLULWWR GL VWDPSDUH R GLͿRQGHUH FRSLH GL TXHVWR 3') HVFOXVLYDPHQWH SHU XVR VFLHQWLÀFRRGLGDWWLFR(GLSXJOLDVLULVHUYDGLPHWWHUHLQYHQGLWDLO3')ROWUHDOODYHUVLRQHFDUWDFHD /·DXWRUHKDGLULWWRGLSXEEOLFDUHLQLQWHUQHWLO3')RULJLQDOHDOORVFDGHUHGLPHVL 7KH DXWKRU KDV WKH ULJKW WR SULQW RU GLVWULEXWH FRSLHV RI WKLV 3') H[FOXVLYHO\ IRU VFLHQWLÀF RU HGXFDWLRQDOSXUSRVHV(GLSXJOLDUHVHUYHVWKHULJKWWRVHOOWKH3')LQDGGLWLRQWRWKHSDSHUYHUVLRQ 7KHDXWKRUKDVWKHULJKWWRSXEOLVKWKHRULJLQDO3')RQWKHLQWHUQHWDWWKHHQGRIPRQWKV INDICE Presentazione di Giuseppe Parello La città che produce: alcuni spunti di riflessione di Giuliano Volpe I SESSIONE: SPAZI URBANI E PRODUZIONI La lavorazione dei tessuti e la dislocazione degli impianti in una città dell’Aemilia: il caso di Mutina di Alfredo Buonopane, Carla Corti Topografia della produzione e organizzazione del lavoro artigianale: il caso di Roma. Secoli V- XV di Alessandra Molinari Officine lapidarie a Roma nella prima età imperiale: il caso della Via Appia di Daniele Manacorda Attività produttive e trasformazioni degli spazi: il caso di Velia e Paestum di Luigi Cicala, Bianca Ferrara Produrre a Salapia. Il paesaggio produttivo e commerciale di età romana e tardoantica: primi dati di Giovanni De Venuto, Roberto Goffredo, Darian M. Totten, Giuliano Volpe Attività produttive a Palermo nel Medioevo di Carla Aleo Nero Archeologia della produzione negli spazi urbani: un esempio di attività metallurgica di età ellenistica a Panormos di Carla Aleo Nero, Monica Chiovaro, Marcella Di Bella, Francesco Italiano, Giuseppe Marcianò, Giuseppe Sabatino Produzioni artigianali nella Palermo islamica di Giuseppina Battaglia, Laura Riolo, Veronica Aniceti, Claudio Filippo Mangiaracina Dopo le terme: spazi abitativi e impianti produttivi nell’Insula IV del quartiere residenziale di Agrigento alla fine dell’antichità di Maria Serena Rizzo Produzioni nell’area del Foro di Agrigento in età tardo antica di Maria Concetta Parello Catania romana. Appunti per la localizzazione di impianti produttivi di Maria Teresa Magro, Antonino Mazzaglia II SESSIONE: STRATEGIE ECONOMICHE E PRODUZIONI DOMESTICHE Household and workshops: studies in textile production in classical Athens di Stella Spantidaki Produzione ed economia nei santuari greci di Rita Sassu Spazi e attività economiche nell’architettura domestica della Sicilia greca: osservazioni sull’evidenza archeologica, a partire dal caso di Himera di Elisa Chiara Portale Piccoli oggetti del lavoro quotidiano: i pesi da telaio, testimoni della tessitura a Mozia di Francesca Oliveri, Antonina Lo Porto Il ruolo della produzione ceramica nella città della Grecia classica di Martin Bentz “Un filo di fumo”. Agrigento al centro della filiera dello zolfo di Luca Zambito Le vie della produzione ad Agrigento. Considerazioni sulla viabilità tra la città antica e il suo porto di Valentina Caminneci, Vincenzo Cucchiara III SESSIONE: PRODUZIONI IN CERAMICA E TERRACOTTA Ceramica attica per la città: produzione ed uso ad Atene di Elisabetta Pala Casa e bottega: la ceramica a chilometro zero di Gaius Valerius Verdullus di Giulia Baratta Vibo Valentia. Un quartiere artigianale romano nel cuore della città di Cristiana La Serra Fornaci e scarichi di età islamica alla stazione centrale e presso Porta Sant’Agata (Palermo) di Giuseppina Battaglia, Emanuele Canzonieri Gli strumenti per la produzione ceramica del quartiere artigianale di Selinunte di Linda Adorno Le brocche di Monte Adranone (Sambuca di Sicilia): tipologia e produzione, status quaestionis e prospettive di ricerca di Caterina Trombi Indicatori di attività produttive ceramiche a Monte Saraceno di Ravanusa (AG) di Elisabetta Tramontana ‘Forme fittili agrigentine’: per una rilettura della produzione artigianale di Akragas di Carla Aleo Nero Tracce di produzioni ceramiche dall’area a Sud del tempio di Zeus ad Agrigento di Annalisa Amico, Laura Danile L’atelier ceramico medievale nell’area della necropoli paleocristiana di Agrigento di Giuseppe Falzone IV SESSIONE: PRODUZIONI ALIMENTARI Cibo e polis. Il ruolo dell’alimentazione e della produzione di cibo nello sviluppo dello stato greco di Luigi M. Caliò The Urban Halieutic Workshops of Baelo Claudia (Baetica, Hispania) by José A. Expósito, Darío Bernal-Casasola, José J. Díaz Impianti alieutici siciliani e atelier ceramici in età imperiale di Roberto La Rocca, Cristina Bazzano Archeologia della produzione, città, specializzazione artigianale di Enrico Giannichedda ABSTRACTS TAVOLE ABSTRACTS I SESSIONE: SPAZI URBANI E PRODUZIONI TEXTILE PRODUCTION AND TOPOGRAPHY OF WORKSHOPS IN A CITY OF AEMILIA: THE CASE OF MUTINA Alfredo Buonopane, Carla Corti ([email protected], [email protected]) Mutina was one of the main centers for the wool processing and trading, and, also, for the making of fabrics. These activities, which had a strong influence on the economic life of the city, are documented by the inscriptions, in particular by the Diocletian’s Edict on the prices, and by some literary source. Among these is a verse of Martialis, where, far from a simple literary topos, the Latin poet ironically claims that even a humble fullo in Mutina has enriched himself so much as to pay the expenses for a munus in the amphitheater. The archaeological investigations have identified two manufactories, one of which is certainly a fullonica, used for the wool processing. They are located immediately outside the city, in a geographically favorable position, close to via Aemilia and to the most important grazing lands. TOPOGRAPHY OF PRODUCTION AND ORGANIZATION OF ARTISANAL WORKSHOPS: THE CASE OF ROME. 5TH-15TH AD Alessandra Molinari ([email protected]) The economic role played by crafts in cities, was central in the research project on the productive activities of Rome between the Late Antiquity and Middle Ages, which together with colleagues Lucrezia Spera and Riccardo Santangeli Valenzani, I have conducted roughly between the 2011 and 2015. The most recent historiography on medieval Rome strongly rejected the idea and the prejudice that this city was a “parasitic” city, mainly of consumers and not also of producers of goods and services. Through an integrated work on different types of sources available on the craft and making a complete inventory of archaeological traces of productive activities inside the walls and in the immediate suburbs we tried to investigate the nature and the role that production had in the economic history of this city since the antiquity and throughout the Middle Ages. LAPIDARY WORKSHOPS AT ROME. THE CASE OF APPIA ROAD Daniele Manacorda ([email protected]) The paper takes into consideration a particular type of urban artisan production: the lapidary workshop. Based on epigraphic materials found over the centuries along the first mile of the Appian Way in Rome, the research tries to outline the ancient landscape in which these workshops operated, starting from the urban landscape of the vineyards that occupied it in the modern centuries. PRODUCTION AND TRANSFORMATION OF SPACES: THE CASE OF VELIA AND PAESTUM Luigi Cicala, Bianca Ferrara ([email protected], [email protected]) A research project by the University of Naples Federico II, started in the 2014, focuses on the problems about the Archaeology of Production. Among many case studies, in Italy and abroad, Elea-Velia and the sanctuary of Hera at the mouth of the Sele River in the territory of Poseidonia-Paestum provide interesting elements, both for the analysis of ‘products’ and for ‘indicators for production’. This paper analyzes the relationship between the production structures and the transformations of the city and its monumental evidences, particularly the sacred ones, of these two important sites of Magna Graecia. PRODUCING AT SALAPIA. THE LANDSCAPE OF PRODUCTION AND TRADE DURING ROMAN PERIOD AND LATE ANTIQUITY: FIRST DATA Giovanni De Venuto, Roberto Goffredo, Darian M.Totten, Giuliano Volpe ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]) We interpret the remains of urban production and small-scale consumption in the Roman and Late Antique town of Salapia on the Adriatic Coast of Apulia. Its position on a marshy lagoon enabled it to exploit valuable salt resources. 313 LA CITTÀ CHE PRODUCE- ATTI X GIORNATE GREGORIANE - ISBN 978-88-7228-851-1 - DOI HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.4475/851 © 2018 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it Abstracts The remains of a tannery in use from the 2nd-4th c. AD reveal modest artisanal activities within the limits of the town, perhaps a “boutique” production site for a family to “show off” its role in these production strategies in other context beyond the city. This production space in a Roman domus at Salapia is not unlike other examples from Roman towns in the Mediterranean. Although we do not know the identity of the owner of either the domus or the tannery, this family was likely of middle-high elite status, and inscription evidence might support strong links to Adriatic networks, both social and economic. The remains of a humbler casa-taberna across the cardines of this domus, dated to the 4th-5th c. AD provide evidence of daily consumption of local and imported products. PRODUCING IN PALERMO DURING THE MIDDLE AGE: NEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA Carla Aleo Nero ([email protected]) We present, as a preliminary step, the results of a census of published and unpublished data available on artisan production sites active in Palermo in the Middle Ages and beyond. Taking into account the most recent urban excavations, about twenty testimonies have been collected regarding the most different areas of production, located in various areas of the city; all the information constitutes an useful working platform for future research. In Islamic and Norman period pottery, bricks and metallurgical activities are well documented; also attested are the workshops for the production of glass, the building sites (a pit for lime extinction), the shipyard, the factories for sugar processing and the handcraft activities for the bone manufacturing. ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PRODUCTION WITHIN THE URBAN SPACES: AN EXAMPLE OF METALLURGY ACTIVITIES IN PANORMOS DURING THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD Carla Aleo Nero, Monica Chiovaro, Marcella Di Bella, Giuseppe Marcianò, Giuseppe Sabatino ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected] [email protected]) By an archeological emergency excavation, the Soprintendenza BB.CC.AA. of Palermo has brought to light in Piazza Bologni, within the ancient walls, a context of the first half of the 3rd century BC, with a lot of pottery partially combusted, mostly black glazed pottery and amphorae, especially Punic type. The main indicators of production consisted of iron castings slag, spongy and rust-colored, with a lot of inclusions (lithic, ceramic or shells fragments). Probably those metallurgical activities would take place in this central area of the Punic city, although it is not possible, in the absence of surviving structures, to clarify the organization of the workshop. The XRPD and SEM-EDS analyzes found that the recovered slags are mainly formed by iron oxides and iron and calcium silicates; the presence of the latter, in particular, suggests the use of a carbonated scouring that leads to a probable exploitation of local resources. ARTISANAL PRODUCTION IN PALERMO DURING THE ISLAMIC PERIOD Giuseppina Battaglia, Laura Riolo, Veronica Aniceti, Claudio Filippo Mangiaracina ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]) During the works for a tramline in Corso dei Mille (Palermo, Sicily) archaeological excavations were conducted. The excavations revealed important archaeological evidence dated to a period ranging from the 10th to the 13th century AD. In the north area, among these findings, a significant amount of caprine (Capra hircus) horn cores were identified in contexts dated to the course of the 10th-11th century AD. In the south area, a large pottery dump with kiln waste was found, dating back to the Islamic age. AFTER THE BATHS. HOUSING AND PRODUCTION SPACES IN THE INSULA 4TH OF THE RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOROOD OF AGRIGENTO AT THE END OF ANTIQUITY Maria Serena Rizzo ([email protected]) Starting in 2014, we conduct an archaeological research in the Insula IV of the residential district of Agrigento, where we found out a bath complex. Built probably in the late 3rd or early 4th century, the building was abandoned before about mid-fifth century, when it was inhabited again. While the main rooms of the complex was used as living spaces, secondary rooms and the external area housed handicraft facilities, intended for the production of building material and the processing of agricultural productions. Tombs were placed in the external area and in other rooms. This archaeological context preserves a settlement pattern, characterised by the contiguity between dwelling 314 LA CITTÀ CHE PRODUCE- ATTI X GIORNATE GREGORIANE - ISBN 978-88-7228-851-1 - DOI HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.4475/851 © 2018 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it Abstracts and working spaces, and the closeness of burials, that did not survive in the rest of ancient residential district, after the excavations of 50s. PRODUCTIONS IN THE FORUM AREA OF AGRIGENTO DURING THE LATE ANTIQUITY Maria Concetta Parello ([email protected]) The enormous dump settled on the area of the Hellenistic-Roman sanctuary at the centre of the city during the 5th Century A.D. documents not only the transformation of the urban landscape, but also the quantity of the late-antique city’s production through artisanal plants and production indicators. Indeed, wastes from the processing of pottery (amphorae, coarse wares, tiles), iron, bone, glass, and weaving and baking items come from the rubbish dump. At the beginning of the 6th Century, a plant for the metal processing is built over the landfill. The building, too, becomes object of spoliation. The dump, therefore, represents the most visible trace of a completely deconstructed town and the evidence of a “rubbish economy” through re-use and recycling. ROMAN CATANE. NOTES ABOUT THE TOPOGRAPHY OF WORKSHOPS Maria Teresa Magro, Antonino Mazzaglia ([email protected], [email protected]) On 2008 some works of consolidation and restoration were carried out in the southern front of the so called “Badia piccola”. This building belonged to the Benedictine monastery, which is at the corner between via Crociferi and via San Francesco d’Assisi. Here we have got the opportunity to obtain new important results regarding the conformation of the area during the Greek and the Roman period. The presence of two spaces used for cooking vats, kiln waste and a cisterns allows the identification of an artisanal workshop. II SESSIONE: STRATEGIE ECONOMICHE E PRODUZIONI DOMESTICHE PRODUZIONI DOMESTICHE ED OFFICINE. STUDI SULLA PRODUZIONE TESSILE NELL’ATENE DI ETÀ CLASSICA Stella Spantidaki ([email protected]) La ricerca sulla produzione tessile comprende due filoni principali tecnico e socio-storico. Mentre il primo riguarda i dettagli tecnici della produzione, il secondo si concentra su tutte le interazioni dell’artigianato tessile con la società. Questo studio esplora l’organizzazione della produzione tessile nell’Atene classica utilizzando i dati di fonti scritte, e l’iconografia degli strumenti tessili. La ricerca attuale suggerisce la coesistenza della produzione per il consumo delle famiglie con la produzione destinata alla vendita. Tuttavia, i confini tra i due settori sono vaghi e non ci consentono ancora di tracciare un quadro specifico della struttura sociale della produzione tessile. PRODUCTION AND ECONOMY OF GREEK SANCTUARIES Rita Sassu ([email protected]) Greek sanctuaries played a crucial – and hitherto underestimated – role in the creation of a public economy and in the promotion of productive processes, commercial traffics and professional figures’ employment. Far from being merely the place for the performance of ritual practices and for the human-divine interaction, sacred areas hoarded consistent amounts of financial resources. The preserved treasures intended both to provide a public deposit to the urban community and to redistribute wealth among the society through the construction of architectural monuments, the establishment of paid permanent religious and administrative staffs, the temporary employment of architects, artists, artisans, metalworkers, farmers, shippers and so on. Lastly, Greek sanctuaries act as large-scale employers, able to generate incomes and to stimulate the economy. SPACES AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE GREEK SICILY NOTES ABOUT ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE, STARTING FROM THE CASE OF HIMERA Elisa Chiara Portale ([email protected]) While the functional analysis of houses is increasingly adopted, even in the archaeology of Sicily, as a tool useful for understanding the ancient way of life and the changing attitudes towards the ‘private’ space from the Early Archaic to Late Hellenistic times, it is mainly based on the architectural layout and on the physical characteristics of 315 LA CITTÀ CHE PRODUCE- ATTI X GIORNATE GREGORIANE - ISBN 978-88-7228-851-1 - DOI HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.4475/851 © 2018 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it Abstracts the buildings, or sometimes on a tiny selection of the findings. The possibility of analysing the activities concerned with production and commerce, and of appreciating the economic role of the domestic units, is consequently hardly limited. An useful case study is the town of Himera, due to the extension of the residential districts. So, a multifaceted approach is needed, one that considers not only ‘hard ’features like room-types and installations (which often have been lost), and some probable ‘indicators’, but, as far as possible, takes in account the whole context with the range of small finds and assemblages, the patterns of circulation and accessibility, and the availability of water, closeness to roads, proximity to the agora and the harbour, and other factors determining the economic ‘strategies’ of the house-owners. SMALL OBJECTS OF DAYLY WORK. THE LOOM WEIGHTS EVIDENCE OF TEXTILE ACTIVITIES IN MOTYA Francesca Oliveri, Antonina Lo Porto ([email protected], [email protected]) For the Phoenician island of Mozia, Diodorus Siculus informs us about the high economic value of the fabrics of Mozia: the loot collected by the soldiers of Dionius of Syracuse during the sacking of the city included in fact, in addition to a lot of silver and gold, also very rich garments. While fibers, threads and fabrics are difficult to find through archaeological documentation, the tools used for their production are not lacking and are able to provide a series of information. Loom weights, ‘poor’ objects, with limited aesthetic characteristics, and most often realized by hand, represent only the 60th part of a normal vertical loom: this is in fact the probable overall number of loom weights that allowed the functioning of this important instrument of daily female life and domestic economy. Through the study of the loom weights of the Whitaker collection, and the comparison with more recent findings occurred on the excavations carried out on the island, it is possible to draw a picture, albeit partial, highlighting the role played in the weaving phases, for a better understanding of this important productive activity. THE ROLE OF POTTERY PRODUCTION IN THE CITY OF CLASSICAL GREEECE Martin Bentz ([email protected]) We have very different sources on Greek ceramic production in archaic and classical time (6th-4th century BC): texts, images depicting potters at work, excavations of workshop structures, products, tools etc. The research is well developed and we have lists of workshop sites in several parts of Greece, however, there is nearly no workshop entirely preserved. Based on new evidence from excavations in Selinous the paper focusses first on size and spatial organization of workshops and second on the location of workshops within the cities and on the much discussed question of ‘potters quarters’. The key to understand both aspects seem to be ‘specialization’ and ‘division of labor’. Third, the case study of Selinunte allows for the first time a detailed quantative approach reconstructing the number of all persons involved, of the production numbers of different ceramic products, comparing them to the demand of the city. A considerable surplus was produced and exported creating growth in certain periods. “A WISP OF SMOKE”. AGRIGENTO AND THE CHAIN OF THE SULPHUR Luca Zambito ([email protected]) A kiln waste found on a hill in the area of roman Agrigentum attests pottery kilns and the production of tegulae sulphuris. Griffo found in the same area a big pottery dump and many tegulae sulphuris with defects and the inscription “Anni Erotis”. The Annii dedicated to Augusto and his family a marble base found near the temple. This article deals with the role of Agrigentum in the production of sulfur and its relationship with the organization in the hinterland of Augusto. THE ROUTES OF THE PRODUCTION AT AGRIGENTO. CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE VIABILITY BETWEEN THE ANCIENT CITY AND ITS HARBOR di Valentina Caminneci, Vincenzo Cucchiara ([email protected], [email protected]) Recent archaeological investigations in the area at the mouth of Akragas river have rekindled interest on the question of the location of the ancient harbour of Agrigento. The revision of the old excavations and the preliminary geoarcheological study of the Agrigento coast, led us to suppose the existence of an inner port basin to the South of the confluence of the two rivers Hypsas and Akragas. Starting from this hypothesis we deal with the further research 316 LA CITTÀ CHE PRODUCE- ATTI X GIORNATE GREGORIANE - ISBN 978-88-7228-851-1 - DOI HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.4475/851 © 2018 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it Abstracts on the “routes of production”, which linked in antiquity the harbour and the city and were useful to the mobility of people and goods in ancient times. Our effort, supported by the synoptic reading of historical sources and the interpretation of archaeological evidence, is complicated by the landscape transformation. The first step is to clarify the topography of the city’s gates open to the suburban area, where farms and workshops lived and produced. III SESSIONE: PRODUZIONI IN CERAMICA E TERRACOTTA ATTIC POTTERY FOR THE CITY: PRODUCTION AND USE IN ATHENS Elisabetta Pala ([email protected]) This paper summarizes the aspects that characterize the Attic figured pottery from the Acropolis of Athens. This context appears extremely meaningful from a dual perspective, firstly as the city where such ceramic was produced, and from there exported all over the Mediterranean, then because of its role as a nerve centre of Athenian religiosity. As a consequence, the wide assortment of shapes and the rich iconographic repertoire attested there, able to reflect – in a small way – the variety and complexity of the entire ceramic production addressed to the polis, allow rightly to consider the polyadic sanctuary as a model for the study of the dynamics laying the production and use of attic pottery. HOUSE AND WORKSHOP: POTTERY “ A CHILOMETRO ZERO” OF GAIUS VALERIUS VERDULLUS Giulia Baratta ([email protected]) In this paper we examine the relation between the location of the figlina near Calagurris where the activity of Gaius Valerius Verdullus is attested and the diffusion of its ceramics, which seems to be mainly produced for the municipium Calagurritanums area and not destined for a real exportation. VIBO VALENTIA. A PRODUCTIVE NEIGHBORHOOD IN THE HEART OF THE CITY. Cristiana La Serra ([email protected] email) In the city of Vibo Valentia, a Roman Municipium dated to 192 BC, some public works have highlighted a Roman artisan district. So far we have investigated three furnaces, a masonry well, and a clay quarry area. The site is dated between the end of the 1st and the beginning of the 2nd century AD. Many ceramics have also been found, and also many kiln waste. KILNS AND WASTES OF THE ISLAMIC PERIOD NEAR THE MAIN STATION AND PORTA SANT’AGATA (PALERMO) Giuseppina Battaglia, Emanuele Canzonieri ([email protected], [email protected]) The preventive archaeological investigations at Palermo Central Station gave back important elements, useful for the historic reconstruction of the medieval town. These excavations have highlighted two brick kilns, partially preserved because they built within deep rock cuts in the unusual shape of a boat plan and five hypogean cavities used as ceramic drains, dating back between the late 9th and early 10th centuries. Another preventive archaeology intervention near Porta S. Agata has highlighted a deposit in secondary lying position of Islamic age pottery. WORK TOOLS FROM THE POTTER’S WORKSHOP OF SELINUNTE Linda Adorno ([email protected]) As part of the investigation of one of the largest potter’s workshop of the ancient Greek world, a crucial insight into everyday life of the ancient inhabitants of Selinunte is provided by the recovery of some work tools discovered during the excavation of the “kerameikos” of Selinunte, in the Cotone Valley. These were objects used during the several steps of the production process: many spacers used to stacking the artifacts in the kilns, deep bowls, mortars, grinding stones and pestles used to work the clay, bone spatulas, terracotta stamps and clay punches for decorations and labels, and also various burnishing tools. Furthermore, the wedge-shaped spacers, the most common type, often show various kinds of stampings and incisions that could be interpreted as trademarks. The study of these objects provides valuable information about the methodologies and techniques of production of the artifacts that took place in the recently discovered artisan area of Selinunte. 317 LA CITTÀ CHE PRODUCE- ATTI X GIORNATE GREGORIANE - ISBN 978-88-7228-851-1 - DOI HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.4475/851 © 2018 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it Abstracts THE JUGS FROM MONTE ADRANONE. TYPOLOGY AND PRODUCTION, STATUS QUAESTIONIS AND RESEARCH PROSPECTS Caterina Trombi ([email protected]) The analysis of the contexts and the examination of the ceramics’ painted decorations and of the decorative patterns, revealed that the use of jugs with herons and abstract geometric patterns continued from the middle of the 6th century BC to the end of the 5th century BC. These jugs, which were above all employed in funerary and cultural contexts, were produced in a lot of workshops. Some of them were produced in nearby Entella, but a second workshop was probably situated on Monte Adranone itself, as documented by the archeometric analysis carried out on ceramic fragments belonging to the three indigenous pottery classes (incised and/or impressed pottery, painted pottery and monochromatic and/or bichromatic pottery). Furthermore the analysis of jugs with herons and abstract geometric patterns coming from Monte Maranfusa and Monte Iato attest other production centres. Therefore, an increase in the archeometric analysis of samples coming from the abovementioned sites would be desirable. INDICATORS OF POTTERY PRODUCTION AT MONTE SARACENO OF RAVANUSA (AG) Elisabetta Tramontana ([email protected]) During the excavations conducted by Messina University in 2003-2005 at the archaeological site of Monte Saraceno near Ravanusa, a large stepped tank was brought to light in the sector of the settlement called “Lower Terrace”. Into the filling of the tank many waste products and tools for the pottery production (such as kiln supports and a cylindrical clay stamp for the decoration of louteria) were found. This evidence demonstrates the presence of a kiln in the neighbourhood and the existence of a local workshop specialized in the production of various pottery shapes. In particular the waste products can be referred to Black-Glazed drinking shapes and to cups, bowls and basins of local common ware, that are frequently attested in the site. According to this pottery evidence, the kiln was in use from the end of the Vth to the first half of the 4th century BC. CLAY MOLDS FROM AGRIGENTO. REREADING AKRAGAS ARTISANAL PRODUCTION Carla Aleo Nero, Chiara Portale ([email protected], [email protected]) The paper aims at analyzing the location and the range of production of the coroplasts’ workshops in ancient Akragas. While the amounts of figurines and reliefs belonging to several distinctive types, which were discovered during the excavations made in the ancient town especially in the sanctuaries, testify the success of the local workshops, a category of objects, the molds for figurines and relief decorations, is more revealing about the manufacturing districts and the repertoire at disposal of the craftsmen. Roughly 130 molds have been found till now at Agrigento. While some rather scattered pieces are not a proof of the presence of a workshop on the same spot (Porta I, ‘Punic Quarter’ near Porta II, ‘Hellenistic-Roman Quarter’ and S. Nicola district, surroundings of the temples of Concordia and Hercules), and/or need a more nuanced interpretation (area S/SE of the Olympieion), in the area immediately S of the ‘Sanctuary of the Chthonian Deities’, just before the city wall, the activity of an important workshop serving the near sanctuaries is well documented. Here the majority of the molds discovered show the evolution of the coroplastic art during 6th-4th centuries B.C. in relationship with the local votive practices. TRACES OF POTTERY PRODUCTION FROM THE AREA TO THE SOUTH OF THE OLYMPIEION AT AGRIGENTO Annalisa Amico, Laura Danile ([email protected], [email protected]) The excavations made in the area between the southern limit of the Greek city of Akragas and the southern side of the Temple of Zeus offer a wide panorama of pottery findings. Most of them can be related to the religious practices and be considered offerings to the gods. The evidences of some wastes of kiln and vitrified and deformed vases, related to black glazed ware and coarse ware shapes, allow us to reflect on the activities of the pottery workshops during the Greek period. There are also some kilns pacers that in our context are probably votive objects and other particular shapes as skyphoi with characteristic decorations that may be local productions related to the worship. The archaeological finds are signs of the wealth in the archaic and classical Akragas and the pottery studies has permitted to identify local artefacts, but the question of the localization of the workshops is still open. 318 LA CITTÀ CHE PRODUCE- ATTI X GIORNATE GREGORIANE - ISBN 978-88-7228-851-1 - DOI HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.4475/851 © 2018 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it Abstracts THE MEDIEVAL POTTER’S ATELIER IN THE AREA OF THE PALEOCHRISTIAN NECROPOLIS IN AGRIGENTO Giuseppe Falzone ([email protected]) The recent publication of the Acts of the International Congress on The archeology of production in Rome paid specific attention to interesting new hints regarding the context of production, its topographic site in the urban area, its scale, its organization and the circulation area of the products. From this perspective, the ceramic atelier that was set up in the area of early Christian necropolis in Agrigento has become an interesting case-study. This is due to its peculiar topographic location in a post antique urban context, as a reason for the transformation and the reuse of the funerary space, but also in consideration of the discovery of raw materials, supported by archeometric exams, and the organization of the productive cycle, for which hypotheses have been put forward regarding the loading of the furnaces and the trading of the finished product. The rereading of the publications have also triggered off an interesting observation regarding the connection between the ceramic workshop and the near St. Gregory’s monastery that in Early Middle Age arose in the temple of Concordia. IV SESSIONE: PRODUZIONI ALIMENTARI FOOD AND POLIS. THE ROLE OF THE NUTRITION AND THE FOOD PRODUCTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEK STATE Luigi Maria Caliò ([email protected]) Due to the geographical position of Sicily with its centrality between the Mediterranean trade routes, led in the antiquity to the development of industrial production of fish-related products. Fourteen salted fish installations have been identified, relying on the North-West and South-East coasts of the island. They developed in the roman age thanks to the proximity to the tuna routes coming into the Mediterranean from the Atlantic sea. The present poster shed light on the material culture and the topographic analysis of the installations. The report will focus on the typological analysis of the Dressel 21-22 samples from Sicily. From analyzing these samples will result in an upgrade of the related commercial and industrial aspects of the installations, in order to obtain an overall view of the sicilian sites. GLI IMPIANTI ALIEUTICI DI BAELO CLAUDIA (BAETICA, HISPANIA) José A. Expósito, Darío Bernal-Casasola, José J. Díaz ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected]) La città romana di Baelo Claudia si configura come il miglior esempio di centro produttore di salagioni nel Fretum Gaditanum. La città comprende dentro le mura un quartiere artigianale che ha otto cetariae scavate, tutte nella parte bassa della città, tra il decumanus maximus e l’area portuale. Lo scavo di due nuovi stabilimenti, i cosiddetti Conjunto Industrial XI e XII, che si trovano nel settore sud-orientale di Baelo Claudia ha fornito nuovi dati sulla configurazione urbanistica di questo settore. La documentazione della porta d’ingresso ai due impianti e il confronto di questi dati con studi geofisici condotti nel 2010 hanno confermato la posizione del cardo orientale e hanno permesso la conoscenza del decumanus meridionale, completando la definizione urbanistica di questo settore produttivo della città. SICILIAN HALIEUTICS WORKSHOPS AND POTTER’S ATELIER DURING IMPERIAL PERIOD Roberto La Rocca, Cristina Bazzano ([email protected] [email protected]) Due to the geographical position of Sicily with its centrality between the Mediterranean trade routes, led in the antiquity to the development of industrial production of fish-related products. Fourteen salted fish installations have been identified, relying on the North-West and South-East coasts of the island. They developed in the roman age thanks to the proximity to the tuna routes coming into the Mediterranean from the Atlantic sea. The present poster shed light on the material culture and the topographic analysis of the installations. The report will focus on the typological analysis of the Dressel 21-22 samples from Sicily. From analyzing these samples will result in an upgrade of the related commercial and industrial aspects of the installations, in order to obtain an overall view of the sicilian sites. 319 LA CITTÀ CHE PRODUCE- ATTI X GIORNATE GREGORIANE - ISBN 978-88-7228-851-1 - DOI HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.4475/851 © 2018 · Edipuglia s.r.l. - www.edipuglia.it