Academia.eduAcademia.edu
The Importance of Fun Camille Bugngsrud, MA in Philosophy & Former Performer Lecturer at The Danish NaBonal School of Performing Arts, Copenhagen LUCY. Unknown photographer QUALITATIVE RESEARCH INTERVIEWS BACKGROUND Csikszentmihalyi: We are happiest when we are in FLOW ‐ completely absorbed in an ac0vity, with the right skill and challenge balance (1990). Research interviews with dancers, first person experience, as well as the work of philosophers of dance and art suggest that the state we call FLOW, being in the ZONE or GROOVE, or HIGH‐ORDER EMBODIED CONSCIOUSNESS is disBncBvely different from the theoreBcally acknowledged states of REFLECTIVE and PRE‐ REFLECTIVE consciousness, respecBvely. The on‐going EXPERTISE DEBATE has unBl recently been a debate on whether the expert during skilful acBvity is 1) conceptually reflecBve, or 2) pre‐reflecBve, as a consequence of bodily absorpBon in a “second nature” acBvity. ArBsBc arBculaBon, communicaBon, interpretaBon, improvisaBon, creaBvity and meaning cannot be covered by explanaBon 1) and 2). with Eske Holm (former ballet dancer, contemporary choreographer), Edith B. Pedersen (contemporary dancer), Pablo San Salvador (ballet ‐ & contemporary dancer), and Lucy Bannon (classical Indian dancer). The interviewed dancers describe their bodily consciousness on stage with TERMINOLOGY PHENOMENOLOGY TRADITIONALLY USES ON THE ORDER OF REFLECTION (Husserl 1952; Zahavi 2005: Gallagher & Zahavi 2008): They are (bodily) a]en0ve, explicitly aware of the other and the world, disclosing their experiences through transforma0on (by means of the body), and (emoBonally and/or bodily) ar0cula0ng what they experience pre‐ reflecBvely. This could indicate a reflecBve state of consciousness, yet, there is a simultaneous LACK OF THINKING and RATIONAL CONTROL, reports of arBsBc BLACK‐OUTS, someone else leading their arms and legs, of being in a TRANCE. PABLO. Photo: Moving Rhizomes EMBODIED REFLECTION is a REFLECTIVE, NON‐CONCEPTUAL and EMBODIED state of consciousness. As a reflecBve state it TAKES OBJECTS, and processes KNOWLEDGE and UNDERSTANDING. Yet, it stays in the IMMEDIACY of THE LIVING BODY. It is described philosophically, but contradicts the theoreBcal framework. Embodied reflecBon is characterized by an ALTERED experience of the SELF, of the OTHER, and of TIME and SPACE. The state consBtutes FUN, in terms of EXCITMENT, FULFILLMENT and PLEASURE. This is not a state of “self‐forgeXulness”, but the experience of A PROFOUND FOCUS WITHIN THE SELF, within the EMBODIED and AFFECTIVE ASPECTS of the SELF. This universal human experience is neither mysBcal, nor solely experienced by “experts”. We can all transcend to high‐order levels of embodied and affecBve consciousness, during PLAY, SPORTS, ARTISTIC acBviBes, YOGA, EROTIC convergence, and NATURE experiences. PHILOSOPHY OF DANCE & ART Pre‐reflecBon ReflecBon “Second nature” = pre‐reflecBon HYPOTHESIS There is an empirically recognized and academically described experience of a transcended state of bodily consciousness. Let us call it EMBODIED REFLECTION. We, human beings, hold academically underappreciated and generally overseen & UNEXPLOITED RESOURCES: The vast variety of aspects of our bodily and affecBve selves. Societally we have NOT YET OVERCOME DUALISM – and WE NEED ART, PLAY, GAMES, SPORTS, and NATURE in the process of achieving body & mind wholeness. Fields working on the subject – within educaBon, health, conflict resoluBon, therapy, law, etc. – could potenBally benefit from a theoreBcal elucidaBon of the embodied self. Sheets‐Johnstone: Thinking in movement (1980) Katan: The dancer ar0culates meaning and enacts thinking (2016) Montero: Dancers reflect (Shear 2013) EDITH. Photo by Peter Werner Parviainen: Thinking through movements in order to poe0se meaning (1998) Legrand & Ravn: A form of reflec0ve consciousness on a bodily level (2009) Bergamin: Exper0se flow experiences involves owned‐ness/authen0city, unlike everyday automa0city (2016) Merleau‐Ponty: This philosophy, which is yet to be elaborated, is what animates the painter – not when he expresses opinions about the world but in that instance when his vision becomes gesture, when, in Cézanne’s words, he ‘thinks in pain0ng’ (1961) ESKE. Unknown photographer REFERENCES Bergamin, J (2016) ‘Being‐in‐the‐flow: Expert coping as beyond thought and automaBcity’ in Phenomenology and the Cogni0ve Sciences, 16 (pp. 403 – 424) Bugngsrud, C (2015) ‘Thinking Toes…? Proposing a ReflecBve Order of Embodied Self‐Consciousness in the AestheBc Subject’ in Proceedings of the European Society for Aesthe0cs. Vol. 5 (pp. 115 – 123) Csikszentmihalyi, M (1990) Flow: The Psychology of Op0mal Experience, Harper Collins Publishers, New York Gallagher, S & Zahavi, D (2008) The phenomenological mind. An Introduc0on to Philosophy of Mind and Cogni0ve Sciences. Routledge, New York Husserl, E (1952) Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie, Zweites Buch. Phänomenologische Untersuchungen zur Kons0tu0on. Husserliana Band IV/2.MarBnus Nijhoff, Den Haag Høffding, S (2015) A Phenomenology of Expert Musicianship, PhD dissertaBon, University of Copenhagen Katan, E (2016) Embodied Philosophy in Dance: Gaga and Ohad Naharin's Movemen Research. Palgrave Macmillan, London Legrand, D & Ravn, S (2009) ‘Perceiving subjecBvity in bodily movement: The case of dancers’ in Phenomenology and the Cogni0ve Sciences, 8 (pp. 389 – 408) Merleau‐Ponty, M (1961) ‘L’oeil et l’esprit’ in Les Temps Modernes, 184‐185 Numéro Spécial Maurice Merleau‐Ponty, Paris EMPIRICAL & THEORETICAL RESEARCH CONCLUSION There seems to be an experienBally lived as well as theoreBcally seen experience in which the SUBJECT’S BODILY ASPECT of the self THINKS/ REFLECTS/ACCESSES HERSELF AS OBJECT through/in/by means of her EMBODIED ACTIVITY, in which she is completely IMMERSED. Parviainen, J (1998) Bodies Moving and Moved. A Phenomenological Analysis of the Dancing Subject and the Cogni0ve and Ethical Values of Dance Art. Tampere University Press Shear, J K (2013) (ed.) Mind, Reason, and Being‐in‐the‐World. The McDowell‐Dreyfus Debate, Routledge, Oxon & New York Sheets‐Johnstone, M (1980) The Phenomenology of Dance. Books for Libraries, A Division of Arno Press, New York Zahavi, D (2005) Subjec0vity and Sel[ood: Inves0ga0ng the First‐Person Perspec0ve. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books, The MIT Press