Chronology_and_Demography_How_Many_Peopl.pdf

Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory 4100-3400 BCE Edited by Johannes Milller, Knut Rassmann and Mykhailo Videiko ｉｾ＠ ｾｯ［ｮｵｰ＠ LONDON AND NEW YORK Themes in Contemporary Archaeology Series Editors: Professor Kristian Kristiansen, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Professor Eszter Banffy, German Archaeological Institute, Frankfurt, Germany Professor Cyprian Broodbank, University of Cambridge, UK Themes in Contemporary Archaeology provides cutting edge summaries of areas of debate in current archaeological enquiry, with a particular emphasis on European archaeology. The series has a broad coverage, encompassing all periods and archaeological disciplines from theoretical debate to statistical analysis and three-dimensional imaging. The multi-author volumes are based on selected sessions from the well-regarded annual conference of the European Association of Archaeologists. Published Volumes: Volume 1: Assembling <;atalhoylik E A A Eur op an Assoc i a ti on of Ar cha e o log i t The European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) is the association for all professional archaeologists of Europe and beyond. The EAA has around 2200 members from 60 countries world -wide working in prehistory, classical, medieval, and later archaeology. The EAA aims • • to promote the development of archaeological research and the exchange of archaeological information to promote the management and interpretation of the European archaeological heritage to promote proper ethical and scientific standards for archaeological work to promote the interests of professional archaeologists in Europe to promote co-operation with other organisations with similar aims. First published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Rout/edge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © European Association of Archaeologists 2016 The rights of Johannes Muller, Knut Ras mann and Mykhailo Videiko to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents et 1988. All rights reserved. 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Fruhgeschichte - ibliothekChriGti an-Ai brechts-Un iversitiit zu Kiel Contents List of Contributors List of Figures and Tables Preface Introduction ]ohannes Muller and Knut Rassmann vu ix XVll 1 Framing the Mega-Sites CHAPTE R 1 c PTER 2 Demography and Social Agglomeration: Trypillia in a European Perspective ]ohannes Muller Research on Different Scales: 120 Years Trypillian Large Sites Research Mykhailo Videiko and Knut Rassmann 7 17 Mega-Sites c c PTER 3 PTER 4 CHAPTER s HAPTER 6 HAPTER 7 c PTER 8 The New Challenge for Site Plans and Geophysics: Revealing the Settlement Structure of Giant Settlements by Means of Geomagnetic Survey Knut Rassmann, Aleksey Korvin-Piotrovskiy, Mykhailo Videiko and]ohannes Muller Copper Age Settlements in Moldova: lnsights into a Complex Phenomenon from Recent Geomagnetic Surveys Knut R assmann, Patrick Mertl, H ans-Ulrich Voss, Veaceslav B icbaiev and Alexandru Popa and Sergiu Musteapl Maidanetske: New Facts of a Mega-Site ]ohannes Muller and Mykhailo Videiko Nebelivka: From Magnetic Prospection to New Features ofMega-Sites Nataliia B urdo and Mykhailo Videiko Nebelivka: Assembly Houses, Ditches, and Social Structure John Chapman, Bisserka Gaydarska and Duncan Hale Chronology and Demography: How Many People Lived in a Mega-Site? ]ohannes Muller, Robert Hofmann, L ennart Brandtstiitter, R ene Ohlrau and Mykhailo Videiko 29 55 71 95 117 133 Economies, Social Structure and Ideologies CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 10 C PTER 11 C PTE R 12 1-IAPTER 13 CHAPTER 14 The Natural Background: Forest, Forest Steppe or Steppe Environment Wiebke Kirleis and Stefan D reibrodt Demography Reloaded Aleksandr Diachenko Trypillian Subsistence Economy: Animal and Plant Exploitation Wiebke Kirleis and Marta Dal Corso Living on the Edge? Carrying Capacities ofTrypillian Settlements in the Buh-Dnipro lnterfluve R ene Ohlrau, Marta Dal Corso, Wiebke Kirleis and ]ohannes Muller Pottery Kilns in Trypillian Settlements. Tracing the Division of Labour and the Social Organization of Copper Age Communities Aleksey Korvin-Piotrovskiy, Robert Hofmann, Knut R assmann, Mykhailo Yu Videiko and L ennart Brandtstiitter From Domestic Households to Mega-Structures: Proto-Urbanism? ]ohannes Muller, Robert Hofmann and R ene Ohlrau 171 181 195 207 221 253 vi Trypillia M ega- ites and European Prehist01y Crisis, Collapse, Transformation? HAlYfE R 15 CHAPTER 16 Small is Beautiful: A Democratic Perspective? Aleksandr Diachenko Trypillia and Uruk ]ohannes Muller and Susan Pollock 269 281 Mega-Sites and Mega-Cities: From Past to Present CHAPTER 17 CHAPTER 18 Low-density Agrarian Cities: A Principle of the Past and the Present J ohn Chapman and B isserka Gaydarska Human Structure Social Space: What We Can Learn From Trypillia ]ohannes Muller 289 Index of Places R ene Ohlrau Index of Subjects R ene Ohlrau 305 301 309 CHAPTERS Chronology and Demography: How Many People Lived in a Mega-Site? JoHA.J'\INES MuLLER, RoBERT HorMA.J'IN, LENNART BRANDTSTATTER, RENE 0 HLRAU A.J'ID MYKHAILO VmE IKO INTRODUCTI ON Since the discovery of the huge dimensions of Trypillia BIVCI mega-sites, estimations about their population size have mainly resulted magnitudes which are as extraordinary for European prehistory as the dimensions of the sites themselves. A variety of population calculations is known, usually (e.g. for Taljanky and Maidanetske) focusing on around 7500-25,000 inhabitants per site (Shmaglij, 1982; Shmaglij & Videiko, 1987; Kruts, 1989; Ohlrau, 2015). A basic assumption for these population estimations is the contemporaneity of the majority of houses in each megasite, which might be problematic. Also, for the reconstruction of the overall population density in the Southern Buh and Dnipro Interfluve, the question of the contemporaneity, or alternatively a sequential appearance, of mega-sites is very important. In many views, the mega-sites Nebelivka-Dobrovody-Taljanky-Maidanetske are described as a chronological sequence of about 15,000 people, moving after about fifty years from one site to the next, at a distance of about 20 km (Kruts, 1989). In other views, a contemporary existence of some of the mega-sites is supposed (MUller et al, in print). In such an argumentation, no less than about 30,000 people were projected as living contemporarily in mega-sites of the Volodymyrivsko-Tomashivska group. In consequence, for Trypillia mega-sites, the question of the contemporaneity of the detected houses is still most important for further analyses and interpretations: are we really dealing with up to c. 1500-2500 contemporary house-units at one site? If this is the case, we would be dealing with probably more than c. 15,000 inhabitants per site; that makes them comparable on a demographic scale with early Mesopotamian cities. Furthermore, it is important to develop not only estimations, but also archaeological arguments for whether neighbouring mega-sites also existed contemporarily or if the aforementioned model of a population shift from one mega-site to the next is © Eu ropean Association of A rchaeologists 2016 valid (cf. Diachenko & Menotti, 2012). Both aspects, the demographic dimension of one site and the population density within the region, are important for further aspects of economic, political, and social organization and, not least, questions of the environmental developments, in particular the carrying capacity of the landscape. Thus, the main goals of this inquiry are twofoldregarding precise chronology and demography: How many houses existed contemporarily m a mega-site? How many mega-sites existed contemporarily? As a result, we might be able to answer the question: How many people lived in a mega-site? How many people lived in the Uman core area of the mega-sites? Of basic importance for our approach is the interpretation of new 14 C-dates from Maidanetske; the first time that scientific dating has provided information about the chronology of mega-site house rings. Furthermore, consideration of typo-chronologies, as fundamental for the question of which sites existed contemporarily, might enable the formulation of probability models of population densities. METHODS Until recently, the arguments for different views ofTrypillia demography were manifold, but still restricted because of the lack of reliable scientific dating. In principle, different interpretations of the same archaeological arguments are still possible: 1. The classical layout of a mega-site- a ground plan with concentric house rings around an empty central place and the very few stratigraphic overlaps of features - were used as an argument for the contemporaneity of the houses. Nevertheless, a succession of concentric house rings, for example, from an earlier inner ring to a later outer ring, would also result in such sophisticated settlement plans, but reduce the calculated number of inhabitants, for example, in Maidanetske with its nine house rings, by nearly eighty per cent. 134 Trypillia- M ega- ites and European Prehistory 2. The regular burning of houses with the regular rectangular outline of the ploschchadki formed an argument for a consciously intended destruction of a whole settlement at the end of its duration. While this would imply the contemporaneity of most of the detected houses in mega-sites, alternative interpretations are also possible: for example, the burning of houses in one house ring after the other that would imply only a contemporaneity of the houses of one house ring (Zbenovich, 1990). 3. The intense studies ofTrypillia ceramic shapes and ornamentation, especially BIVC ceramic ornamentation, proved statistically relevant typological clusters of features that have similar decoration and shapes (Ryzhov, 1999). These studies confirmed the typological division of Trypillia into the known main phases in their regional settings (cf. Diachenko & Menotti, 2015). Additionally, a typological differentiation of the Volodymyrivsko-Tomashivska and Kosenivska local group into several typological subgroups was undertaken. These typological sequences were interpreted as chronological sequences. Since with exceptions (Ryzhov, 1990; Shmaglij & Videiko, 1990) only one sub-phase was detected at each mega-site, the typological development was used as an argument for the contemporaneity of the features of each mega-site. Furthermore, the sequential sub-phases with each sub-phase of, for example Cl, was used as an argument for the sequential appearance of mega-sites one after the other (cf. Kruts et al., 2001; Diachenko, 2012). On the contrary, the lack of 14 C-dates and vertical stratigraphy made it clear that the different typological groups do not necessarily have to represent chronological phases. Different design systems also could reflect, for example, different contemporary social groups that express their differences and similarities in the medium of ceramic ornamentation among other things. 4. The methodological haziness of 14 C-dating in respect to the identification of short sequences, such as a two- to three-generation biography of megasites (c. ftfty years by Kruts et al., 2001; c. seventy to eighty years by Diachenko, 2012: figure 5.5), was used to underestimate the overlap of 14 C-dates from different sites (cf. Diachenko & Menotti, 2015). The reverse of this argument was taken by other scholars to describe the contemporaneity of mega-sites. In consequence, a research strategy was developed, which included the following steps of analysis and interpretation: 1. In Maidanetske, the excavation strategy involved test-pits for each house ring, to gain radiometric dating samples (cf. MUller & Videiko, 2016). Context analyses of the samples and the evaluation of the sample material were involved in the interpretation of the data. The Bayesian approach was applied where possible. 2. The results were used to reconstruct a model of the contemporaneity of houses in Maidanetske. Using archaeological and ethnographic arguments in the reconstruction of the number of house inhabitants, a model of the demographic dimension of Maidanetske was developed. 3. Existing typological analyses of BIVCI ceramic inventories were used for correspondence analyses (CA) to estimate the statistical trajectories of stylistic differences. Through association with the already known and new 14C-data, the CA-results were translated into a chronological pattern. 4. In doing so, a model on population dynamics within the Uman region was developed. DATING A MEGA-SITE In Maidanetske, during the 2013 campaign, both the trenches on house 44 and on two pits, as well additional small test trenches, which focus on geomagnetic features of houses in the concentric house rings 1-9, helped in dating the concentric house rings (Figure 1). These test trenches were carried out in eight cases, so that-together with the house and pit in trench 51152-all nine house rings of the southwestern part of Maidanetske would yield information. Owing to the scarcity of datable material (due to the small amount of charcoal and bones in the house layers that are very near to the recent surface), only seven of the nine rings produced samples that could be used for radiometric dating. The Poznan laboratory succeeded in dating thirty-five samples (List 1; cp. also List 2). In spite of this, the spatial distribution of the dated houses allows judgement about the probability that the features were contemporary. The context analyses of the samples mainly involved analyses of the stratigraphic location of the samples. An example of such a stratigraphy could be seen in house 44 (MUller et al., 2014; MUller & Videiko, 2016). The ploschchadka of house 44 was covered by a top layer of black soil with a very high concentration of humus, followed by a more greyish-brown sediment with less humus (Figure 2). Below these layers follows the daub package from the burnt house with a thickness of about 0.2-0.3 m. In the southwestern part of the house especially, a differentiation of the daub package into two layers was possible: a c. 10 cm thick top layer with small pieces of daub (nearly no organic intrusions), and a surface with smoothed horiwntal Mtlller et al. - C hro nology and D emography: H ow Many People Lived in a Mega-Site? 135 Figure 1. M aidanetske, SSW part of the settlement. The nine house rings, the excavation trenches and the numbers of the houses that were test- trenched orjully excavated (house 44). Pits 50, 52, and 60 are located in trenches with the same numbers. 74 C-data are available from nearly a!! ftatures (see text). daub pieces beneath the floor. The burnt floor layer consists of daub from a mineral-tempered pavement, with negative imprints of timber stakes at its bottom. The ground floor itself lies on top of a loess soil with a conserved fA 1 horizon. The upper edge of the loess soil beneath the floor level is characterized by different artefacts (pots, querns) that were placed there. In the areas outside of the ground floor layer the loess soil grew, probably as a result of domestic activities. This greyish loess sediment was partly covered by the top daub layer. Beneath the conserved loess soil and the anthropogenically influenced loess soil, the sediment of an fEw-horizon is visible that was hardly influenced by bioturbation. In all other trenches, the house stratigraphies were, in principle, similar to the one described for house 44. The overall pattern of the settlement layout is the concentric arrangement of nine house rings, for each of which samples for dating were desired; this was possible for all except rings 3 and 5. (5015 ± 35 bp, bone, Sus, 3929-3715 cal BC) to the ground floor that indicates the usage of the house (List 1). The combination of the radiometric results, and of the vertical stratigraphy between both layers (Figure 2), makes usage of the house around c. 3700 BCE plausible, as also indicated by the sequential calibration of the two dates (Figure 3). Four 14 C-dates belong to the lower part of the pit 52 that is associated with house 44 (List 1; cp. MUller & Videiko, 2016). Two of them represent termini post quem (possible old wood effect-60190 and 60347 Quercus), the two others termini ad quem (Poz-60292 4920 ± 40 bp (bos) from spit le (37133651 cal BC), and Poz-60296 4955 ± 35 bp from spit 1f (bone of a large mammal): 3775-3695 cal BC). Thus, the depositional processes probably took place in the 38th century BCE (Figure 3) . Accordingly, there is a high probability that pit 52 existed contemporarily with house 44. Ring 2 (house 46) Ring 1 (house 44) Besides one 14 C-date from a disturbance on top of the daub layer that represents a terminus ante quem (c. 750-450 cal BC), two 14 C-dates are relevant for dating the house. Poz-60162 (4965 ± 35 bp, bone, Sus, 37823702 cal BC) belongs to the daub layer, Poz-60161 A similar stratigraphy was observed in trench 72, where the test-trench revealed the remains of the geomagnetic feature house 46 (c. 12 x 5 m). The 14 C-date Poz-60298 (4290 ± 40 bp, medium mammal, 29282879 cal BC) came from a layer on top of the house and represents a terminus ante quem (List 2). List 1. Maidanetske Sample name Mai-50033 (feature 50004) Mai-50038 (feature 50004) 14 ....w "' C-dates. Laboratory-ID Poz-60157 Poz-60186 14 C age 4810 5050 Deviation N (%) 35 2.0 C (%) col(%) find-ID feature level 4.5 1.0 35 50033 50038 50004 50004 2 2 find find X y B A 2 1 trench 50 50 Material Bone Charcoal Taxon Bos Qtercus Description Calibrated (68.2%) Calibrated (95.4%) 3645 BC (17.4%) 3630 BC; 3580 BC (50.8%) 3534 BC 3656 BC (26.4%) 3618 BC; 3611 BC (69.0%) 3521 BC 3942 BC (5 1. 8%) 3857 BC; 3842 BC (1.5%) 3839 BC; 3820 BC (15.0%) 3794 BC 3957 BC (95.4%) 3766 BC 2 50 C harcoal Q,tercus 3790 BC (68.2%) 3707 BC 3930 BC (10.8%) 3877 BC; 3805 BC (84.6%) 3661 BC 50130 50008 2 c 2 50 Bone Ovis 3936 BC (33.9%) 3873 BC; 3810 BC (26.9%) 3761 BC; 3741 BC (3.3%) 3731 BC; 3725 BC (4. 1%) 3715 3943 BC (42.8%) 3855 BC; 3846 BC (3.1 %) 3831 BC; 3824 BC (49.5%) 3710 BC 30 50140 50012 4 A 3 50 Charcoal Fraxinus 3905 BC (12 .3%) 3880 BC; 3801 BC (55.9%) 3712 BC 3940 BC (28.6%) 3860 BC; 3814 BC (66.8%) 3704 BC 35 50140 50012 5 A 4 51 Charcoal Corylus 3975 BC (36.2%) 3938 BC; 3860 BC (32.0%) 3813 BC 3991 BC (50.7%) 3895 BC; 3881 BC (44.7%) 3800 BC Mai-50130 (feantre 50008) Poz-60158 5020 35 Mai-50140-1 (feature 50012) Poz-60188 5005 Mai-50140-2 (feature 50012) Poz-60189 5125 2.0 4.9 1.8 I "' ;:! "'- ｾ＠ ";:! 'p A 35 """'ｾﾷ＠ ;;; 3 4980 I ｾ＠ ｾ＠ "' 50009 Poz-60187 ｾ＠ ;;· ｾ＠ 50073 Mai-50073 (feature 50009) ｾ＠ｾ＠ BC Continued ;:,.. ｾ :;:;...::1 Ｍ List 1. Continued Sample name Laboratory-ID 14c age Deviation N (o/o) C (o/o) col (o/o) find- ID feature level find find X y trench Material Taxon Description Calibrated (68.2%) Calibrated (95.4%) Mai-50197 (feature 50012) Poz-60159 5020 30 0.8 2.4 0.1 50197 50012 4 A 3 50 Bone Bos 3933 BC (38.5%) 3875 BC; 3807 BC (29. 7%) 3766 BC 3943 BC (44.5%) 3856 BC; 3843 BC (1.3%) 3835 BC; 3822 BC (49 .6%) 3710 BC Mai-51464 (feature 51007) Poz-60160 2450 30 2.4 5.4 2.3 51464 51007 4 H 19 51 Bone Bos 746 BC (24.6%) 686 BC; 666 BC (8.6%) 643 BC; 554 BC (28.8%) 475 BC; 463 BC (2.1%) 455 BC; 445 BC (4.1%) 43 1 BC 75 4BC (26.7%) 681 BC; o70 RC (15 .5%) 609 BC; 595 BC (53.2%) 411 BC 3782 BC (68 .2%) 3702 BC 3905 BC (3 .4%) 3880 BC; 3801 BC (92.0%) 3655 BC Mai-51498 (feature 51007) Mai-51606 (feature 51018) Mai-52029 (feature 52001) Poz-60161 Poz-60162 Poz-60190 4965 5015 5165 35 35 2.6 2.2 4.3 5.8 1.3 3.0 Poz-60295 4920 40 Mai-52042 (feature 52001) Poz-60347 5125 35 51606 52029 35 Mai-52039 (feature 52001 ) 51498 0.5 1.9 0.1 51007 51018 52001 4 4b le L M F 20 11 29 51 51 52 Bone Bone Charcoal Sus Sus Qtercus ｾ＠::::: ｾ＠ ｾ＠ " "',... 3929 BC (28.8%) 3877 BC; 3805 BC (27.9%) 3761 BC; 3742 BC (11 .6%) 3715 BC 3943 BC (38 .9%) 3855 BC; 3846 BC (2.5%) 3831 BC; 3824 BC (54.0%) 3707 BC 4036 BC (12.1%) 4022 BC; 3995 BC (56 .1%) 3954 BC 4045 BC (89 .2%) 3940 BC; 3857 BC (6.2%) 3817 BC 52039 52001 le F 29 52 Bone Bos 3713 BC (68 .2%) 365 1 BC 3779 BC (95.4%) 3642 BC 52042 52001 1f F 30 52 C harcoal 0,1ercus 3975 BC (36.2%) 3938 BC; 3860 BC (32.0%) 3813 BC 3991 BC (5 0.7%) 3895 BC; 3881 BC (44.7%) 3800 BC Continued (l :r" 3:J 0 ｾ＠ 0 ":Jc.. v () 3 0 (]q ;;l -o ｾ＠ :r: 0 :;; 3:: "':J '< "0 (OJ 0 -o "r;:· () c.. :;· "' 3:: () (]q "' [ I (JJ ...... w " ..... '-' ()() List 1. Continued Sample name Laboratory- ID Mai-52048 (feantre 52001) Poz-60296 Mai -60113 (feantre 60002) Poz-60348 14 C age 4955 5020 Deviation N (%) 35 35 0.6 1.7 C (%) col(%) fin d-ID feature level 2.2 3.0 0.3 2.3 52048 60113 52001 60002 1f 5 find find X y H B 31 22 trench 52 60 Material Bone Bone Taxon Description Calibrated (68.2%) Calibrated (95.4%) Large mammal 3775 BC (68.2%) 3695 BC 3798 BC (95.4%) 3652 BC Large matnrnal 3936 BC (33.9%) 3873 BC; 3810 BC (26.9%) 3761 BC; 3741 BC (3.3%) 3731 BC; 3725 BC (4. 1%) 3715 3943 BC (42.8%) 3855 BC; 3846 BC (3 .1%) 3831 BC; 3824 BC (49.5%) 3710 BC ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ "'ｾ＠ I ｾ＠ "' I ｾ＠[); "'ｾ＠ t"!") !4 ｾ＠ ｾ＠ "1:l BC Mai-60132 (feantre 60006) Poz-60191 Mai-60145 (feantre 60009) Poz-60192 4970 5060 60132 30 60145 35 60006 60009 5 6 B D 2 2 60 60 Charcoal Charcoal Qyercus Fraxinus 3777 BC (68.2%) 3707 BC 3893 BC (1.6%) 3884 BC; 3799 BC (93.8%) 3661 BC 3942 BC (30.5%) 3895 BC; 3882 BC (17.4%) 3855 BC; 3845 BC (6.2%) 3834 BC; 3822 BC 3958 BC (95.4%) 3780 BC (14.1%) 3800 BC Mai-6016 7 (feantre 60009) Poz-60349 4980 35 1.1 3.4 1.4 60167 60009 7 D 1 60 Bone Bos 3790 BC (68.2%) 3707 BC 3930 BC (10.8%) 3877 BC; 3805 BC (84.6%) 3661 BC Mai-60189 (feantre 60009) Poz-60350 5065 35 2.5 6.0 6.2 60189 60009 8 D -E 1-2 60 Bone Bos 3944 BC (21.7%) 3907 BC; 3880 BC (46.5%) 3801 BC 3959 BC (95.4%) 3785 BC Mai -70001 (Grotovine 1) Poz-60196 6390 70 70 Soil organ ic 5466 BC (31.0%) 5404 BC; 5386 BC (37.2%) 5318 BC 5481 BC (95.4%) 5225 BC 0.5 matter K7 dark brownish with loess ;:; ;;; C01ttinued """ ｾ Ｍ ｾ＠ "' List 1. Continued Sample name Laboratory-ID 14 C age Deviation N (%) C (%) col(%) find-ID feature level find find X y trench Material Taxon Description Calibrated (68.2%) Calibrated (95.4%) Mai-70002 (Grotovine 2) Poz-60197 4210 30 70 Soil organic matter K5 dark brown 2890 BC (26.4%) 2864 ne; 2806 ne (39.7%) 2760 ne; 2717 ne (2.1%) 2713 ne 2900 BC (33.3%) 2848 BC; 2814 BC (47.7%) 2737 ne; 2731 BC (14.5%) 2679 BC Mai-70003 (Grotovine 3) Poz-60198 4775 35 70 Soil organic matter K8 dark brown 3636 BC (7.6%) 3626 ne; 3597 ne (60.6%) 3526 ne 3644 ne (91.9%) 35 15 ne; 3411 BC (0.8%) 3405 llC; 3399 ne (2.7%) 3384 ｾ＠ ;: , ｾ＠ ..,"" ",__ BC Mai-72029 (fearure 720005) Poz-60298 4290 40 1.3 4.2 0.8 72029 720005 4 2 72 Bone 2928 ne (68.2%) 2879 ne Medium Mammal 3022 BC (93 .7%) 2871 BC; 2801 BC (1.7%) 2779 0 ::l"' .... 0 g 0 ｾ＠ BC Mai-73008 (fearure 730005) Mai-73041 (feamre 73005) Mai-74001 (fearure 740002) Mai -7 4003 (fearure 74004) Poz-60351 4710 35 0.7 3.2 1.2 73008 730005 3 2 73 Bone Ovisl Capra Poz-60199 4895 35 2.4 0.2 9.0 2.4 3.4 73041 73005 3 2 73 Bone Medium mammel 74001 740002 2 2 74 Bone not suitable 74003 74004 4 74 Bone not suitable 3 3627 ne (16.3%) 3596 ne; 3527 ne (16.3%) 3498 ne; 3436 BC (35.6%) 3378 ne 3632 ne (26.5%) 3561 ne; 3537 BC (20.9%) 3492 ne; 3469 ne (48.00..U) 3373 BC 3697 ne (68 .2%) 3649 BC 3762 BC (6.3%) 3725 BC; 3715 ne (89.1%) 3637 ne "'Cl... ::l 0 n 3 0 aq ;;l -o ｾ＠ ::r: 0 :E ,3:: ::l '< "'""" 0 -o ;:;- r:;;· n Cl... ::l Continued "3:: () aq "';:;· I [fJ ｾ＠ ,_. w -o ｾ＠ -)>. List 1. Continued Sample name Mai -75013 (feature 75002) Mai-77012 (feature 77003) 0 Laboratory-ID Poz-60352 Poz-60194 14 C age 4820 4970 4940 D eviation N (%) C (%) col (%) find- ID feature level 30 35 0.7 1.9 5.7 3.7 3.2 3.4 2.3 75013 77012 75002 77003 find X y 1-3 2 3 Q 5 trench 75 77 Material Bone Bone Mai-79001 (feature 79003) Poz-60195 Mai-79005a(reature 79002) Poz-60200 4875 35 1.1 6.7 79005 79002 2 1 79 Bone Mai-79005b (feature 79002) Poz-60201 4450 30 2.5 10.1 79005 79002 2 1 79 Bone 30 1.9 2.7 find 79001 79003 3 1 79 Bone Taxon Bos Ovis/ Capra Sus Description Calibrated (68.2%) Calibrated (95.4%) 3650 BC (28.4%) 3631 BC ; 3577 BC (2.4%) 3574 BC ; 3564 BC (37.4%) 3536 BC 3656 BC (34.8%) 3626 BC; 3598 BC (60.6%) 3526 BC 3783 BC (68.2%) 3705 BC 3909 BC (5. 1%) 3879 BC ; 3802 BC (90.3%) 3657 BC Bln-2087 4890 60 Charcoal ｾ＠ ｾ＠ "' I ｾ＠ "' I ｾ＠ !:; "' ;::; "'- 3761 BC (15.6%) 3741 BC ; 3731 BC (3.4%) 3726 BC ; 3715 BC (49.2%) 3661 BC 3777 BC (95.4%) 3654 BC Sheep/ goat 3695 BC (21.7%) 3678 BC ; 3670 BC (46.5%) 3640 BC 3748 BC (0.3%) 3745 BC ; 3713 BC (92.2%) 3632 BC ; 3557 BC (2.9%) 3538 Medium mammal 3320 BC (16.3%) 3272 BC ; 3266 BC (14.5%) 3236 BC ; 3170 BC ; (1.8%) 3164 BC ; 3114 BC; (14.5%) 3080 BC ; 3070 BC ; (21.1%) 3025 BC ; 3336 BC ; (41.7%) 3210 BC ;; 3193 BC ; (7.9%) 3151 BC ; 3139 BC; (45 .3%) 3011 BC; 2977 BC (0.4%) 2971 BC; 2948 BC (0.2%) 2945 3761 BC (7.5%) 3741 BC ; 3731 BC (1.9%) 3726 BC; 3715 BC (58 .8%) 3636 BC 3893 BC (0.6%) 3883 BC ; 3799 BC (84.7%) 3626 BC ; 3597 BC (10.0%) 3526 BC BC complex Zh, 1973 ｾ＠ｾ＠ BC ｾ＠ ; {l. ｾ＠ ;::; "1::1 ;;; ;:,.. t;· "' ..;;! List 1. Continued find character Number Weight (g) Mai-50033 (feamre 50004) Bulk find 1 24 Mai-50038 (feature 50004) Sample 1 1 Sample name Mai-50073 (feamre 50009) Sample 1 14 Mai -50130 (feature 50008) Bulk find 2 48 M ai-50140-1 (feature 50012) Sample 2 23.5 Mai-50140-2 (feature 50012) Sample 2 23.5 Mai-50197 (feature 50012) Mai -51464 (feature 51007) Single find Single find 1 1 103 122 Mai -51498 (feature 51007) Single find 3 37 Mai-51 606 (feature 51018) Single find 1 17 Mai-52029 (feature 52001) Sample 2 9 Mai-52039 (feature 52001) Single find 1 97 Mai-52042 (feature 52001) Bulk find Mai-52048 (feature 52001) Bulk find 2 58 Mai-60113 (feature 60002) Bulk find 4 35 Mai-60132 (feature 60006) Sample 1 2 Mai-60145 (feature 60009) Sample 1 3 Mai-60167 (feamre 60009) Single find 11 330 Mai-60189 (feature 60009) Bulk find 18 440 Mai-72029 (feature 720005) Sample 1 1 M ai-73008 (feature 730005) Single find 7 13 M ai-74001 (feature 740003) Single find 1 14 Mai-75013 (feature 75002) Bulk fi nd 1 37 Mai-77012 (feature 77003) Single find 2 4 Mai -79001 (feature 79003) Sample 1 7 Sample name Taxon Element Side E piphyseal Fusion Fragmatopm Meas (Bd) Meas (Bp) Meas (Glpe) Remarks '4c '4c '4c '4c '4c '4c ,.c 14c 14C (part) '4c '4c '4c '4c '4c 14C (selection) '4c '4c 14C (selection) 14C (selection) '4c '4c '4c '4c '4c '4c Dvl Dvm Meas (H ead) ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ::, :--. () ::r a ::J g 0 "'::J CL C1 n 3 ｾ＠ ;;l ::r -o ';<; -r 0 :: s;: , ::J '< '\i n 0 Modification -o <> r =2' Occipita!Condyle Mai-50033 (feature 50004) Bos Mai-50038 (feature 50004) ｑｾ･ Mai-50073 (feamre 50009) Qpercus Mai -50130 (feature 50008) Ovis Mai -50140-1 (feature 50012) Fraxinus Mai-50140-2 (feature 50012) Corylus ｲ｣ n CL ｵ ｳ＠ ::J Femur Right FuPx Px+ 54.2 "'s;: 22.6 ｾ＠ ｾ＠ C/l [ Continued _./ ...... ..,. ...... ...... .;.. List 1. Continued Sample name N Taxon Element Side Mai-50197 (feature 50012) Bos Metacarpal Right Mai-51464 (feature 51007) Bos Metacarpal Left Mai-51498 (feature 51007) Sus Mandible Mai-51606 (feature 51018) Sus Radius Mai-52029 (feature 52001) OJotercus Mai-52039 (feature 52001) Bos Mai-52042 (feature 52001) O!Iercus Mai-52048 (feature 52001) Largemammal Mai-60113 (feature 60002) Largemammal Mai-60132 (feature 60006) Qtercus Mai-60145 (feature 60009) Fraxinus Mai -6016 7 (feature 60009) Bos Mai-60189 (feature 60009) Bos Epiphyseal Fusion FuDs Fragmatopm Meas (Bd) Meas (Bp) Px+ 58.7 6- Meas (Glpe) Dvl Dvm Meas (Head) Modification ｾ＠ Impact fracture,proximal side ｾＮ＠ :::: 55 .1 29.3 30.3 Impact fracture, lateral side <:;· I ｾ＠ ., ｾ＠ I Right FuPx Px++ "";::: ., ｾ＠ 25.4 ;:; .,_ Calcaneum Right FuPx t>i 6 ; ｾ＠ Femur/ Humerus Frag T ibia ｾ＠ 1mpactfracture ;:; :0 F rag ｾ＠ ｾ＠ Calcaneum Right Patella right Mai-72029 (feature 720005) Medium Mammal Long bonefragment Mai-73008 (feature 730005) Ovis/Capra Lumbarvertebra FuPx 6 141.2 6 6 Mai-74001 (feature 740003 ) Mai-75013 (feature 75002) Bos Ph1 Mai-77012 (feature 77003) Ovis/Capra Mandible Mai-79001 (feature 79003) Sus Tibia FuPx 6 UnDs Px++ ascending ramus 31.1 35.9 70.7 "ｾ Ｍ List 2. Cucuteni- Trypillia 14 C-dates Site Period Culture Phase Locus LABNR C14AGE C14STD Material Species Country Ki-8086 5520 60 nd nd Ukraine Bilshivtsy 3 C-T T Bl-B2 nd Hd -19528 4499 24 Bone Human Romania Grumezoaia 5 C-T H Inhum ation burial Ki-9623 4840 90 Bone nd Ukraine Grygorivka 3 C-T T B2 nd Ki-9749 4830 90 Bone nd Ukraine Grygorivka 3 C-T TB2 nd Ki -9622 4800 90 Charcoal nd Ukraine Grygorivka 3 C-T TB2 nd Ki-9624 4740 90 Bone nd Ukraine Grygorivka 3 C-T T B2 nd Hd- 18678 5127 47 Charcoal nd Romania Hancauti I 4 C-T C B2 1986, HS, Pit 5,-1.30 m Hd-19426 5106 49 Charcoal nd Romania Hancauti I 4 C-T C B2 1985, inferour level,-0.90-1.16 m Hd-17930 4938 42 Charcoal nd Romania Hancauti I 4 C-T C B2 1986, HS , Pit 4,-1.23-1.50 m Hd -18936 4884 54 Charcoal nd Romania Hancauti I 4 C-T C B2 S IV, H6, Pit 8,-1.45-1.58 m Hd-17959 Ki-9616 Ki-11468 4621 4650 4630 95 90 90 Charcoal Bone Nd nd nd nd Roman ia Ukraine Ukraine Hancauti I 5 Grygorivka-Ignatenkova Gora 4 Grygorivka-Ignatenkova Gora 4 C-T C-T C-T H TCl TCl 1986, Surface IV, complexof firing pots no.l , from the oven mouth Bone nd Ukraine Grygorivka-Ignatenkova Gora 4 C-T TCl nd Ki-9615 4570 80 Bone nd Ukraine Grygorivka-Ignatenkova Gora 4 C-T T Cl nd Ki-9617 4530 80 Bone nd Ukraine Grygorivka-Ignatenkova Gora 4 C-T TCl nd 0 0 ｾ＠ ., ::l 0 CTq -o ｾ＠ :t 0 :::: ｾ＠ "' ::l '< 90 nd nd Ukraine Grygorivka-Ignatenkova Gora 4 C-T TC1 Pit 6, zr.3 Ki-9613 4520 80 Bone nd Ukraine Grygorivka-Ignaten kova Gora 4 C-T T Cl nd '"0 " -o 0 ;:? r' :;:· Ki-10857 4515 90 nd nd Ukraine Grygorivka-Ignatenkova Gora 4 C-T TCl Rl,3, zr.2, -0.56 m Ki-9618 4500 80 Bone nd Ukraine Grygorivka-Ignatenkova Gora 4 C -T TCl nd Grygorivka-Ignatenkova Gora 4 Ukraine ::r t:l 4520 nd () 3::l "3 Ki-11469 nd "',.._ ;:l 80 80 ｾ＠ c.. Pit 16 4590 4490 ｾ＠.... nd Ki-9614 Ki-10856 ｾ＠ "c.. ::l "'3::: "'7 CTq C-T TCl Rl,3 , zr.2,-0.56 m (f) [ Continued ...... -1>- w ..... _.,. _.,. List 2. Continued LABNR C14AGE C14STD Material Species Country Site Period Culture P hase Ki-11467 4430 90 nd nd Ukraine Grygorivka-lgnatenkova Gora 4 C-T TC1 Pit 16, zr.1 Ki-9741 4490 90 nd nd Ukraine Khomyne 4 C-T TC1 nd Ki-9740 4470 80 nd nd Ukraine Khomyne 4 nd 4390 90 nd nd Ukraine Khomyne 4 C-T C-T TC1 Ki-9742 TC1 nd Ki-11455 4760 90 nd nd Ukraine Ripnica 6 4 C-T TC1 52, Pit 1 Ki-11457 4670 90 nd nd Ukraine Ripnica 6 4 C-T TC1 S2, Pit 1 Ki-9745 4665 80 nd nd Ukraine Ripnica 6 4 C-T TC1 S2, Pit 1 Ki-9746 4620 90 nd nd Ukraine Ripnica 6 4 C-T TC1 S2, Pit 1 Ki-9743 4605 80 nd nd Ukraine Ripnica 6 4 C-T TC1 Nd Ki-9744 4590 80 nd nd Ukraine Ripnica 6 4 C-T TC1 nd Ki-11456 4580 90 nd nd Ukraine Ripnica 6 4 C-T TC1 S2, Pit 1 Locus "' I ｾ＠ "' I ""ｾ Ｍ "'ｾ＠ f ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ;:; ｾ＠ Ki-9747 4570 80 nd nd Ukraine Ripnica 6 4 C-T TC1 S2, Pit 1 5163 36 charcoal nd Romania Sofia 8 4 C-T C B1/ B2 Soundig ll, Pit 1,-0.80-0.90m, beam of a platform Hd-18826 4701 42 Bone nd Rmnania Sarata Monteoru 4 C-T C B2 1952, Surface R,-1-1.45 m Hd-19419 4481 33 Bone nd Romania Sarata Monteoru 4 C-T C B2 1952, Surface T,-1.45 m Hd-19573 4440 25 Bone nd Romania Sarata Monteoru 4 C-T C B2 1952, Surface R, Pit 1,-2 m Gd-5858 5940 60 Charcoal nd Romania Malnas-Bai 2 Cucuteni CA21 A3 Sector D, level 1/ II , under the platform of H2 Gd-5861 5880 80 Charcoal nd Romania Malnas-Bai 2 Cucuteni CA21 A3 Levell/11, under the platform of H2 Hd -14118 5663 42 charcoal nd Romania Malnas-Bai 2 Cucuteni c A2/ Secror C, level 1-II, under the platform of H2, m.l0-11 Hd-14109 5497 100 Charcoal nd Romania Malnas-Bai 2 Cucuteni CA2/ A3 Secttor C, level II , posthole of H2, m.l0-11 Gd-5860 5490 80 Charcoal nd Romania Malnas-Bai 2 Cucuteni CA21 A3 Gd-4682 5420 150 Charcoal nd Romania Malnas-Bai 2 Cucuteni c A21 Sector B, level I/ li, under the platform of H2 Sector B, Cas.1, level! A3 ｾ＠ ｾ＠ Hd-19373 A3 :l ｾ＠ Continued 'p """ ｾ ｾ＠ <> Ｍ List 2. Continued LABNR C14AGE C14STD Material Species Country Hd-15082 5407 20 Bone nd Romania Malnas-Bai 2 Hd-1 5278 5349 40 Bone nd Romania Malnas-Bai Gd-4690 4950 100 C harcoal nd Romania Malnas-Bai Bln-2803 5880 150 Grain Wheat Roman ia Poduri-Dealul Ghindaru Bln-2804 5820 50 Charcoal nd Ron1ania Bln-2782 5780 50 charcoal nd Bln-2783 5690 50 charcoal Bln-2784 5680 60 Hd-15401 5575 Hd-15324 Site Culture Period Phase Locus Cucuteni c A2/ A3 Sll , level ll, fireplace 8 2 Cucuteni c A2/ A3 SI, Sector C , level I 2 C ucuten i A2/ A3 c Sector B, under the platform of H2, Level 1 Precucuten i PC3 nd Poduri-Dealul Ghindaru 1 Precucutcn i PC2 nd Romania Poduri-Dealul Ghindam 1 Precucuten i PC 3 nd nd Romania Poduri-Dealul G hindam 2 C ucuteni C A1 nd Charcoal nd Romania Poduri-Dealul Ghindam 2 Cucuteni CA 1 nd 35 Charcoal nd Romania Poduri-Dealul Ghindam C ucuteni CA2 ]4, H 66,-1.85 m 5529 29 Charcoal nd Roman ia Poduri-Dealul Ghindaru C ucuten i CA2 12, H66,-1.85 m Bln-2824 5500 60 Charcoal nd Romania Poduri-Dealul Ghindam 2 2 2 Cucuteni CA2 H2B Lv-2153 5470 90 Bone Human Roman ia Poduri-Dealul Ghi ndam 2 Cucureni CA2 human skull, Fl,-1.55 m ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ "':--() :r ag 0 Bln-2802 5420 150 Charcoal nd Roman ia Poduri-Dealul Ghindaru 2 C ucuteni CA2 H 2A Bln-2805 5400 70 Charcoal nd Romania Poduri-Dealul Ghindaru 2 Cucuteni CA2 H 2B Hd-15039 5385 37 G rain nd Romania Poduri-Dealul Ghindam C ucuteni CA2 nd Bln-2766 5350 80 Grain Wheat Romania Poduri-Dealul Ghindam 2 2 C ucuten i CA2 H1 5 Ki-11462 4540 90 nd nd Ukraine Usatovo 5 C -T TC2 room 5 (?) a% Ki-1145 9 4520 90 nd nd Ukraine Usatovo 5 C-T TC2 room 2 (?) -o Ki-11460 4410 90 nd nd Ukraine Usatovo 5 C -T TC2 room 3 (?) Ki-11461 4350 100 nd nd Ukraine Usatovo 5 C -T TC2 room 4 (?) UCLA-1642A 4330 60 nd nd Ukraine Usatovo 5 C-T T C2 nd Ki -11 458 4270 100 nd nd Ukraine Usatovo 5 C -T TC2 Room 2 (?) Bln-795 5345 100 Grain Wheat Romania Leca-Ungureni 2 C-T C A3 nd ..,"'t:i Bln-1751 5635 50 Charcoal nd Romani a Margineni-Cetatuia 2 C -T CA2 nd -o Bln-1536 5625 50 C harcoal nd Romania Margineni-Cetatuia 2 C-T CA2 nd Bln-1534 5610 55 Grain Wheat Romani a Margineni-Cetatuia 2 C -T CA2 nd Bln-1535 5485 60 Grain Wheat Romania Margineni-Cetatuia 2 C -T CA2 nd Ki-369 5580 50 Bone nd Romania Cainara 2 C -T T B1 nd Ki- 870 4670 100 C harcoal nd Ukraine Mayaki 5 Tripolye TC2 nd Ki-975 1 4600 90 nd nd Ukraine Mayaki 5 Tripolye TC2 nd Ki-282 4580 120 nd nd Ukraine Mayaki 5 Tripolye TC2 nd Ki-11464 4530 90 nd nd Ukraine Mayaki 5 Tripolye TC2 nd ｾ＠ "'0.. " ..,v 3 :r: 0 ::: $ "' ｾ＠ 0 () r;;:· .., 0.. ｾ＠ " ;s: '7 (/) [ Continued _/ ;:l ｾ＠ ....-l>- ln ...... List 2. Continued .j:o. a-. Site Period C ulture Phase LABNR C 14AGE C 14STD Material Species Country Locus f(j -9752 4490 90 nd nd Ukraine M ayaki 5 Tripolye TC2 9,1.36-1.61n, no.8370 f(j -281 4475 130 Charcoal nd Ukraine Mayaki 5 Tripolye nd f(;GN -281 4475 130 nd nd Ukraine M ayaki 5 Tripolye f(j-11465 4460 90 nd nd Ukraine Mayaki 5 Tripolye Bln-62 9 4400 100 Charcoal Ulmus Ukraine Mayaki 5 Tripolye UCLA -1642B 4376 60 nd nd Ukraine Mayaki 5 Tripolye UCLA-1642G 43 75 60 nd nd Ukraine M ayaki 5 Tripolye f(j-1146 3 4370 100 nd nd Ukraine Mayaki 5 Tripolye f(j-11466 4360 90 nd nd Ukraine Mayaki 5 Tripolye Le-645 4340 60 Charcoal nd Ukraine Mayaki 5 Tripolye f(j-975 3 4180 90 nd nd Ukraine Mayaki 5 T ripolye TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO Gd-6387 6320 110 Bone nd Roman ia Scanteia 2 C ucuten i CM 1989, Cassette 3,3, H4,-0.60-0.70 m Gd-4685 5750 110 Bone nd Romania Scanteia 2 C ucuteni CA3 1989, Section Vl ,13,-0.62 m Hd-14701 5388 18 Bone Human Romania Scanteia 2 Cucuteni CA3 S Vlll, Cassette 1, Grave 1,-0.82 m, child Hd-14792 5370 26 Bone Human Romania Scanteia 2 Cucuteni C A3 S Vlll , Cassettel, Grave 1,-0.87 m, Hd-16700 5345 51 Bone nd Romania Scanteia 2 Cucuten i C A3 1992, Section Vlll,1 3, Pit 62,-2.25 m Gd-6388 5330 110 Bone nd Romania Scanteia 2 Cucuteni CA3 1989, Section Vl ,l4,-0.55 m Hd-19572 5280 27 Bone nd Romania Scanteia 2 Cucuteni CA3 S IX, m.37, Pit 7,-1.20m Hd-16701 5205 63 Bone nd Romania Scanteia 2 Cucuteni CA3 1992, Sectiopn Vlll , Cassette 1, 16B-1 7C, -0. 73m under the platform of H 8 GrN-5088 4615 35 nd nd Moldova Gorodnytsya-Gorodyshche 5 C-T T C2 nd GrN-1985 5340 80 nd nd Romania H abasesti-H olm 2 C -T CA3 nd GrN-4424 5530 85 Charcoal nd Romania Tarpesti C-T PC 3 nd GrN-1982 4950 60 Grain Wheat Romania Valea Lupului C-T Lv-2152 5830 100 Bone nd Romania Targu Frumos C-T C B2 PC 3 pit Hd-15075 5065 19 Bone nd Romania Cucuteni-Cetatuia C-T CB2 1961, LIV, C l nd 4 E:; ｾ＠ nd Defensive d itch "'ｾ＠ ｾ＠ "' I [;; "'ｾ＠ nd t":l nd ; -{; nd ";:;"' nd D efensive ditch ｾ＠ ;:,.. ｾﾷ＠ <> nd w o 1nan 4 ::;3 ｾ＠ nd Continued ...;:i List 2. Continued LABNR C14AGE C14STD Material Species Country Site 1-Id-14817 5423 26 Bone nd Romania Preu testi -I-I a!ta 2 C-T Period Culture Phase C A3 Locus 1978, Sl , Pit] ,-1.60 m Le-1054 4600 60 Charcoal nd Moldova D anku 2 5 C-T H nd 1-ld-14710 5162 37 Bone nd Romania Mihoveni-Cahla M orii 4 C-T 1981, SS, Pit 5 1-ld-14791 4890 29 Bone nd Romania Mihoveni-Cahla Morii 4 C-T C Blb C B2 Bln-590 5565 100 Charcoal Fraxinus Moldova Novye Ruseshti 1 2 C -T T Bl nd UCLA-1642F 4904 300 nd nd Ukraine Novo- ｒ 4 C-T TCl nd Le-1392 5990 60 wool nd Romania lablona 1 3 C-T c nd c nd :::1 c nd "',.._ C-T T B2 nd C-T PC 3 nd ｯｺＮｾｮｶｫ｡＠ 1981, ss, m.80-81, H 8 A-B l Le-4538 5250 75 nd nd Romani a l ablona 1 3 C-T ｾ＠ ｾ＠ A-Bl Le-1393 4170 40 W ool nd Romania Iablona 1 3 C-T A-B l ｾ＠ Bln-243 1 5165 50 Charcoal nd Ukraine T sipleshty 1 Bln-2426 5700 55 Charcoal nd Romania Rogozhany 1 Bln-2480 4990 60 charcoal nd Moldavia Varvarovka 15 4 C -T TCl nd Ki -601 4370 180 nd nd Moldova Varvarovka 8 4 C-T T Cl nd Bln-2447 5595 80 bone nd Moldova Putineshti 3 2 C-T T Bl nd Lv-2156 5520 70 Charcoal nd Moldova Putineshti 3 2 C-T CA4 I-I3, Cassette 3,-1.70-1.80 m 1-ld-19441 5379 32 Charcoal nd Moldova Putineshti 3 C-T CA4 Pit H ouse 4,-2 m Ki-613 5060 120 Bone nd Moldova Putineshti 3 2 2 C-T CA4 nd "0 Ki-609 4215 110 nd nd Moldova Putineshti 3 2 C ucuteni nd ':"; IGAN-712 5730 50 C harcoal nd Moldova Drutsy 1 2 Tripolye C A4 T Bl nd 0 Ki-11491 5930 80 Bone nd Ukraine AJeksandrovka 1 Early Tripolye TA nd Bln-2428 5390 60 nd nd Ukraine Cuconestii Vechi 2 C -T nd 3 0 :::r(3 :::> 0 ｾ＠ ., 5.. d ｾ＠ "3 ;3 :r- ;:r:: ::;: .,ｾ＠:::> Bln-1060 5355 100 Charcoal nd Romania Draguseni-Ostrov 2 C -T C A3 C A3 nd '< "d Bln-1195 5430 100 Charcoal nd Romania Draguseni-Ostrov 2 C-T CA4 nd 5246 24 bone nd Romania Draguseni-Ostrov 3 C-T c "0 1-ld-14761 A-Bl 1963, e-f, -1-l.lOm 8 nr' ｾ Ｍ Bln-1194 5205 100 Charcoal nd Romania Draguseni-Ostrov 2 C-T C A4 nd 0... 1-ld-14544 5188 18 Bone nd Romania Draguseni -Ostrov 3 C-T c 1961 , 6-10 .,:::> A-Bl ｾ＠ I-Id-14831 4996 26 Bone nd Romania Draguseni -O strov 3 C-T c A-B l 1961, complex V,-0.20 m BM-495 4940 105 nd nd Moldova Soroki-Ozero 4 C -T TCl nd BM-494 4792 105 nd nd Moldova Soroki-Ozero 4 C -T TC l nd Coutiuued " (JQ ｾ＠ C/l ;;· ｾ＠ ...... .j>. ｾ＠ --.1 ..... ..,.. List 2. Continued 00 Site Period Culture Phase LABNR Ct4AGE C14STD Material Species Country Locus Bln-3191 5700 70 Charcoal nd Ukraine Timkovo 1 Precucuteni PC3 nd Bln-2430 5020 60 nd nd Moldova Brinzeni 4 2 C-T T B1 nd Bln-2429 5360 65 Charcoal nd Moldova Brinzeni 8 3 C-T 5760 55 nd nd Ukraine Berezovskaya GES 2 C-T Ki-7204 5710 60 nd nd Ukraine Bcrezovskaya GES 2 C-T T B2 T B1 T B1 nd Ki-7203 Ki-66 83 5860 45 nd nd Ukraine Grenovka 1 C-T TA nd Ki-6682 5800 50 nd nd Ukraine Grenovka C-T TA nd Ki-6656 6200 55 nd nd Ukraine Babshin 1 C-T TA nd Ki-6745 4530 50 Bone nd Ukraine Zhvanets' -Shchovb 5 C -T T Pit H ouse 1 .ｾ＠ ..,. ｾ＠ ｾﾷ＠ ｾ＠ O<i nd ｾ＠ nd 4480 40 Bone nd Ukraine Zhvanets' -Shchovb 5 C-T T l!'j 4380 60 charcoal nd Ukraine Zhvanets' -Shchovb 5 C-T House 2 T 4355 60 Bone nd Ukraine Zhvanets' -Shchovb 5 C-T Pit H ouse 6 C1-2 Ki-6753 4290 55 Charcoal nd Ukraine Zhvanets' -Shchovb 5 C-T T Embankment C1-2 Ki-6751 3960 50 Bone Human Ukraine Tsviklovtsy C-T TC2 nd Ki-11475 6520 90 Pottery nd Ukraine Bernashovka 1 C-T PC 3 nd Ki-6681 6510 55 nd nd Ukraine Bernashovka 1 C-T PC 3 nd Ki-11472 6445 90 Pottery nd Ukraine Bernashovka 1 C-T PC 3 nd Ki-6670 6440 60 nd nd Ukraine Bernashovka 1 C-T PC 3 nd Ki-6677 6180 60 nd nd Ukraine Voronovitsy 1 C-T TA nd GrN-5134 5440 70 Charcoal nd Ukraine Polivanov Y ar 3 2 C-T T Bl nd Ki-6675 6270 55 nd nd Ukraine Korman' C-T TA nd Ki-6225 6225 60 nd nd Ukraine Korman' C-T TA nd Ki-6676 6225 60 nd nd Ukraine Konnan' C-T TA nd Ki-7202 5805 65 nd nd Ukraine Sabatinovka 1 C-T TA nd Ki-6737 6100 55 nd nd Ukraine Sabatinovka 2 C-T TA nd Ki-6680 6075 60 nd nd Ukraine Sabatinovka 2 1 C-T TA nd Ki-11447 5620 100 nd nd Ukraine Nezvisko 2 2 C-T 11/ 4-11, pottery Ki-11448 5620 100 nd nd Ukraine Nezvisko 2 2 C-T Ki-11446 5605 60 nd nd Ukraine Nezvisko 2 2 C-T Ki-11449 5560 100 nd nd Ukraine Nezvisko 2 2 C-T T T T T Bln-2087 4890 60 Charcoal nd Ukraine Maidanetskoe 4 C-T TC1 5 B1 ｾ＠ ;:; ""s..· " nd T ｾ＠ ,;;i C1-2 Ki-6744 ｾ＠ ;r Cl-2 Ki-6754 I [;; "'ｾ＠ C 1-2 Ki-6743 "' B1 10/D22, pottery B1 SI/ 3alpottery B1 Pottery Same sample as Ki-1 212 Continued List 2. Continued LABNR C14AGE C 14STD Material Species Country Site C ulture Period Locus P hase Ki-1212 4600 80 Charcoal nd Ukraine M aidanetskoe 4 C-T TCl nd OxA-19840 5048 44 Charcoal Fraxinus Ukraine Tal'yanki 4 W. Tripolye TC1 H ouse 41 OxA-22348 5032 31 Charcoal Qtercus Ukraine T al'yanki 4 W. Tripolye TC1 H ouse 42 Ki-16026 4990 80 Bone nd Ukraine Tal'yanki 4 W. Tripolye TCl H ouse 40 OxA-22515 4976 29 Charcoal Fraxinus Ukraine Tal'yanki 4 T Cl H ouse 43 T Cl H ouse 41 TCl nd Ki-16025 4970 50 Bone nd Ukraine Tal'yanki 4 Bln-4598 4936 40 nd nd Ukraine T al'yanki 4 W. Tripolye W. Tripolye W . Tripolye Ki-15993 4910 70 Bone nd Ukraine Tal'yanki 4 W. Tripolyc TC I H ouse 41 Ki-6867 4810 55 Bone nd Ukraine Tal'yanki 4 W. Tripolye TCl H ouse 13/ 14 Ki-6868 4780 60 Bone nd Ukraine Tal'yanki 4 TC1 House 13/ 14 Ki-6865 4755 50 Bone nd Ukraine T al'yanki 4 TCl H ouse 13/14 Ki-6866 4720 60 Bone nd Ukraine T al'yanki 4 W. Tripolyc W . Tripolye W. Tripolye H ouse 13/ 14 Ki-15994 4550 70 Bone nd Ukraine T al'yanki 4 W . Tripolye T Cl T Cl Ki-6671 6330 65 nd nd Ukraine Okopi 1 Early Tripolye TA nd Ki-6165 6165 55 nd nd Ukraine Grebenyukov Yar 1 Early Tripolye TA nd a Ki-6673 6120 50 nd nd Ukraine Grebenyukov Yar Early T ripolye TA nd 0 Ki-6672 6040 65 nd nd Ukraine Grebenyukov Yar Early T ripolye TA nd Ki-6684 5905 60 nd nd Ukraine Luka Vrublevetskaya Early T ripolye TA nd Ki-6685 5845 50 nd nd Ukraine Luka Vrublevetskaya 1 Early Tripolye T A nd 5180 65 nd nd Ukraine Veseliy Kut 3 E. Tripolye T nd Ki-903 5100 100 Charcoal nd Ukraine Veseliy Kut 3 E. Tripolye T Ki-11450 4300 90 nd nd Ukraine Ol'khovets 1 5 W. Tripolye T ::r 0 ｾ＠ nd Ukraine Ol'khovets 1 5 W. Tripolye T g_ ｾ＠ nd 4250 90 nd nd Ukraine Ol'khovets 1 5 W. Tripolye T 4240 90 nd nd Ukraine Ol'khovets 1 5 W . Tripolye T 4225 55 Bone nd Ukraine Ol'khovets 1 5 W. Tripolye T 1993, Pit 1 .,3:: 4205 50 Bone nd Ukraine O!'khovets 1 5 W. Tripolye T 1993, Pit 1 1993, Hl 4190 90 nd nd Ukraine Ol'khovets 1 5 w . Tripolye T Pi t 1 4190 80 nd nd Ukraine O!'khovets 1 / ! 5 W . Tripolye T "0 ..., 0 -o "' r' ｾﾷ＠ :;· ., Pit I ,.,3:: "' (JQ 1993, Hl C l -2 Ki-9754 :l Q.. C I-2 Ki-10858 ::;: '< C 1-2 Ki-6924 ::r: 0 C I-2 Ki-6925 Ol -o ::r 1993, Pit 1 C l-2 Ki-10859 3 ':'; C l-2 Ki-11452 ., ,.,v C l-2 nd "',._ :l Bl -B2 90 ｾ＠ () Bl-B2 4280 ｾ＠ H ouse 40 Bln-2137 Ki-11454 ｾ＠ I [/] [ 1993, Hl C l -2 ..... Continued .j>. '-0 ...... V1 List 2. Continued 0 LABNR C14AGE C14STD Material Species Country Site Period Culture P hase Locus Ki-11451 4170 90 nd nd Ukraine Ol'khovets 1 5 W. Tripolye T C l -2 Pit 1 Ki-6922 4170 55 bone nd Ukraine Ol'khovets 1 5 W. T ripolye T C1-2 Pit 1 Ki-6923 4165 60 bone nd Ukraine Ol'khovets 1 5 W. Tripolye T Cl-2 Pit 1 "' Ki-11453 4130 90 nd nd Ukraine Ol'khovets 1 5 W. Tripolye T Cl-2 Pit 1 ;; Ki-9625 4110 80 nd nd Ukraine Ol'khovets 1 5 W. Tripolye T Cl-2 1993, H1, room 1 Le-1060 5100 50 Charcoal nd Ukraine Klishchev 3 C-T T B1-B2 nd ｾ＠ -,; ｾ＠ "' ｾ＠ Ki-11488 4720 60 nd nd Ukraine Zelena Dibrova 4 C-T TC1 nd Ki-882 5310 160 nd nd Ukraine Krasnostavka 2 C-T T 81 nd Ki-11490 4780 70 nd nd Ukraine Khutir Nezamoznyk 4 W. Tripolye TCl nd I ｾ＠ r:; "' ;,.. ;; ｾ＠ Ki-11489 4910 70 nd nd Ukraine Ol'shana 4 W. Tripolye TC1 nd 4495 18 Bone nd Moldova Horodistea 5 Late T ripolye/ Horodistea-Foltesti H1 S.L.,- 1.50-1.70 m Hd-15024 4377 21 Bone nd Moldova Horodistea 5 Late T ripolye/ Horodistea-Foltesti I-12 1969, S.L., H1 Hd-14898 4235 30 Bone nd Moldova Horodistea 5 Late T ripolye/ Horodistea-Foltesti I-12 S.L., H1 Ki-874 5770 120 nd nd Ukraine Miropole 3 C-T TB2 nd Ki -1204 4700 90 Charcoal nd Ukraine Shkarovka 2 C-T T B1-B2 Platform 1 Ki-520 5015 105 nd nd Ukraine Shkarovka 3 C-T T Bl-82 nd Bln-2088 4940 95 nd nd Ukraine Shkarovka 3 C-T T B1-B2 nd Ki-2088 4940 95 nd nd Ukraine Shkarovka 3 C-T T B1-B2 nd Ki-875 4840 95 nd nd Ukraine Shkarovka 3 C-T T B1-B2 nd Ki-879 4710 130 nd nd Ukraine Shkarovka 3 C-T T B1-B2 nd Ki-877 4690 80 nd nd Ukraine Shkarovka 3 C-T T nd B1-B2 4620 100 nd nd Ukraine Shkarovka 3 C-T T B1-B2 nd Ki-201 4320 170 nd nd Ukraine Shkarovka 3 C-T T B1-B2 nd t"'l !:: -iｾ＠ ｾ＠ Hd-14785 Ki-881 I ｾ＠ Continued "i:l ｾ＠ ::::. "' List 2. Continued LABNR C14AGE Cl4STD Material Species Country K.i-6747 K.i-6746 4210 45 bone nd Ukraine Sandraky 5 C-T TC2 3-7, cavity 4175 50 Bone nd Ukraine Sandraky 5 C-T TC2 Bones on fireplace, 3-7 K.i-11486 4850 70 nd nd Ukraine Pekari 2 4 C-T TC1 nd K.i-11487 4805 70 nd nd Ukraine Pekari 2 4 C-T TC1 nd K.i-7207 5140 60 Bone nd Ukraine Grebeni 3 C-T T B2 nd K.i-7205 5120 65 Bone nd Ukraine Grebeni 3 C-T T B2 nd Ki-7208 5100 90 Bone nd Ukraine Grebeni 3 C-T T B2 nd K.i-7206 5080 70 Bone nd Ukraine Grebeni 3 C-T TB2 nd K.i-6750 4430 45 Bone nd Ukraine Troyaniv 5 C-T TC2 Sill, LV-b-7 . H ouse 25 K.i-6749 4410 50 Bone nd Ukraine Troyan iv 5 C-T TC2 House, XJll-19 K.i-6748 4360 55 Bone nd Ukraine Troyaniv 5 C-T TC2 House 28 , LXXJI-2, S18 OJ -;< K.i-5012 4320 70 Burnt bone Human Ukraine Sofievka 5 E. Tripolye TC2 Cemetery, Grave 1 cY -n K.i-5029 4300 45 Bone nd Ukraine Sofievka 5 E. Tripolye TC2 Cemetery CD :;r K.i-5013 4270 90 nd nd Ukraine Sofievka 5 E . Tripolye TC2 cemetery, Grave 11 (/) () Bln-631 4870 100 Charcoal Fraxinus Ukraine Chapaevka 4 E. Tripolye TCl nd a· :;r K.i-880 4810 140 Charcoal nd Ukraine Chapaevka 4 E. Tripolye TC1 nd K.i-5038 4280 110 Bone Human Ukraine Chervony khutor 5 E . Tripolye T Cemetery, Grave C1-2 2 K.i -5039 4160 90 Bone Human Ukraine Chervony khutor 5 E . Tripolye T C1-2 Cemetery, Grave 98 K.i-5016 4140 110 Nd nd Ukraine Chervony khutor 5 E. Tripolye T cemetery, Grave 6 UCLA-1671B 4890 60 nd nd Ukraine Evminka 1 4 E. Tripolye TC1 UCLA-1466B 4790 100 nd nd Ukraine Evminka 1 4 E. Tripolye TC1 nd K.i-5015 4290 90 nd nd Ukraine Zavalovka 5 E . Tripolye TC2 Cemetery, Grave 6 ";:;- K.i-5014 4230 80 Bone Human Ukraine avalovka 5 E. Tripolye TC2 Cemetery, Grave 10 ｾ Ｍ 0.. GrN-5099 4615 35 nd nd Ukraine Gorods'k 5 Late Tripolye TC2 nd K.i-6752 4495 45 shell nd Ukraine Gorods'k Late T ripolye TC2 nd K.i-11862 4520 70 Bone nd Ukraine Sharyn 5 5 W. Tripolye T Uman district, Cherkasy region, Yatran river, 2003, site 4, dug-out 3 Site Period Culture Phase :J (/) cr. -=c .c . g: ｾ＠ : :T 2: ·A"ca ' CD :;r - ( I) Locus ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ,._ "' () :r d :::l 0 ｾ＠ "'a.. :::l Cl () C1-2 C 1-2 ｾ＠ ｾ＠ 3 "':';:r"' :r:: 0 ｾ＠ 3:: "':::l nd '< "0 () 0 r :::l "' 3:: Continued o3' (fl [ ...... Vt ...... ...... Vl IV List 2. Continued LABNR C14AGE C14STD Material Species Country Ki- 12050 4575 60 Burnt bone nd Ukraine Site Sharyn Period 5 Culture W. Tripolye Phase T Cl-2 Locus Yatran Ki-11 867 4530 4590 80 80 Clay C lay nd nd Ukraine Ukraine Sharyn Sharyn 5 5 W. Tripolye W. Tripolye T C l-2 T Cl-2 §; "' river, 2003, site 5, dwelling 2 Ki-11866 ::;3 ｾ＠ Uman district, Cherkasy region, ｾ＠ "' ｾ＠ Cherkasy region, Yatran river, 2003, site 5, dwelling 2 "'ｾ＠ t"l ｾ＠ Uman District, Cherkasy region, Yatran river, 2003, site 5, dwelling 2 4520 80 Clay nd Ukraine Sharyn 5 W . Tripolye T C l-2 Uman di strict, Cherkasy region, Y atran river, 2003, site 5, dwelling 2 Ki-11869 4670 80 Clay nd Ukraine Sharyn 5 W. Tripolyc T C l-2 Uman district, Cherkasy region, Yatran river, 2003, site 5, dwelling 2 Ki-9740 4470 80 Bone nd Ukraine Rzhyschev- Ripnitsa 4 C-T TCl nd Ki-9741 4490 90 Bone nd Ukraine Rzhyschev- Ripnitsa 4 C-T T C1 nd Ki-9742 4390 90 Bone nd Ukraine Rzhyschev- Ripnitsa 4 C-T T Cl nd Ki-9743 4605 80 bone nd Ukraine Rzhyschev-Ripnitsa 4 C-T TCl nd Ki-9744 4590 80 Bone nd Ukraine Rzhyschev- Ripni tsa 4 C-T TCl nd Ki-9745 4565 80 Bone nd Ukraine Rzhyschev- Ripnitsa 4 C -T TCl nd Ki-9746 4620 90 Bone nd Ukraine Rzhyschev-Ripnitsa 4 C-T T Cl nd Ki-9747 4570 80 Bone nd Ukraine Rzhyschev-Ripnitsa 4 C-T TCl nd I ｾ＠ Uman district, Ki-11868 I ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ;:3 :}:l " ｾ＠ ;:,.. ｾＭ "' List 2. Continued Labnr Latitude Longitude Reference Ki -8086 Lazarovici (2010) Hd-19528 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-9623 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-9749 Lazarovici (2010) Ki -9622 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-9624 Lazarovici (2010) Hd-18678 Lazarovici (2010) Hd-19426 Lazarovici (2010) Hd-17930 Lazarovici (2010) Hd-18936 Lazarovici (2010) Hd-17959 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-9616 Lazarovici (2010) Notice - - Context - - Ki-11468 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-9614 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-9615 Lazarovici (2010) Ki -9617 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-11469 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-9613 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-10857 Lazarovici (2010) - - Ki-9618 Lazarovici (2010) - - - Duration - Qyality - - - lncongr Region Megaregion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Database Id ｾ＠ - :;::: ..,ｾ＠ ｾ＠ - - "',___ - n :r - 3:l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 ｾ＠ 0 "'0.. :l v - (? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lazarovici (2010) - - - - Lazarovici (201 0) - - Lazarovici (2010) Ki-9741 Lazarovici (2010) Ki -9740 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-9742 Ki-11455 Ki-11457 Laz.'\rovici (2010) Ki-9745 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-9746 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-9743 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-9744 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-11456 Lazarovici (2010) Ki -9747 Lazarovici (2010) Hd-19373 Lazarovici (2010) 26.63 - - Ki-11467 45.15 - - Lazarovici (2010) Hd-18826 - - Ki-10856 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ｾ＠ 0 "' :r ""Cl ':S ::r: 0 ::: ｾ＠ - ＠ｾ "' "'0 "0 ""Cl f) - - 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - r' :;:· (? 0.. :l "' ｾ＠ " (JQ '7 U"l ｾ＠ Lazarovici (2010) .... ) Continued lJ"t w ...... Vl List 2. Continued -I>- Labnr Latitude Longitude Reference Hd-19419 45.15 26.63 Lazarovici (2010) Hd-19573 45 .15 26.63 Lazarovici (2010) Gd-5858 46.03 25.82 Lazarovici (2010) Gd-586 1 46.03 25.82 Lazarovici (2010) Hd-14118 46.03 25.82 Laszlo (1997) Hd-14109 46.03 25.82 Laszlo (1997) Gd-5860 46.03 25.82 Lazarovici (2010) Gd-4682 46.03 25.82 Lazarovici (2010) Hd-15082 46.03 25.82 Laszlo (1997) Hd-15278 46.03 25.82 Laszlo (1997) Gd-4690 46.03 25.82 Lazarovici (2010) Bln-2803 46.49 26.53 Manm (2000) Bln-2804 46.49 26.53 Manm (2000) Bln-2782 46.49 26.53 Manm (2000) Bln-2783 46.49 26.53 Laszlo (1997) Bln-2784 46.49 26.53 Laszlo (1997) Hd-1 5401 46.49 26.53 Laszlo (1997) Hd-15324 46.49 26.53 Laszlo (1997) Bln-2824 46.49 26.53 Laszlo (1997) Lv-2153 46.49 26.53 Manm (1998) Bln-2802 46.49 26.53 Laszlo (1997) Bln-2805 46.49 26.53 Laszlo (1997) Hd-15039 46.49 26.53 Laszlo (1997) Bln-2766 46.49 26.53 Laszlo (1997) Ki-11462 46.54 30.66 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-11459 46.54 30.66 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-11460 46.54 30.66 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-11461 46.54 30.66 Lazarovici (2010) UCLA-1642A 46.54 30.66 Telegin et al. (2003) Ki-11458 46.54 30.66 Lazarovici (2010) Bln-795 46.55 27.13 Laszlo (1997) Bln-1751 46.58 26.86 Laszlo (1997) Bln-1536 46.58 26.86 Laszlo (1997) Bln-1534 46.58 26.86 Laszlo (1997) Bln-1535 46.58 26.86 Laszlo (1997) Notice Context Duration Q!tality Incongr Region Megaregion Database Id 'j ｾ＠ E::: ｾＭ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ I ｾ＠ "'"'"';:::t t'J ｾ＠ ; ｾ＠ ;:; ;;;'\:l ;:,.. ｾ Ｍ <:> ...;;! Continued List 2 . Continued Labnr Reference Latitude Longitude IG-369 46.68 29.05 lvanova (2008) IG- 870 46.70 30.94 Telegin et al. (2003) IG-9751 46.70 30.94 Lazarovici (2010) + pers. eo mm. IG-282 46.70 30.94 Lazarovici; Parokova et al. (1989) IG-11464 46. 70 30.94 Notice Context Qyality D uration lncongr Region Megaregion Database Id Lazarovici (2010) + pers. cotntn. IG-9752 46.70 30.94 Lazarovici (2010) + pers. cotnm. IG-281 46.70 30.94 Lazarovici (2010) + pers. eo mm. ;:::: KiG N-281 46.70 30.94 Patokova et al. (1989); Telegin (2003) :--. (') IG-11465 46.70 30.94 Lazarovici (2010) + pers. eo mm. Bln-629 46.70 30.94 Qyitta and Kohl (1969); Telegin (2003) ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ "' :r 3 :l UCLA-1 642B 46.70 30.94 Telegin et al. (2003) g UCLA-1642G 46.70 30.94 Telegin et al. (2003) "'g_ IG-11463 46.70 30.94 Lazarovici (2010) + pers. eo mm. 0..., Lazarovici (2010) + pers. 0 0 3 Ki-11466 46.70 30.94 Le-645 46.70 30.94 Sementsov et al. (1969); Lazarovici IG-9753 46.70 30.94 Lazarovici (2010) + pers. eo mm. Gd-6387 46.91 27.59 Lazarovici (2010) + pers. eo mm. Gd-4685 46.91 27.59 Lazarovici (2010) + pers. eo mm. Hd -14701 46.91 27.59 Ivanova (2008) Hd-14792 46.91 27.59 I van ova (2008) ｾＭ 0.. Hd-16700 46.91 27.59 Lazarovici (2010) + pers. eo mm. "' Gd -6388 46.91 27.59 Lazarovici (2010) + pers. corn m. ｾ＠ U'l Hd-1 9572 46.91 27.59 Lazarovici (2010) + pers. eo mm. [ C1.'1 corn m. "':r "'Cl ":'; ::r: 0 "'ｾ＠ ｾ＠ "' ...,"'0 0 "'Cl "' r' :;· ...,ｾ＠ Continued ..... en en ) List 2. Continued ...... V1 a- - Labnr Latitude Longitude Reference Hd-16701 46.91 27.59 Lazarovici (2010) + pers. Notice Context Duration (btality Incongr Region Megaregion Database Id '-:1 ｾ＠ ｾ＠ corn m. GrN-5088 46.95 29.76 ;:;· I ｾ＠ Telegin et al. (2003) GrN-1985 47.15 26.96 Laszlo (1997) GrN-4424 47.17 26.45 Manru (2000) GrN-1982 47.18 27.50 Laszlo (1997) Lv-2152 47.21 27.01 Manru (2000) Hd-15075 47.30 26.92 Laszlo (1997) Hd-14817 47.46 26.42 Laszlo (1997) Le-1054 47.66 27.96 Dergachev (1980); Telegin (2003) Hd-14710 47.68 26.17 Laszlo (1997) Hd-14791 47.68 26.17 Laszlo (1997) Bln-590 47.69 28.53 Qiitta and Kohl (1969);Kohl (1970); Telegin(2003) UCLA-1642F 47.79 32.38 Telegin et al. (2003) Le-1392 47.80 27.62 Lazarovici (2010) Le-4538 47.80 27.62 Lazarovici (2010) Le-1393 47.80 27.62 Lazarovici (2010) Bln-2431 47.83 28.1 4 Manru (1998); TeleEin et al. (2003);Rassamakin 2004) Bln-2426 47.83 28.42 Manru (2000) Bln-2480 47.84 28.82 Telegin et al. (2003) Ki-601 47.84 28.82 Telegin et al. (2003) Bln-2447 47.97 28.02 Lazarovici (2010) Lv-2156 47.97 28.02 Lazarovici (2010) Hd-19441 47.97 28.02 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-613 47.97 28.02 T elegin et al. (2003) Ki-609 47.97 28.02 Boyadziev (1998) IGAN-712 47.97 27.29 Kremenetski (1991); Zbenovich (1996) Ki-11491 47.99 29.23 Lazarovici (2010); Palaguta (2007) Bln-2428 48.00 27.18 Telegi n et al. (2003) Bln-1060 48.01 26.81 Laszlo (1997) Bln-1195 48.01 26.81 Laszlo (1997) Hd-14761 48.01 26.81 Laszlo (1997) ｾ＠ ｾ＠ I V, &" "'ｾ＠ t'1 "' ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ "'o ｾ Ｍ ...::! Continued L ist 2. Continued Labnr Latitude Longitude Reference Laszlo (1997) Bln-1194 48.01 26.81 1-Id-1 4544 48.01 26.81 Laszlo (1997) 1-ld-1 4831 48.01 26.81 Laszlo (1997) BM-495 48.01 28.64 Telegin et al. (2003) BM-494 48.01 28.64 Telegin et al. (2003) Bln-3191 48.11 29.30 Patokova et al. (1989); Telegin (2003) N otice Context Bln-2430 48.29 27.49 Telegin et al. (2003) Bln-2429 48.29 27.49 Lazarovici (2010); Telegin (2003) Ki-7203 48.34 29.82 Lazarovici (2010) - - Ki-7204 48.34 29.82 Lazarovici (2010) - - Ki-6683 48.45 30.26 Telegin et al. (2003) - Qyality Duration lncongr Region Megaregion D atabase Id - s: ;: ; Ki-6682 48.45 30.26 Telegin et al. (2003) - Ki-6656 48.47 26.56 Telegin et al. (2003) - Ki -6745 48.55 26.49 Lazarovici (2010); Rassamakin (2004) - Ki -6743 48.55 26.49 Lazarovici (2010); Rassamakin (2004) - Ki-6754 48.55 26.49 Lazarovici (2010) - Ki -6744 48.55 26.49 Lazarovici (2010); Rassamakin (2004) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ｾ＠... - ｾ＠ - "' - () :::>"' a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,_ 5 - ｾ＠ - 0 :::: "'c.. 0 (') 3 0 (1q i] Ki-6753 48.55 26.49 Lazarovici (2010); Rassamakin (2004) - Ki-6751 48.58 26.63 Lazarovici (2010) - - Ki-11 475 48.58 27.48 Lazarovici (2010) - - Ki-6681 48.58 27.48 Telegin et al. (2003) - - Ki-11472 48.58 27.48 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-6670 48.58 27.48 Lazarovici (2010) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "0 :::>"' ':'; :::r:: 0 ::: - - - :s: - - - :::: '< "'d (') - - 0 "0 - "' Ki-6677 48.67 26.87 Telegin (2003); Lazarovici - - - - - - 48.67 27.67 Telegin (2003) - - - - - "r:;:· GrN-5134 - (') Ki -6675 48.70 27.30 Lazarovici (2010) - - - - - c.. :;· Ki -6225 48.70 27.30 Telegin et al. (2003) - - - - - "" Ki -6676 48.70 27.30 Lazarovici (2010) - - - - - (1q Ki-7202 48.74 29.88 Lazarovici (2010) - - - - - - - - - Ki-6737 48.74 29.88 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-6680 48.74 29.88 Lazarovici (2010) - - ｾ＠ - - - - Continued :s: (') "U'l [ I ..... Vl -...) ..... en List 2. Continued 00 Labnr Latitude Longitude Reference Ki-11447 48.78 25.27 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-11448 48.78 25.27 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-11446 48.78 25.27 Lazarovici (201 0) Ki-11449 48.78 25 .27 Lazarovici (2010) Bln-20R7 48.80 30.69 Telegin et al. (2003) Ki-1212 48.80 30.69 Telegin et al. (2003) OxA-19840 48.80 30.53 Rassamakin & Menotti (2011) 30.53 Rassamakin & Menotti (2011 ) 30.53 Rassamakin & Menotti (2011) OxA-22348 Ki-1602 6 48.80 48.80 OxA-22515 48.80 30.53 Rassamakin & Menotti (2011 ) Ki-16025 48.80 30.53 Rassamakin & Menotti (2011) Bln-4598 48.80 30.53 Kruts (2008) Rassamakin & M enotti (2011) Ki-15 993 48.80 30.53 Ki-6867 48.80 30.53 Lazarovic.i (2010) Ki-6868 48.80 30.53 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-6865 48.80 30.53 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-6866 48.80 30.53 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-15994 48.80 30.53 Rassamakin & Menotti (2011 ) Ki-6671 ｾＮｍ＠ 26.92 Telegin et al. (2003) Ki-6165 ｾ 30.82 T elegin et al. (2003) Ki-6673 ｾＮ＠ 30.82 T elegin et al. (2003) Ki-6672 ｾ＠ 30.82 T elegin et al. (2003) Ki-6684 ｾＥ＠ 26.72 Telegin et al. (2003) Telegin et al. (2003) Ｎ ｾ＠ Ki-6685 ｾＥ＠ 26.72 Bln-2137 ｾｍ＠ 30.64 Kruts (2008) Ki-903 48.97 30.64 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-11450 ＴｾＰ＠ 30.85 Lazarovic.i (2010) Ki-11454 ＴｾＰ＠ 30. 85 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-11452 ｾｍ＠ 30.85 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-10859 ｾＮｍ＠ 30.85 Lazarovici (2010) Notice Context Duration Qyality lncongr Region Megaregion Database Id ':':'l ｾＮ＠ ｾ＠ "' ｾ＠ ｾ＠ "';:::.· I Cr.> ｾ＠ "'ｾ＠ ｾ＠ _g ""' ;:! :3:> "' ;::,ｾﾷ＠ <;ｾ＠ Continued List 2. Continued Labnr Latitude Longitude Reference Ki-6925 49.04 30.85 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-6924 49.04 30.85 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-10858 49.04 30.85 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-9754 49.04 30.85 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-11451 49.04 30.85 Lazarovici (2010) Ki -6922 49.04 30.85 Lazarovici (2010) Ki -6923 49.04 30.85 Lazarovici (2010) Ki -11453 49.04 30.85 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-9625 49.04 30.85 Lazarovici (2010) Le-1060 49.11 28.80 Zaets and Ryzhov (1993); Ivanova (2008) Ki-11488 49.13 31.21 Lazarovici (2010) Notice Context Duration Qyality lncongr Region Megaregion Database Id ｾ＠ ::::: ".... ｾ＠ "',___ Ki-882 49.18 30.79 T elegin et al. (2003) Ki-11490 49.19 31.24 Lazarovici (2010) 0 Ki-11489 49.22 31.22 Lazarovici (2010) a Hd-14785 ＴＹ 31.46 Laszlo (1997) Ｎ ＲＹ ｾ＠ :r ｾ＠ ｾ＠ I-ld-15024 49.29 31.46 Laszlo (1997) Hd-14898 49.29 31.46 Laszlo (1997) "'g_ Ki-874 49.38 31.32 Lazarovici (2010) 00 Ki-1204 49.48 30.54 Telegin et al. (2003) 3 Ki-520 49.48 30.54 Telegin et al. (2003) a% Bln-2088 49.48 30.54 Kruts (2008) Ki-2088 49.48 30.54 Telegin et al. (2003) Ki- 875 49.48 30.54 Telegin et al. (2003) Ki -879 49.48 30.54 Telegin et al. (2003) Ki-877 49.48 30.54 Telegin et al. (2003) Ki -881 49.48 30.54 Telegin et al. (2003) Ki-201 49.48 30.54 T elegi n et al. (2003) Ki -6747 49.55 27.95 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-6746 49.55 27.95 Lazarovici (2010) Ki -11486 49.70 31.55 Lazarovici (2010) Ki -11487 49.70 31.55 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-7207 50.02 30.97 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-7205 50.02 30.97 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-7208 50.02 30.97 Lazarovici (2010) ;;l "0 ｾ＠ :c 0 ;;; ｾ＠ "' :l '< "ti 0 0 "0 0 l' :;:· 0 0.. :l ｾ＠ "'ｾ＠ '7 Ul [ Continued ..... V1 'Cl ..... a-. List 2. Continued 0 Notice Context D uration Qyality l ncongr Region Database Id Labnr Latitude Longitude Reference Ki-7206 50.02 30.97 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-6750 50.11 28.52 Lazarovici (2010) ｾ＠'> Ki-6749 50.11 28.52 Lazarovici (2010) ｾ＠ Ki-6748 50.11 28.52 Lazarovici (2010) Megaregion ':-3 ｾ＠ ｾ＠ I '> I f? Ki-5012 50.22 31.51 Lazarovici (2010) [); Ki-5029 50.22 31.5 1 Telegin et al. (2003) :::; Ki-5013 50.22 31.51 Lazarovici (2010) Bln-631 50.30 31.19 Qyitta and Kohl (1969); T elegin et al. (2003) Ki-880 50.30 31.19 Telegin et al. (2003) Ki-5038 50.30 31.19 Telegin et al. (2003) Ki-5039 50.30 31.19 Telegin et al. (2003) Ki-5016 50.30 31.19 Telegin et al. (2003) UCLA-1671B 50.84 30.83 Telegin et al. (2003) UCLA-1466B 50.84 30.83 Telegin et al. (2003) Ki-5015 50.85 30.58 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-5014 50.85 30.58 Lazarovici (2010) GrN-5099 50.90 29.59 Telegin et al. (2003) Ki-6752 50.90 29.59 Lazarovici (2010) Ki-11862 Rassamakin (2012) Ki-12050 Rassamakin (2012) Ki-11866 Rassamakin (2012) Ki-11867 Rassamakin (2012) Ki-11868 Rassamakin (2012) Ki-11869 Rassamakin (2012) Ki-9740 Rassamakin (2012) Ki-9741 Rassamakin (2012) Ki-9742 Rassamakin (2012) Ki-9743 Rassamakin (2012) Ki-9744 Rassamakin (2012) Ki-9745 Rassamakin (2012) Ki-9746 Rassamakin (2012) Ki-9747 Rassamakin (2012) '> "'tl") ::: ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ :::; 4" ｾﾷ＠ "' Mill/er et al. - Chronology and Demography: Tlow Many People Lived in a Mega-Si te? 161 SE NW E G F + + + J H + + + + N M L K + + 174 m + + Poz-60162: 3930-3715 cal BC + + 173m + + 172m + + + + + + + + Poz-60161 : 3780-3700 cal BC + + Figure 2. The short profile of house 44. The layers are described in the text, the location of the quem are marked (graphics: R . H ofmann, UFG Kiel). ｏｸｾ＠ 114.2.3 Bronk ruence Ramsey (2013): r:5 T J_ Date Poz-60295 ｄ｡ｴ･ｐｯｺＭＶＰ r I - j· ., I I I lr •sepits2 R ntCal13atmospherie(:I.KY(I (Reimeret ai201J) ｾ＠ R_Date Poz-6016 1 I ｾ＠ Boundary End Pll 52 4100 4000 ｾ＠ Sequence hous:e 44 ..l...,..----. 1 l I Boundary Start pit 52 Ｍ ｾ＠ I ｾ＠ ｾ＠ Boundary End house 44 3900 3800 3700 Modelleddare{ll(} 3600 3500 3400 A 4100 4000 3900 3800 171 m C-samples that date termini ad OxCal'oi4.2.3 Brunk Ramsey (20 13): r:51tfC-1 13 atmospheric curve {Relmef et 812013) Sequence ｾ＠ 14 t ..3700 I -=-r Bounilary Start h"'fe 44 I· I 3600 I R_DatePoz-60162 3500 Modelled date (1l(} 3400 B Figure 3. Modelling of 14 C-dates from Maidanetske. The sequential calibration of 6 groups of dates, which are related to different houses and pits, indicates the most probable chronological timeframe for the features. While for house 44, pit 50, and 60 the stmtigraphic o1·der of the samples could be integrated in the calculation, in all other cases phases were indicated by 1 C-dates of non-stratigraphic order. The median of each boundary calculation was used to display the most probable range for the dates in relation to their spatial order (cf. M uller et al., 2014; Bronk R amsey, 2009; R eimer et al., 2013); Graphic: Karin Winter, UFG Kiel. J:_it 162 ｾ＠ Trypillin-Mega-Sites and European Prehistory ｬ ＢＧＭＱＲＰＳＩ :il31fronkRaffiMy(:tOU); r:!i ln!Call almoaphericrurve (Remet'etai201J) Sequence Ｌ ＱＵｾＳＭｲｵＮｏＨｒｯｴＲＰＩ＠ Sequence Boundary Stall house 73 Phase House 47- 48 waste area R_Date Poz-60351 Boundary End house ｾＷ 4200 4100 ..-. i R DatePoz-60199 Ｍ - -= 3900 3700 3600 3500 3400 Modelleddare (B() ｊｕｾＢＧ＠ ｊＺＦｑｮｬＨｾｹＲＰＱ＠ Ｉ ［ ｲＮＺｬｮｑｴ ＱＳｾｷｲｶ･ Ｈｒ･ｭｴｲ R_OatePoz-60157 C 1 R_Date Poz-60189 ,.. ｾ＠ R_Date Poz-6() 159 R_DatePoz-60158 3800 l -; i -ｾ＠ 48 waste area 4000 Boundary Start pit 50 Sequence pit 50 e-T"'>= - • ...... ...=-=. Boundary End pit sa ･ｬＲＰＱＳＩ＠ 4200 Sequence 4100 4000 3900 3800 3700 3600 3500 3400 Modelleddate!OC! D ""' ndary Start rtfilling 6() Sequence pit 60 ,.... R_Date Poz-60350 Houses and pits termini ad quem ......... ｾ＠ R_Date rz-6()349 ......... ｾ＠ R_Date {'oz-60348 Boundary End refilling p(t 6() 4200 4100 4000 3900 3700 3800 E Modelled date (B(J IOxCaiii4.23Bmnil Ramsey(2013): rS lntCalt ｾｃｕｍＡ＠ (Reimer lltlll2013) Sequence ; Boundary Start House 53 rhase House 53 I I I Boundary /loose 53 an top Phase Begin House 53 on top I R_Date Poz-60ZOO 41 00 4000 3900 3800 ｾ l ! • R Date/'oz-6()195 Ｍ r 3700 Modelled dare (8C} -I 1 3500 F Made/led date (8() G Figure 3. Continued. Ring 4 (houses 47 and 48; pit 50) In trench 73, a very similar stratigraphy provided information about the depositional processes of not only one, but also two houses, which are visible as the geomagnetic features 47 (15 m x 5 m) and 48 (15 m x 5 m). The small test-trench included the mere c. 0.5 m free space in between the two houses (Miiller et al., in print). From the layer of domestic use between the houses, two samples represent termini ad quem of house use (of both houses?), which dates to the 37th century BCE, probably to the ftrst half of this century: Poz-6035 1 with a longer span (4710 ± 35 bp (Ovis/ Capra) 3672-3378 cal BC) and Poz-60199 with a shorter span (4895 ± 35 bp (medium mammal) 3697-3649 cal BC) (Figure 3). Pit 50 of trench 50 is associated with house 12, which also belongs to ring 4. From seven samples, in three cases, the sample material is from long-lived species (Quercus or Fraxinus) . They should be handled as termini post quem. Of the remaining samples, Poz-60189 (5065 ± 35 bp, bone, Bos, 3944-3801 cal BC) is relevant for the deepest infilling, Poz-60159 (5020 ± 30 bp, bone, Bos, 3933-3766 cal BC) for a following infilling, Poz-60158 (5020 ± 35 bp, bone, Ov is, 3936-3725 cal BC) for a middle fill, and Poz-60157 (4810 ± 35 bp, Bos, 3645-3534 cal BC) for the youngest infilling of the pit. While the ftrst three samples mentioned are clearly termini ad quem, the last also could be a terminus ante quem for latest infillings. In principle, there is a high probability that the ftrst infilling took place in the 39th century BCE, the second in the 38th century BCE, and the third in the 37th century BCE (Figure 3). An older date that was gained from excavation unit Zh (1973 excavation) probably also belongs to ring 4. This feature, house 26, lies in the southwest of the settlement. No context is known for the date Bln-2087 (4890 ± 60 bp; charcoal, 3761- 3636 cal BP), but the date within the 37th and 36th centuries BCE ftts with the general pattern of the radiometric dates (List 2). Mliller et al. - C hronology and Demography: I low M any People Lived in a M ega-Sire? Ring 5 (pit 60) The pit was filled with an immense mass of daub and belonged probably to ring 5, or perhaps to ring 6 (cf. MUller & Videiko, 2016; MUller et al., in print). The five radiometric dates are distributed across each phase of the pit. While two dates represent termini post quem because of the longevity of their sample material (quercus,fraxinus), three could be termed as termini ad quem: Poz-60350 (5065 ± 35 bp, bone, Bos, 39443801 BC) for the oldest phase, P oz-60349 (4980 ± 35 bp, bone, Bos, 3790-3707 BC) for the middle phase, and Poz-60348 (5020 ± 35 bp, bone, large mammal, 3936-3715 cal BC) for the youngest phase. If we take into consideration the life span of the samples, the oldest phase 1 dates to the end of the 39th century BCE, the second phase to the turn of the 39th/38th centuries BCE, and the last phase to the 38th century BCE (Figure 3). Ring 6 (house 50) The burnt remains of house 50 (geomagnetic feature 13 m x 4 m) and the associated layers on the eastern side of the house were excavated in the 1 x 2 m test-pit. From the greyish layer on top of the daub beside the house, a sample represents a terminus ante quem. Nevertheless, the date from the second half of the 37th century/ the first half of the 36th century BC E (Poz-60352: 4820 ± 30 bp, bone, Bos, 3650-3536 BC) is in line with other dates from the site. Ring 8 (house 52) In trench 77 (ring 8), parts of house 52 and the northern area beside house 52 could be included in a test trench (Figure 1). Within the stratigraphy, a sample from the daub layer represents a terminus ad quem for the use of the house that obviously dates to the 38th century BCE: Poz-60194, 4970 ± 35 bp, bone, Ovisl Capra, 3783-3705 cal BC . Ring 9 (house 53) In trench 79, house 53 with strongly burnt walls was identified in the test trench (Figure 1). Both layers, directly on top of the feature and the greyish layer that could be associated with the use-period of the house, yielded samples for radiometric dating. While the samples, Poz-60200 (4875 ± 35 bp, bone, Ovis/ Capra, 3695-3640 BC) and Poz-60201 (4450 ± 30 bp, bone, medium mammal, 3320-3025 BC), represent termini ante quem in the 37th century BCE, Poz-60195 163 (4940 ± 35 bp, bone, Sus) represents a terminus ad quem (associated with the daub layer): 3761-3661 cal BCE . Linked with its stratigraphic position beneath the t.a.q.-samples, a date in the second half of the 38th century is most probable for house 53. In conclusion, the series of thirty-five radiocarbon dates from Maidanetske, and the critical evaluation of their context, provides information about the chronological relevance of different features. For the first time, it was possible to gain dates from nearly all of the different rings of a Trypillia settlement as well as from pits. The context analyses of the radiometric dates showed that only fourteen dates are termini ad quem, which are associated with the use of the houses or the pits. The time interval of these fourteen dates could be reduced by using other termini ante and post quem, which were in a stratigraphic relation with termini ad quem. Of the fourteen dates from useperiods, seven are from houses and seven from pits. In general, the results are twofold: 1. The radiocarbon dates display statistically identical dates for all houses that were dated. As they are associated with burnt houses (no unburnt house was sampled) , the dates support the model of a contemporary existence of these houses and their probably deliberate destruction around 3785/3590 BC E (Figure 3). Furthermore, the dated pits also result in a similar timespan (c. 3915/3615 BC E) . In consequence, burnt material from the houses and the upper fill of the pits represent the latest settlement event: the time at which (most of) the site burnt down. The vicinity and the full burning of whole houses, resulting in nearly rectangular remains of daub, was obviously a deliberate act. In consequence, the 2297 burnt houses which are known from the geophysical survey (cf. Rassmann et al, 2016; MUller & Videiko, 2016) date to the aforementioned timespan. Perhaps, we also could add the 671 partly eroded or unburnt houses, or maybe they belonged to a different stage in the development of the settlement (Ohlrau, 2015). 1. In contrast to most of the houses, whose remains represent the latest stage of the development, pits contain different stages of infilling that represent longer histories of the place. Evidence from pits 50 and 60 conflrms that the earliest activities already took place c. 3940/3790 BCE . As pits are associated with single houses, this seems to confirm a dismantling of house structures from time to time so that primarily only the latest built structure remained in the Neighbourhood of the pits (cf. contribution MUller & Videiko, 2016). The latest stage ofinfilling in both pits is dated to the 38th to 37th century BCE . In consequence, around 3700 164 Trypillia- M ega- Sites and E uropean Prehistory cal BCE most of the settlement existed contemporarily. Both pits and houses were in use. The typechronological estimation of the excavated assemblages places Maidanetske in a final stage of the Cl phase 3 of the Tomashivska group (Miiller et al, in print). To sum up: the 14 C-dates from Maidanetske make a model in which at least the burnt houses could be in contemporary use much more probable. Thus, both the symmetrical ground plan of the site, and the burning of the houses, could be taken as further arguments which underline the contemporaneity of the structures. EsTIMATro OF MAmANETSKE PoPuLATION SrzE The results of the dating of the settlement structures enable us, for the first time, to calculate the population size of Maidanetske based on a solid chronological assumption. While preliminary population estimations were based either on a general assumption that the contemporary existence of structures was visible from the symmetrical ground plan, or on calculations of the carrying capacity, the radiometric dates make the contemporaneous existence of a huge number of the detected houses more reliable. The reflection of house classes in the geomagnetic plan, as were detected in former and recent excavations, displays different types, but in general a standardization is obvious (cf. Kruts, 1989; Chernovol, 2012: 200). If we build a model of population size on this baseline, at least 2297 houses were in use more or less contemporarily, or perhaps even 2968 (including the unburnt houses). All excavated houses from Maidanetske displayed very similar internal installations, including one fireplace each (cf. Shmaglij & Videiko, 2003; MUller & Videiko, 2016). The artefacts and macro-remains also characterize subsistence activities, which are bound to a 'living' household (cf. K.irleis & Dal Corso, 2016). Furthermore, the colluvial sediments that were formed during the time of occupation indicate significant human activities (cf. K.irleis & Dreibrodt, 2016). In consequence, there is no doubt that each house was occupied by residential groups, probably families. The average Maidanetske house size of 77m 2 enables us to calculate the inhabitants against the background of known space requirements for persons in sedentary societies (Ohlrau, 2015). There have been several attempts to calculate the correlation between house sizes and the size of the group of inhabitants living in a house. Classical intercultural studies by N aroll, Casselberry, and Brown result in the need for 6-10 m 2 for one person (N aroll, 1962; Casselberry, 1974; Brown, 1987), modified by Porcic with an index of mobility to an average of 6.97 m 2 (Porcic, 2012). If the deviations from the general median are taken into account, the synthesis of these ethnographical observations confirms that a person needs 5-15 m 2 in a house, averaging, for example, the 6. 97 m 2 from Porcic. The estimated population of Maidanetske adds up, under conservative estimations, to about 12,000 inhabitants, with an improbable maximum of about 46,000 inhabitants and a probable average of 29,000 inhabitants (Table 1), if we reconstruct the contemporary use of houses around c. 3700 BCE, as suggested by the radiometric dating. If we take into account the possibility that only half of the houses were contemporary in use, still about 14,500 ± 8,500 inhabitants are expected to have lived contemporarily in Maidanetske. As no general differences between the mega-sites have been observed, an application of the Maidanetske demographic calculation model to other mega-sites is possible. Using the estimations of PorCic: for Dobrovody 14,100-16,200, for Taljanky 15,600-21,000, and for Maidanetske 22,300-23,800 inhabitants were calculated, if only the burnt structures were taken into consideration (Ohlrau, 2015). For Taljanky Kruts about 14,175 inhabitants had been already calculated (Kruts, 1989). TYPoLOGY, CHRONOLOGY, AND SPATIAL D EVELOPMENTS IN THE SOUTHERN BUH AND DNIPRO INTERFLUVE As already emphasized, the validity of a precise regional chronological system for the VolodymyrivskoTomashivska and Kosenivska group (Trypillia BIVC) Table 1. Population estimations for M aidanetske based on estimated maximal and minimal areas per person and estimated maximal and minimal numbers of contemporary houses (2297 houses: burnt houses; 2968: burnt and zmburnt houses; 2633 houses: average between bot values). Houses 2297 (minimum house number) Houses 2633 (mean house number) Houses 2968 (maximum house number) 176,869 m2 202,741 m2 228,536 5 35,373.8 40,5 48.2 45,707.2 6,97 25,375.75 29,087.66 32,788.2 15 11,791.22 13,516.33 15,235 .7 Area/person If only eve1y second house was used contempormy, 111 2 about 14.500 inhabitants lived in M aidanetske m·ound 3700 77 BCE. 111 2 per house M tiller et al. - Chronology and D emography: I low Many People Lived in a M ega-Site? is of major importance for the reconstruction of the demographic processes and mobilities within the Southern Buh and Dnipro Interfluve, and to answer the question of whether mega-sites existed contemporarily, and if so, which ones. Since the ground-breaking spatial and chronological analyses of Passek in the 1930s and 1940s (Passek, 1949), the division into a western and an eastern Trypillia spatial and stylistic tradition became clear (compare, for example, Ryzhov, 2012: 84). On the one hand, the general periodization and phasing of Trypillia is accepted by Moldovian and Ukrainian archaeology in general, on the other hand, regional and local patterns create typo-chronologies for regional and local groups that are sorely discussed (Wechler, 1994; Kruts, 2012: 73; Menotti, 2012: 2f. figure 2; Ryzhov, 2012: 80 ff.; Kadrow, 2013; D iachenko & Menotti, 2015). Figure 4 compiles the relevant Trypillia periods, phases, and local group development with sub-phases and associated sites for the area under interest. In principle, periods identifY general Trypillia developments that are seen in the whole distribution area; phases, the traditional division into general phases; local groups represent the typologically similar groups, which differ from area to area; sub-phases and stages, the division into local chronological units; further and associated sites, the key sites, which are related by Ukrainian research to the typological groups. For Maidanetske, whose assemblages are associated with Trypillia Cl and the Uman area the VolodymyrivskoTomashivska and Kosenivska local group is the especially relevant 'typological container', typological belonging to western Trypillia. While the general chronological development of Trypillia periods and phases is supported by some scientific dating, the typological division into sub-phases within the VolodymyrivskoTomashivska and Kosenivska local group is under discussion (D iachenko, 2012; D iachenko & Menotti, 2012). In particular, the typological differences during BCE Trypillia period Trypillia phase Trypillia local group Subphase of local group Associated sites 3350 3600 late Cll Kosenivska (K) K2 / K3 (CII / 1) Vi lkhovets 1 Kosherzhyntsi-Shulgivka K1 (CII / 1) Apolianka Kosenivka T4 Tomashivka Rakhny Sobovi 3600 3850 Cl Tomashivska (T) T3 3750 4100 middle Bll Nebelivska (N) Stage 2 Maidanetske Stage 1 Taljanky Yatranivka 1 T1 Sushkivka Volodymyrivska (V) 4100 4200 4200 4600 4600 4800 Biggest site (estimation of inhabitants) 2500 200 36703800 3730 3850 15.000 12.000 10.000 Stage 2 Stage 1 N1 Ass 14( Dobrovody T2 N2 165 Glybochok Yampil Khrystynivka 1 Nebelivka Kryvi Kolina V late Volodymyrivka Peregonivka V early Fedorivka 4.500 38003970 9.000 6.700 Bl / 811 early Bl A Figure 4. The chronology of Trypi!!ia. Besides the main periodization and phasing, the Trypi!!ia regional groups display characteristic inventories with sub-phases. The main mega-sites are indicated in italics (after D iachenko, 2012; Kadrow, 2013; Kruts, 2012; M enotti, 2012; Ryzhov, 2012; Wechler, 1994). The radiometric data describe the chronological value also oJCI-sub-phases. 166 T rypillia- M ega- Sites and European Prehisto1y B2 and Cl might reflect partly non-chronological aspects of the Trypillia-settlements (cf. Videiko, 2003; Rassamakin & Menotti, 2011). In principle, the typo-chronological model of Ryzhov (2012: 91 ff.) is generally used for the description of the Late Trypillia development in the Southern Buh and Dnipro lnterfluve. Thus, the early B2 Volodymyrivska group is associated with onecolour, two-colours, incisions; incisions and colour pottery, while the late B2 Nebelivska local group displays painted pottery that shows links to the West. Beside the mega-sites, Nebelivka and Glybochek ( <200 ha) settlements of only a few hectares are also known. In the established typo-chronology, the succeeding Cl Tomashivska local group is divided into four phases, defined by different quantities in the distribution of ceramic shapes and ornamentation, for which the 'Tomashivska-type' painting with, for example, the display of animals in the "ribbon' manner and the large number of 'tree of the world' drawings' is typical (Ryzhov, 2012: 101) (Phase 1: besides Nebelivka local group elements, the introduction of table crockery, for example, with comet-shaped and simplified line patterns. Phase 2: the sharp-ribbed nature of table crockery types is prominent, as is the standardization of Tangentenkreisband. Phase 3: the presence of sharp ribbing and high shoulders is prominent. Phase 4: sharp proflles). The prominent megasites are associated with Cl phase 2 (Dobrovody), Phase 3 (Stage 1: Taljanky; Stage 2 Maidanetske; cp. Diachenko & Menotti, 2012), while the size of sites is generally decreasing with Cl Phase 4 (Tomashivska) and the C2 Kosenivska local group. Using the typological categories of ceramic shapes and ornamentation, which Ryzhov developed and described (Ryzhov, 1999, 2012), we conducted a CA to identifY the statistical gradient of the probable typological similarity sequence. In principle, the first two eigenvectors of the CA verifY the typological sequence as developed by Ryzhov (Figure 5). A continuum of a parabola-shaped 'cloud' of types and phase-markers identifies a steady and unbroken typological sequence for BII and Cl inventories. Clusters of sets with typological similarities could be labelled, which in most cases are congruent with the typological sequences which were developed by Ryzhov. The CA sequence starts with the BII inventories of the Volodymyrivska local group (V), followed by Nebelivska group 1.5 F5.1.1 N2 F6.3.1.2 06.2_1 1.0 B1.2.3 BS.8.1 0.5 ｯ ｾ N ｾ＠ F31 ;1.§f_,@ji F1 .S.1 F9.3.2 ; F1 .JI.H..41·1 ' ＺＲｦＢｾＱＰ Ｎ Ｗ Ｎ Ｑ＠ FBIIIZ11112 ｆＱｕ ＰＹ Ｎ Ｑ Ｎ Ｑ ｝ ＰｆＱ ....0u 0.0 c> ••••••••• aa:f1JWiaa2 OT.S <lJ .Q"I w - ＢｾＱＵ＾ｯｂｉｮＲ＠ HO •••• ••• Ｓ＠ Ｎ Ｑ Ｎ Ｑ Ｎ Ｑ Ｎ ﾣｾｬｩＱｄｉﾷ＠ Ｎ ＲＱ Ｎ Ｑ Ｎ ｾＬＱＮＺｄｉ＼ＸｦＧＷ , <lJ ｾＱＡＮ ••• •• • ••• rrttlri;[JJ1 Ｎ Ｒ Ｎ Ｑ＠ ..... ] ..800- 3970 Ok1.1 . _"P'" 691\UiH:I ".. F2.3.1 010.1 13 F9.2.1 B7.1.2 B8.S.7F2.2 .2 03.1 -0.5 ｾ＠ F1 .2.3 F25'411314 -1.0 ＰＹ Ｎ Ｒ Ｎ ｾ＠ 06.5.2 64.3.1 F4.4.1.1 oatft11.1 -1.5 - t . _ , - - - - - r - - - - ; -- - - , - -- - - - - - , - - - - - - r - - - - - , -- 1.0 -0.5 0 .0 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 Eigenvector 1 Figure 5. CA of ceramic shapes and ornamentation types of the Volodymyrivska-Nebelivska- Tomahiv ska local group sub-phases that were developed by Ry z hov (1999). The typological sequence displays a continuum with a normal distribution of the types that were analysed. The absolute chronological dumtion of N ebeliv ka, Taljanky, and M aidanetske, which is based on the available 14 C-data, confirms the chronological relevance of the sub-phases, but also indicates the contempomneity of styles (graphics: L. Brandtstiitter/j Mi.iller, UFG Kiel). M ti!ler et al. - C hronology and D emography: H ow Many People Lived in a M ega-Sire? inventories of different typological stages (N1 and N2). For the Cl Tomashivska local group, four different clusters of typological similarity groups (usually labelled as stages or sub-phases) were developed, of which at least three are in the 'right' sequence: First, eigenvector values for T1, T2, and T3 are in a steady reduction of the values. Only the CI!f4 phase has, judged on a statistical basis, more typological similarities with T1 and T2 than with T3. In principle, we would exclude T 4 to be the latest stage in a typological sequence. Nevertheless, in general, the sequence supports the typological classification and sequencing of Ryzhov. The exception of CI!f4 might be due to the fact that mainly smaller and mediumsized sites are identified within this typological cluster, which are partly typologically linked with the other sites from T1 to T3 and only partly later. Does the detailed typological sequence of the 12 phases, sub-phases, and stages (Figure 4) represent a chronological development or are we also confronted with typological differences that are due to other factors? Within the CA, we reduced the precise typological division to nine sub-phases, for which we could ask a similar question. Owing to the lack of vertical stratigraphies for the Cl subgroups, a reliance on 14c d . - ata .ts a gtven. 1.5 Including Kyiv-data, at the moment there are about 282 radiometric dates published for Cucuteni-Trypillia (Lists 1 and 2). Excluding Kyiv-data, as they are extremely variable and not in line with other labs, only 43 dates remain for Ukrainian sites. In the regional sequence of radiometric dates, only information and data from Taljanky (Trypillia CI!f3 Stage 1) and Maidanetske (Trypillia Cl/ T3 Stage 2) are published, and information on data from Nebelivka (Trypillia BIIIN 1) is available (Chapman, 2015). The information on the duration of the sites, which was reconstructed from radiometric dates, implies the chronological meaning of the typological sequence that we are discussing. Using the formalized statistical approach for 14 C-dates, Nebelivka existed from 3970 to 3800 BCE (Chapman, 2015); Taljanky from 3860 to 3730 BCE (Rassamakin & Menotti, 2011); and Maidanetske from 3800 to 3670 BCE (Figure 6). As these radiometric data are the result of careful context analyses, they are very useful in the interpretation of the CA: 1. On the one hand, the chronological tendency of the CA is proven. On the other hand, the chronological overlap, for example, of the Nebelivka and T aljanky dates, which spans over six typological OIIU .!I.I 551 F4.4.1.1 3800-3670 550 -- 1.0 0.5 - F2!2!113\4 F12.3 03.1 FlflllfA; Ok13.2 Rl112!oJI 0.0 . . . . . .ＨＩｾＺＦｩｲｺ F2. at.ｲｾ Ｍ Ｒ BB.s.f222 Ｑ＠ Ｑ＠ 010.1 --; --- - ｾ＠ N 0 ..... V ｾ＠ 06.52 FlliiZ!il2 09.2.1 64.3.1 560 3850-3730 167 Fi ＰＹＡＱＳＮＲｾ＠ ... FI<HJ1 .. ﾷＭ F2.3.1 ｾ＠ ｏｫｬ 1.2.1.1ｾ _E9.3jaJ.f2.1 Ｍ ﾷ＠ . ｆＱ -0.5 ｾ＠ .... 3800- 3970 ｪｴＭｦＱｾ＠ c CBIIII!Il3 <lJ Ol UJ -1.0 B12.3 N2 F6.3.12 062.1 -1.5 &s.1.1 -2.0 F2.lf11.2 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 Eigenvector 1 Figure 6. CA of ceramic shapes and ornamentation types of the Volodyrnyrivska-N ebelivska- Tomahivska local group sub-phases (BII/CI T 1-3) that w ere dev eloped by Ryzhov {1999). I n addition, inventories of the 2013 M aidanetske excavation are added. The 14 C-dates indicate chronological tendencies (graphics: L. Brandtstiittm j. Muller, UFG Kiel). 168 T rypillia-M ega- Sites and E uropean Prehistory sub-phases and stages, clearly demonstrates the long duration of many of the ornamentation types and ceramic shapes. In consequence, only the main focus of their distribution in time is marked by the position of phases and sub-phases within the CA and in the chronological draft (Figures 4 and 5). This is in line with the observation of a continual increase and decrease of the different types. 2. The overlap, especially of the data from Maidanetske and Taljanky, suggests that, for these two mega-sites, besides a weak chronological tendency both existed more or less contemporarily (as also noted by Ryzhov, 1999; Shmaglij & Videiko, 2003; Diachenko, 2012). In a further CA, the new inventories from the 2013 Maidanetske excavation were integrated (Figure 6). They mark the final stage of the development very clearly. Even the association of these units with their termini ad quem indicate chronological tendencies of the final stage of the Maidanetske development and the pit inventories. INTE RPRETATION: CONTEMPORARY MEGA-SITES Consequently, in the development of ceramic ornamentation and ceramic shapes we could identifY types, which are older and younger in tendency. The differentiation between sub-phases and stages is, for the majority, a question of different quantities in the distribution of ornament and shape types, as Ryzhov already remarked (Ryzhov, 2012). While in this sense, besides the similarities in the inventories, a 'progressive' development could be seen in a sequence from N ebelivka-Sushkovka-Dobrovody-T aljanky-Maidanetske; the contemporary existence of two to three mega-sites at a time is also most probable. Nebelivka lasted until Taljanky was already built up; Taljanky and Maidanetske are more or less contemporary. 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