A Study On Civil Revolts Before 1857
A Study On Civil Revolts Before 1857
International Research Journal Commerce arts scienceThe political causes of the revolt may be traced to the British policy of expansion through the Doctrine of Lapse and direct annexation. A large number of Indian rulers and chiefs were dislodged, thus arousing fear in the minds of other ruling families who apprehended a similar
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The focus of this project is on both the nature and consequences, for India, of the Indian Mutiny of 1857. Classic British historians have offered a clear simplistic view that events should be classed as a Mutiny. However, I focus on the debate between the Indian historians that emerged in the twentieth century. I conclude that the events of 1857 must be characterised initially as a military Mutiny, but later as a collective conservative rebellion for the protection of religion, and the rejection of British rule. I go on to discuss the short term effects, looking at the social and military reform undertaken by the British, which represents how their attitudes to the culture and native peoples of India was shifted by the uprising against British rule. This shift moves away from legislative reforms imposed from above, to focus on shifting young Indian’s attitudes gradually and naturally, through Victorian style education. Furthermore I discuss the short term reorganisation of the Indian militaries, and how the events in 1857 led to the development of a material race ideology. Lastly, I discuss how the Rebellion, and its consequences led to a national sentiment developing, which leads to the onset of the early Independence Movement.
2022 •
Shiv Gajrani has focused on the Revolt if 1857 in Punjab and especially focused on the Sikhs. Surprisingly, almost a majority of historians agree that the Punjabees, particularly the Sikhs cooperated with the British, and aided their victory in 1857. This conclusion, ignores very important issues relating to the nature of the Revolt , a primitivist response to the western threat. Shiv Gajrani argues that the important question is whether the Sikhs acted as a community in favour of the British. In pre-modern societies cohesion has always been far less than in modern societies because in rural economics the role of economic exchange was very confined or limited. The aristocracy interrelated with wider society through institutions which expressed society as a whole, secondly through their political authority. The unit of organised action for the peasantry was either the community or the tribe. In the pre-modern hierarchically stratified society initiative rested with the top. Lower section of the society, especially the peasantry could merely exhibit a readiness to follow a direction. This was the reason that the Revolt took the found individual heroism rather than a General Revolt heroism. Another important point of the Revolt if 1857 was that it was spearheaded by the agrarian based military elite of the poor bias.
Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857 -- Volume II: Britain and the Indian Uprising
Britain and the Indian Uprising, MAM Vol II: Introduction2013 •
The Rebellion of 1857 (also known as the Indian Mutiny) was a watershed event in the history of British India. It was by far the largest, most widespread, and dangerous threat to British rule in India in the nineteenth century. One of its most obvious repercussions was the elimination of the ruling East India Company and the transfer of control of India to the British Crown. As a military crisis of truly massive proportions, the Rebellion also inspired the structural transformation of both the British and Indian armies. In Britain, the crisis resulted in the amalgamation of the East India Company’s European forces into the line, and the commitment of a permanent, 80,000-man garrison on the subcontinent. In India, the mutiny or disbandment of sixty-nine out of the seventy-four regiments of the Bengal army necessitated its entire reconstruction with men as different in origin as possible from those who had so recently rebelled.
Centre for Land Warfare Studies(CLAWS), New Delhi
The Indian Revolt of 1857 : Global Response2020 •
The bulk of the writings on the Indian Revolt of 1857 by British authors were guided by their own political and imperial motivations, with an aim to project their racial superiority as well as heroism of their citizens against the Indian rebels. The revolt was highlighted by exceptional leadership of four most prominent military leaders, namely Nana Sahib, Rani Laxmi Bai, Begum Hazrat Mahal and Kunwar Singh, whose combined efforts ensured that the fight continued for almost two years in spite of innumerable odds stacked against them. While the domestic aspect of the Indian Revolt of 1857 has been adequately covered and written about in the Indian academic landscape, not many Indians are aware about the international dimension of this defining historical moment of Indian history. Revolt led to not only public and political debates in numerous countries such as US, Russia, Ireland, Italy, China and the Middle East but also inspired their people to fight against their colonial masters.
Utkal Research Journal
DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS IN THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE UPRISING OF 18572021 •
In order to understand the nature of the revolt of 1857, they have to turn to the historical development that is at odds with both the modern British historians and the Indian scholars. Most of the writings and write ups, appeared in the 19 th and 20 th centuries for depicting the different aspects of Indian History and Culture from the earliest to the modern times, have been the subject of severe debate, criticism and distortions. Often a loop-sided picture of Indian history, tilting towards subjectivity and bias, sidelining and omitting the concept of cause and effect, has been displayed, thus endangering, thereby, the much desired 'Rational Model' and 'Consensus Model'. The first extensive major event in the annals of freedom movement against the foreign rule broke out in 1857 and shook the foundation of the colonial rule but it lacking objective assessment and systematic and scientific marshalling of facts. There has been a tug of war whether to call it a 'Sepoy Mutiny' or a 'Great Revolt'. The tradition and conservative British writers have fashioned to highlight only the military character of the revolt and completely ignoring mass participation therein. To them it was completely a military insurrection. This research paper attempts to report different European historian's interest in Indian affairs and their observations, views, liberal approaches and analysis of the events unfolding during the uprising of 1857 in India.