3
Defensive Architecture of the MeDiterrAneAn
Xv to Xviii centuries
Giorgio verDiAni (ed.)
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DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN
XV TO XVIII CENTURIES
Vol. III
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PROCEEDINGS of the International Conference on Modern
Age Fortifications of the Mediterranean Coast
FORTMED 2016
DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN
XV TO XVIII CENTURIES
Vol. III
Editor
Giorgio Verdiani
Università degli Studi di Firenze
Dipartimento di Architettura
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PUBLISHED BY
DIDAPRESS
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FORTMED 2016, FIRENZE
Atti del Congresso / Conference Proceedings / Colección Congresos UNIFI
Tutti i contenuti della presente pubblicazione sono stati soggetti a revisione da parte del Comitato Scientifico di
FORTMED 2016, secondo il processo della “peer review”.
All the contents of this book has been reviewed by the FORTMED 2016 Scientific Committee according to the
“peer review” process.
© Curatore / editor
Giorgio Verdiani
© per i singoli articoli / for each article / de los testos: gli auori / the authors / los autores
© 2016, de la presente edición: DIDAPRESS, Dipartimento di Architettura, Università degli Studi di Firenze
ISBN: [ 9788896080603 ] (OPERA COMPLETA)
FORTMED - Modern Age Fortifications of the Mediterranean Coast, Florence, November 10th, 11th, 12th 2016
Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean XV to XVIII Centuries / Vol. III /Giorgio Verdiani (Ed.) - © 2016
Dipartimento di Architettura, Università degli Studi di Firenze
Organization and commitees
Comitato d'Onore / Honour Committee:
Luigi Dei. Rettore dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze
Saverio Mecca. Direttore del Dipartimento di Architettura DiDA Università degli Studi di Firenze
Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro. Presidente FORTMED 2015 Universitat Politècnica de València
Giancarlo Paba. Presidente della Fondazione Giovanni Michelucci, Firenze
Comitato Organizzatore / Organizing Commitee
Presidente / Main Chair: Giorgio Verdiani. Università degli Studi di Firenze
Segreteria / Secretariat:
M. Teresa Gil Piqueras. Universitat Politècnica de València, Serena di Grazia. Associazione Culturale Maieutike
Membri / Members: Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro. Universitat Politècnica de València, Stefano Bertocci. Università
degli Studi di Firenze, Anna Guarducci. Università degli Studi di Siena, Santiago Lillo Giner. Universitat
Politècnica de València.
Comitato tecnico-editoriale / Technical and Editorial Commitee: Andrea Pasquali, Giancarlo Littera, Angela
Mancuso, Paolo Formaglini, Filippo Giansanti, Anna Frascari, Tatiana Pignatale, Stéphane Giraudeau, Andrea
Leonardi, Giulia Baldi, Ilenia Tramentozzi, Mirco Pucci Università degli Studi di Firenze.
Comitato Scientifico / Scientific Commitee
Direttori scientifici / Scientific Directors:
Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro. Universitat Politècnica de València,
Stefano Bertocci. Università degli Studi di Firenze
Membri / Members:
Andreas Georgopoulos. Nat. Tec. University of Athens. Greece
Alessandro Camiz, Girne American University. Cyprus
Alicia Cámara Muñoz. UNED. España
Anna Guarducci. Università di Siena. Italia
Anna Marotta, Politecnico di Torino. Italia
Antonio Almagro Gorbea. CSIC. España
Arturo Zaragozá Catalán. Generalitat Valenciana. Castellón. España
Concepción López González. UPV. España
Domenico Taddei, Università degli studi di Pisa. Italia
Faissal Cherradi. Ministerio de Cultura del Reino de Marruecos. Morocco
Francisco Juan Vidal. Universitat Politècnica de València, España
Fernando Cobos Guerra. Arquitecto. España
Gabriele Guidi. Politecnico di Milano. Italia
Gjergji Islami. Universiteti Politeknik i Tiranës. Albania
Giorgio Verdiani. Università degli Studi di Firenze. Italia
Per Cornell. University of Gothenburg. Sweden
Rand Eppich. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. España
Rafael Soler Verdú. Universitat Politècnica de València. España
Sandro Parrinello. Università di Pavia. Italia
Santiago Varela Botella. Generalitat Valenciana. Alicante. España
Stefano Columbu, Università di Cagliari. Italia
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Note / Notes
This conference was made in the frame of the R & D project entitled "SURVEILLANCE AND DEFENSE
TOWERS OF THE VALENCIAN COAST. Metadata generation and 3D models for interpretation and effective
enhancement" reference HAR2013-41859-P, whose principal investigator is Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro. The
project is funded by the National Program for Fostering Excellence in Scientific and Technical Research, National
Sub-Program for Knowledge Generation, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Government of Spain).
Questo convegno si tiene nel quadro del progetto di R & D intitolato "SURVEILLANCE AND DEFENSE
TOWERS OF THE VALENCIAN COAST. Metadata generation and 3D models for interpretation and effective
enhancement" riferimento HAR2013-41859-P, il cui coordinatore è Pablo Rodriguez-Navarro. Il progetto è
finanziato dal Programma Nazionale per la promozione dell'eccellenza nella ricerca scientifica e tecnica, sottoprogramma nazionale per la conoscenza generazione, Ministero dell'Economia e della Competitività del
Governo Spagnolo.
ORGANIZZATO DA / ORGANIZED BY:
CON IL SUPPORTO DI / WITH THE CONTRIBUTION OF
IN COLLABORAZIONE CON / IN COLLABORATION WITH:
SPONSORSHIP:
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Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean XV to XVIII Centuries / Vol. III
Giorgio Verdiani (Ed.) - © 2016 Dipartimento di Architettura, Università degli Studi di Firenze
Table of contents
Preface ........................................................................................................................................... XV
Giorgio Verdiani
Lectures ........................................................................................................................................ XIX
La torre de la Illeta en la defensa de la costa de Alicante, España. Estudio histórico y evolución
constructiva ..................................................................................................................................... XXI
Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro, Teresa Gil Piqueras, Alba Soler Estrela
Torri e fortezze del Mediterraneo nella cartografia nautica della Marina militare francese (seconda
metà XVII-metà XVIII secolo) .................................................................................................... XXIX
Anna Guarducci
La trasformazione veneziana di Ravenna: la Rocca Brancaleone (1457-1470) sulla chiesa di S. Andrea
dei Goti (518) ........................................................................................................................... XXXVII
Alessandro Camiz
Contributions ................................................................................................................................... 1
Ricerca Storica / Historical Research ........................................................................................ 3
Typological affinity model and masonry structure techniques of corsican genoese towers ................ 5
Paola Rita Altamura
“Las Puertas de Tierra" as a paradigm of fortification systems in Cadiz during the Modern Age: an
approach through historical mapping and panoramic drawings ........................................................ 13
Gabriel Granado-Castro, José Antonio Barrera-Vera, Joaquín Aguilar-Camacho
A margine di fortezze litoranee scomparse nelle Marche settentrionali: testimonianze geostoriche,
cartografiche, vedutistiche sul “fortino napoleonico” di Pesaro ......................................................... 21
Maria Augusta Bertini
Le fortificazioni costiere nella Calabria Ultra testimoniate dal Codice Romano Carratelli ............... 29
Alessandro Bianchi, Teresa Saeli
L’ingegno cortonese nella progettazione della nuova città fortificata La Valletta ............................. 33
Valentina Burgassi
La ‘Riscoperta monumentale’ dei Castelli cinquecenteschi di Terra d’Otranto (1874-1888). Cosimo
De Giorgi e la prima segnalazione di un patrimonio «importante … originale, ma in cui la robustezza
predomina sull’eleganza» .................................................................................................................. 39
Ferruccio Canali
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Le casette dei cavallari nel sistema integrato di difesa costiera nel Regno di Napoli ........................ 47
Vincenzo Cataldo
Restoration of the Janissary bath in absence of historical sources .................................................... 55
Samia Chergui
‘Cartoline’ dalla Calabria Ultra di fine Cinquecento. O no? ............................................................. 63
Margherita Corrado
“Servitore di due padroni” Gabrio Busca, ingegnere militare tra Piemonte e Spagna ....................... 71
Annalisa Dameri
Geometria e Disegno: l’architettura militare nel trattato del Capitano Serafino Burali ..................... 79
Sara D'Amico
Fortifications of the Upper Bosphorus: Documentation and Interpretation of a Cultural Landscape ... 87
Gizem Dörter
Il Torrione quattrocentesco di Bitonto: dalla committenza di Giovanni Ventimiglia e Marino Curiale
alle proposte di Francesco di Giorgio Martini (1450-1495) ............................................................... 95
Virgilio C. Galati
Conocer al enemigo: el tratado de fortificación del criollo Francisco José de caldas (Colombia, 1815)
y sus fuentes bibliográficas .............................................................................................................. 103
Jorge Galindo Díaz
Antonio Ferramolino da Bergamo, un ingegnere militare nel Mediterraneo di Carlo V .................. 111
Emanuela Garofalo, Maurizio Vesco
The 'Spanish school' bastion defence ................................................................................................ 119
Eugenio Magnano di San Lio
Scenari di guerra: rappresentazioni cartografiche in Sardegna e Sicilia durante il XVIII secolo ..... 127
Valeria Manfrè
The Forts to the East of Dar as Sultan or The Ottoman Rear Defense of the Algiers region ............ 135
Safia Benselama-Messikh
The bastioned defence system of Oran-Algeria ................................................................................ 143
Souad Metair
L’ampliamento della cinta fortificata vicereale di Nola nei disegni dell’Atlante Lemos della Bibliothèque
Nationale de France e nella collezione di Pierre le Poivre della Biblioteca Real di Madrid ................. 149
Giuseppe Mollo
I presidi militari dei Savoia verso la Liguria. Il forte di Ceva ........................................................... 155
Maria Paola Marabotto
Jacob Van Daalen’s failure. Short and unsuccessful activity of a Dutch military engineer in Spain at
the beginning of the 18th Century ..................................................................................................... 161
Juan Miguel Muñoz Corbalán
Da Positano a Sapri: la rete di “sguardi” del sistema difensivo costiero ........................................... 169
Simona Talenti, Sara Morena
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The forts of Lorraine on the Tuscan Grand Duchy coast: eighteenth century planning parameters ..... 177
Gabriele Nannetti
Cagliari nel Seicento. Forma e rappresentazione di una piazzaforte ................................................. 185
Sebastiana Nocco
Historical development of Nicosia Fortifications and its texture along with the Fortification Walls ... 193
Zehra Öngül
1492-1525 Chronology of the founding of the Cathedral-Fortress in Almeria ................................. 201
Antonio Palenzuela Navarro
L’onorata professione della militare e civile architettura. La breve e sfortunata storia del primo fortino
di Bocca di Serchio (1758- 1793) ..................................................................................................... 205
Marco Piccardi
Il disegno delle fortezze viste dagli assedianti .................................................................................. 213
Giuseppe Scuderi, Eugenio Magnano di San Lio
A denied fortress. The Sorrento castle and the transformations of the urban landscape .................. 221
Valentina Russo, Lia Romano
Guarini’s models for the drawing of the ‘regular fortress’. Comparison with the pentagonal citadels
in Turin and Modena ........................................................................................................................ 229
Roberta Spallone
Mappe di una Piazzaforte cinquecentesca perduta: Pescara ............................................................. 237
Pasquale Tunzi
Government and Science: Military and architectural culture in the library of the I Duke of
Terranova ........................................................................................................................................ 245
Margarita-Ana Vázquez-Manassero
La transformacion formal de estructuras defensivas desde el s. XIV hasta el s. XIX en el ámbito de la
Corona de Aragón ............................................................................................................................ 253
Álvaro Vázquez Esparza, Pablo Navarro Camallonga
Concetti Teorici / Theoretical Concepts ................................................................................ 261
Forma e progetto della piazzaforte di Cagliari in epoca sabauda. L’opera a corno dell’ingegnere Felice
de Vincenti ....................................................................................................................................... 263
Vincenzo Bagnolo, Andrea Pirinu
Territorio y artefacto. La dimensión geográfica del proyecto de Juan Bautista Antonelli para la sierra
de Bernia en el antiguo reino de Valencia a la luz de su Relatione della Montagna, o, serra di Bernia
(1561) ...............................................................................................................................................271
Antoni Banyuls Pérez, Andrés Martínez Medina
Conflict Archaeology in the Landscape: A Survey of World War II Defences at Selmun, Malta ........ 278
Bernard Cachia Zammit
Si vis pacem para bellum. Fabbriche d’armi, arsenali e strategie al tempo dei Borbone .................. 286
Francesca Castanò
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Las primeras fortificaciones abaluartadas en la Goleta de Túnez ..................................................... 295
José Javier de Castro Fernández, Javier Mateo de Castro
Le fortificazioni militari costiere in Terra d’Otranto tra XV e XVI secolo ....................................... 303
Maurizio Delli Santi, Antonio Corrado
El cubo artillero de Peñíscola, un modelo aún válido ...................................................................... 307
Enrique Salom Marco
La Ricerca sul Patrimonio Costruito / Research on Built Heritage ............................... 315
City Walls and Towers of Ténès: State of Conservation and Local Development ........................... 321
Amina Abdessemed-Foufa
Una fortezza sul Mediterraneo: Rodi la città dei Cavalieri ............................................................... 325
Barbara Aterini, Alessandro Nocentini
First Portuguese Bastioned Fortresses in North Africa .................................................................... 333
João Barros Matos
Torre Medicea del Salto della Cervia o di Porta del lago Beltrame .................................................. 341
Enrico Bascherini, Anna Leddi, Roberto Pierini
La Fortezza Cybo-Malaspina a Massa. Una ricerca per la valorizzazione e conservazione ............. 349
Marco Giorgio Bevilacqua, Roberto Pierini, Pietro Ruschi, Caterina Toscani
Restoration plan for Orbetello Fortifications. A hypothesis of musealization and reuse for the
bastioned area ................................................................................................................................... 357
Francesco Broglia
Venetian defence in the Mediterranean: Nicosia’s city walls, Cyprus (1567-1570) ......................... 363
Alessandro Camiz, Alessandro Bruccoleri, Seda Baydur, Göksu Atmaca
The Venetian defense of the Mediterranean: the Kyrenia Castle, Cyprus (1540-1544) ................... 373
Alessandro Camiz, Siepan Ismail Khalil, Sara Cansu Demir, Hassina Nafa
Giovanni Girolamo Sanmicheli and Luigi Brugnoli’s design for Famagusta city walls, Cyprus (15501562) ................................................................................................................................................ 379
Alessandro Camiz, Hande Kozan, Ibrahim Suleiman
Architetture della difesa a Nisida ..................................................................................................... 387
Vito Cardone, Ornella Zerlenga, Claudia Cennamo
Sulle Regie Trazzere dei Forti dello Stretto di Messina. Elementi di Architettura militare di tardo ‘800
per la salvaguardia del territorio dal rischio idrogeologico ............................................................... 395
Vincenzo Caruso
Tra terra e mare: funzione difensiva e ruolo commerciale delle torri e delle fortificazioni costiere
abruzzesi tra XVI e XVIII secolo ..................................................................................................... 403
Annalisa Colecchia
Le fortificazioni in Calabria Ultra all'epoca di Filippo II in un manoscritto inedito ......................... 411
Simonetta Conti, Giuseppe Fausto Macrì
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Torre Scampamorte on Lake Lesina. Half-light zones in the maritime defenses of the Kingdom of
Naples .............................................................................................................................................. 419
Michele Coppola
Mare e non più mare. Le nuove fortificazioni di Cotrone al tempo di Carlo V e il sacrificio della
portualità tradizionale ...................................................................................................................... 427
Margherita Corrado
“Access-ability”: Discussion On Making the Built Heritage Inclusive ............................................ 435
Ani Cuedari, Nada Ibrahimi, Florian Nepravishta
Defensive towers in Minorca. Mutual influence between those with a Spanish origin and those with a
British one ........................................................................................................................................ 441
Mónica Fernández de la Fuente
Le mura urbiche di Carlentini: conoscenza, conservazione e Valorizzazione .................................. 449
Emanuele Romeo, Gianluigi de Martino
Under Jolly Roger. Difendersi all’ombra del Monte Conero. Il caso di Torre Clementina, Portonovo,
Italia ................................................................................................................................................. 457
Paolo Formaglini, Filippo Giansanti, Stéphane Giraudeau
Contribution to Identification and Enhancement of the Maritime Defensive System in the XIXth and
XXth French Colonial Period in Algeria: The Case of the Eastern Coast .......................................... 465
Amina Korichi, Zineddine Guenadez, Nicolas Faucherre
The ideal city of Livorno: An example of the Italian Modern Military Architecture ....................... 471
Ilaria Lippi, Marco Giorgio Bevilacqua, Caterina Calvani, Fabrizio Cinelli, Domenico Taddei
Elementos fortificados de las casas nobles de la ciudad de Valencia de los siglos XV al XVII ....... 479
Concepción López González
Tower-mansions of Crete. A multidisciplinary approach to learn built heritage .............................. 487
Emma Maglio
Heritage and vernacular defensive stone architecture in the Gourara (Algeria) ............................... 495
Illili Mahrour
L’architettura fortificata angioina in Puglia settentrionale (Italia): il caso di Lucera (FG), i metodi
e le ‘fonti’......................................................................................................................................... 508
Nunzia Maria Mangialardi
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Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean XV to XVIII Centuries / Vol. III Giorgio Verdiani (Ed.)
FORTMED 2016 10th-12th November – www.fortmed.eu ©2016 Dipartimento di Architettura (DIDA) Firenze
Prefazione / Preface
Giorgio Verdiani
Institution, Dipartimento di Architettura, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy
[email protected]
[email protected]
This second edition of the FORTMED
Conference simply confirms how many
energies and research interests are raised by the
Modern Age defence of the Mediterranean
Coast. The large number of scholars and
researchers, participating to the call from more
than ten different countries gives a clear
demonstration of this. The overall result is a
significant occasion of discussion, an
opportunity to put together the concepts and the
ideas creating a new step in the state of
knowledge, a progress, reflected in a significant
contribution
to
the
wide
existing
historiography. The time period subject of the
FORTMED Conference is truly extraordinary:
humanism, new discoveries, technological
advances, renovation of roles for architects and
engineers, a new strength in the word
“planning”, progress in maritime cartography
and naval engineering and all this added to the
exploration of the new territories, flourishing
empires and, of course, the growth of some of
the worst aspects in human behaviour, like
piracy. All these elements are present in an
undiluted way in the Mediterranean, which
also played a vital role of connection between
peoples while creating, at the same time, an
extensive myriad of borders for kingdoms
and religions.
specific solution. The territory, the landscape
was something to exploit, to use in enhancing
the defensive value of the system. The clear
knowledge of each cliff, natural harbour or
water supply was strategic to correctly allow
the best defence. On the other side there was the
need to show and demonstrate the protected
area, to make clear that the coast was ruled by a
well-organized system, updated in technologies
and properly structured to avoid naughty
incursions from the sea.
In the moment when the Mediterranean was
considered an open field by pirates, the logic
derived from the Antonelli family was more
than ever ready to take place, the almost
"linear" idea of a border between the free open
space of the sea and the countries facing on it
may nowadays look more suggestive than
practical, but in ages based on a different
relationship between space and time, based
only on a direct passage between what is
directly seen and what really exists, the concept
of the need of a continuity in the border was
more than ever explained by that idea. The
ships were pushed by the wind, they had the
possibility to disappear behind the horizon and
to navigate out of sight, but each time a pirate
ship was getting close to a coast, the evident
presence of that territorial border, represented
by towers and fortresses, was a clear sign of
protection. A sign capable to see, to warn, to
alarm its surrounding area. From this the need
to create the mechanisms, the rules and the
procedures to integrate the system of the coastal
The value of all these coastal settlements was
double: on one side there was the practical and
military value, towers, fortresses and defensive
structures were all parts of a specific network,
each architecture linked to the others in a site
XV
October 2015, this second occasion of the
FORTMED, takes place in Florence, Italy.
defence to the harbours, to the towns, to the
outposts and to the isolated settlements. A
hierarchy of soldiers and common people
working together with their signals, their
horses, their weapons, to guarantee protection
and development chances to all the humanity
living along the coasts.
This time, the theme of the conference, former
concentrated on the Western part of the
Mediterranean area, is now expanded to the
whole family of fortifications of the Mare
Nostrum, (from Spain, to France, Italy, Malta,
Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Cyprus, Greece,
Albania, Croazia, etc…) mainly dating from
the 15th to the 18th centuries, but not excluding
other countries or other fortifications or
coastal settlement capable to raise specific
interest from the point of view of the
suggestions, the methodologies, the complex
and inspiring history.
During recent experiences conducted between
Spain and Italy by the research group based on
the TOVIVA project and with personal research
subjects brought on with the collaboration of
graduating students and scholars, we had the
opportunity to face and study a large set of
Valencian towers along Spain’s eastern coast,
as well as a set of significant architectures along
the Tuscan maritime border. In this occasion,
we have realised that most of the approaches
made on these constructions are at risk of being
partial, since they are addressed from a
determined area of knowledge and usually by a
specific research institution or university. A too
specific approach with a subject so much linked
to our own history and territory is always
limited. As a result of this reflection, from an
original idea of Pablo Rodriguez-Navarro, we
came up with the idea of bringing together
researchers working on this topic in a
conference whose main objective would be
knowledge
exchange
for
the
better
understanding, assessment, management and
exploitation of the culture and heritage
developed on the Mediterranean coast in the
modern era, bearing in mind the dissemination
needs the results. And this is how FORTMED
was conceived.
We hope that this endeavour will be the next
step of the many fruitful collaborations started
during the Valencian FORTMED 2015 and the
occasion to start new challenges and new
studies and researches; otherwise it would not
truly satisfy our purposes. We are confident
that this will continue its precious task in
facilitating the building of ties between
different institutions, professionals, teachers,
researchers and students of distinct areas that
will allow us to make further contributions
from broader, more global and more
integrated perspectives. We are convinced that
new synergies and relevant networking
opportunities will emerge from the debate,
allowing us to propose new joint projects with
a pluralistic and international scope.
We all agree that the topic deserves our
attention and a more "contemporary" approach,
allowing us deliver on the level of the culture
that was present at that time. As best evidence
of the second success of the congress, the event
will commence with the participation of more
than 150 researchers.
The concept was to create a conference with the
intention of building on interdisciplinary work,
where architects, engineers, archaeologists,
historians, geographers, cartographers, heritage
managers, tourism experts and experts in
heritage restoration, landscape designers,
geologists, passionate scholars, experts in
conservation and promotion, professional and
academic figures, could convene. The idea has
been to gather more inclusive, real and
actualised data leading us to the level where
research regarding this matter should be more
readily available in the 21st century. After the
first edition which took place in Valencia in
The change in the location of the conference,
the opening of the subject to the whole
Mediterranean Coast area, have brought new
participations and is going to extend the range
of studies from the western to the eastern
creating the occasion for matching a wide
extension of research experiences. The quality
of all the results presented here is guaranteed by
peer review on behalf of the Scientific
XVI
Committee. This contribution, leaving a rich
legacy embodied in this publication, should not
be limited to that. As we have noted above, we
wish this to be just the beginning of a series of
activities to be developed in different
institutions. Similarly, the FORTMED 2015
Congress was born with the intention to be
continued by another research group or
institution and in this logic the FORTMED
2016 gather the challenge to support who would
undertake the work of making FORTMED
2017 a reality.
about Valencian coastal defensive architectures.
They brought their technologies inside a clear
example of the research - development - industry
necessary symbiosis and evidencing that leading
companies are not leader by chance.
It is now important to thank the Institute for
the Heritage Restoration of the Polytechnic
University of Valencia, the Centre for
Technology Transfer, the Lifelong Learning
Centre and the UPV Press for their full
readiness, facilitating the work of all the
researchers accounting for its workforce in the
context of the FORTMED 2015. They gave
the operative basis to a positive and still
ongoing event. A special thank you to Pablo
Rodriguez-Navarro, for his courage to face
new challenges, for his belief that a Florentine
FORTMED was possible and for trusting in
me as its coordinator. And for this FORTMED
2016, I can only say thank you to all the people
from my Department who fully supported and
made possible this second event, to all my
colleagues and collaborators who gave their
efforts in making possible to have a second
edition of the conference. I am grate to the
system of laboratories that I coordinate since
2013, a great tool and a great challenge of this
University, capable to solve complex
problems and to made possible very difficult
challenges. I am grate to my Department, the
Dipartimento di Architettura from the
Florence University, hosting in its structures
the FORTMED 2016, with this, it has made a
new step forward in the rich process of
internationalization which is a fundamental
passage in the evolution of our University.
As it is possible to notice since the cover of this
books, the FORTMED 2015 and FORTMED
2016 international congress and its publications
are organized according to a continuity, the
logic of creating an extended panorama on the
Mediterranean defensive architectures is
supported by the same graphical layout and
preserving a link to the previous books
continuing the title and the numbering of this
publications. In this way the new volumes
create a significant step in the documentation of
the state of the art on the Mediterranean
fortified heritage in our years. A state that is not
only historical, architectural, social or aimed to
a unique target, it is faceted and rich, like its
great and complex tradition.
The first FORTMED conference has been
carried out within the activities of the research
project entitled "Watch and Defense Towers of
the Valencian Coast: Metadata and 3D Model
Generation for Their Interpretation and
Effective Enhancement", reference HAR201341859-P, funded by the National Program for
Fostering Excellence in Scientific and
Technical Research, National Sub-Program for
Knowledge Generation, Ministry of Economy
and Competitiveness (Government of Spain).
The congress has also received funding from
the Generalitat Valenciana Regional Authority,
through the Grants for the promotion of
Scientific Research, Technological Development
and Innovation in the Valencian Community,
reference AORG / 2015/025. Because of its
innovative capacity, the project, soon named
TOVIVA, was able to get the support provided
by Leica Geosystems and Dronetools, who
have participated in the two years long research
Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to
all the authors of this publication for the quality
of their contributions, their attitude in regards to
the adequacy of the reviews and their patience
throughout the editing process and registration.
I also extend my gratitude to the Scientific
Committee and the Organizing Committee for
their selfless dedication and professionalism.
Together we have made it possible one year ago
and now we made it again.
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