PROGRAM SIMPOZIJA IN POVZETKI AVTORJEV CONFERENCE PROGRAMME AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS 2. Mednarodni arheološki simpozij Arheološki potencial v preventivni arheologiji 2nd International Archaeological Conference (Re)thinking Archaeological Potential in Preventive Archaeology Ljubljana, 28. - 29. 10. 2016 2. Mednarodni arheološki simpozij Arheološki potencial v preventivni arheologiji 2nd International Archaeological Conference (Re)thinking Archaeological Potential in Preventive Archaeology Organizatorji kolokvija / Conference Organizers: Ministrstvo za kulturo Republike Slovenije Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije Organizacijski odbor / Organizing Committee: Dimitrij Mlekuž Barbara Nadbath Gašper Rutar PROGRAM SIMPOZIJA / CONFERENCE PROGRAM Petek, 28. oktober 2016 / Friday, 28th October, 2016 09.00 – 9.30 Otvoritev simpozija / Conference opening 9.30 – 10.00 Prva skupina predavanj / First session STEFANO CAMPANA Uvodno predavanje: Kartiranje arheološkega kontinuuma. Priložnosti in omejitve preventivne arheologije v Italiji / Keynote speech: Towards Mapping Archaeological Continuum. New Perspectives and Current Limitations in Planning-Led-Archaeology in Italy DIMITRIJ MLEKUŽ, GAŠPER RUTAR, BARBARA NADBATH Ideja arheološkega potenciala. Kaj je arheološki potencial? / The Idea of Archaeological Potential. What is Archaeological Potential? 10.30 - 11.00 Odmor za kavo in prigrizke / Coffe and snacks break 11.00 – 13.00 Druga skupina predavanj / Second session PHILIP VERHAGEN Simulacija odkrivanja arheoloških značilnosti s testnimi jarki in posledice za odkrivanje in vrednotenje najdišč / Simulating Feature Detection by Trial Trenches and its Consequences for Site Detection and Evaluation PAUL JOHNSON, RUTH HUMPHREYS Razumevanje arheološkega potenciala: britanski pogled / Understanding Archaeological Potential: A View from the UK MICHELE PIPAN, EMANUELE FORTE, FEDERICO BERNARDI Integriranje geizikalnih metod in daljinskega zaznavanja za arheološke prospekcije zelo visoke ločljivosti / Integrated Geophysical and Remote Sensing Methods for Ultra-High Resolution Archaeological Prospecting KATHERINE GRUEL, MICHEL DABAS, VINCENT BERNOLLIN Arheološki sledovi in najdišča okoli svetišča Allones (Sarthe) / Archaeological Traces and Sites in the Landscape Around the Sanctuary of Allonnes (Sarthe) 13.00 – 14.30 Odmor za kosilo / Lunch break 14.30 – 16.00 Tretja skupina predavanj / Third session GAŠPER RUTAR Upravljanje z arheološkim potencialom? / Managing Archaeological Potential? DARIA G. BANCHIERI Arheološki potencial tela v mokrem okolju / The Archaeological Potential of a Waterlogged Tell FILOMENA SIROVICA Izguba arheološkega potenciala: predlog vrednotenja / Losing Archaeological Potential: The Proposition of Assessment Method 16.00 – 16.30 Odmor za kavo in prigrizke / Coffe and snacks break 16.30 – 18.30 Četrta skupina predavanj / Fourth session VEDRANA GLAVAŠ, ANDREA PINTAR „Voham mrtve“: uporaba reševalnih psov pri lociranju prazgodovinskih grobišč / „I Smell Dead People“: The Use of HRD Dogs in Locating Prehistoric Burial sites ANDREJ MAGDIČ, MIHELA KAJZER CAFNIK Odkrili smo povišan arheološki potencial. Kaj zdaj? / Increased Archaeological Potential. What Now? FELIPE ASENJO ÁLVAREZ, JOSÉ MIGUEL MUÑOZ JIMÉNEZ, PABLO SCHNELL QUIERTANT Okolica Calocos Montes: arheologija krajine in apnenice v južni prokrajini Segovia (Španija) / Around the Calocos Montes: Landscape Archaeology and Lime Kilns in the Southern Province of Segovia (Spain) PASQUALE NAPOLITANO, PASQUALE PERSICO (Re)programiranje arheologije / (Re)programming Archaeology 18.30 – 19.00 Diskusija in zaključek / Discussion and conslusion Sobota, 29. oktober 2016 / Saturday, 29th October, 2016 Ekskurzija na kras / Field trip to the Karst Prva skupina predavanj / First session STEFANO CAMPANA Uvodno predavanje: Kartiranje arheološkega kontinuuma. Priložnosti in omejitve preventivne arheologije v Italiji Predavanje predstavlja teoretske in praktične posledice italijanskega zakona o javnih projektih, ki je stopil v veljavo leta 2006. Na podlagi dveh projektov, BREBEMI in EMPTYSCAPES, ki smo jih izvedli bomo pokazali na omejitve in možnosti, ki jih ponuja obstoječi pravni in znanstveni okvir. Rezultati zadnjega desetletja raziskav so pokazala na učinkovitost novih pristopov tako v ruralnih kot nekdaj urbanih krajinah in kažejo na potencialno novo paradigmo preventivne arheologije v Italiji, ki bo omogočala preseganje omejitev, ki jih ponujajo obstoječe prakse. Keynote speech: Towards Mapping Archaeological Continuum. New Perspectives and Current Limitations in Planning-Led-Archaeology in Italy The talk deploys in theory and in practice the Italian domestic law applied since 2006 on any kind of public new construction or the modiication of existing structures. The speaker will argue, based on two major projects, BREBEMI and EMPTYSCAPES led by him, biases and new perspectives within the current legal and scientiic framework. The results achieved in the last decade have borne out the potential effectiveness of this approach to rural as well onceurban landscapes suggesting potentially a new paradigm for Planning-Led-Archaeology in Italy, which would allow us to overcome some severe limitation affecting current practice. DIMITRIJ MLEKUŽ, GAŠPER RUTAR, BARBARA NADBATH Ideja arheološkega potenciala. Kaj je arheološki potencial? Preventivna arheologija je konceptualna novost, ki arheološke raziskave umesti v sam postopek načrtovanja posegov v prostor. Ključna inovacija preventivne arheologije je faza predhodnih raziskav pri katerih se ne ukvarjamo s posameznimi najdišči, temveč ugotavljamo arheološki potencial prostora. Ideja arheološkega potenciala tako preusmerja pozornost iz izoliranih najdišč na celoten prostor. Arheološki potencial lahko razumemo kot potencialno, še neaktualizirano arheološko dediščino, ki se mora šele aktualizirati skozi raziskave. V prispevku pretresemo idejo arheološkega potenciala in na primeru raziskav na trasi prenosnega plinovoda Rogaška Slatina – Trojane analiziramo proces identiikacije in valoriziranja arheološke dediščine v loku od predhodnih raziskav za ugotavljanja arheološkega potenciala do izkopavanj. Analiziramo razmerje med ugotovljenim povišanim arheološkim potencialom in aktualiziranimi arheološkimi sledovi. Sklenemo, da je ugotavljanje arheološkega potencial s pomočjo ekstenzivnega vzorčenja površinskega zapisa učinkovito. Od 23 območij s povišanim arheološkim potencialom, ki smo jih zaznali z ekstenzivnimi terenskimi pregledi, so 4 izkazala za arheološka najdišča. Arheološke ostaline pa so bili prisotni tudi na štirih drugih lokacijah. Le v enem primeru so se sledovi izmuznili metodam ugotavljanja potencial in smo jih zaznali šele pri dokumentiranju ob gradnji. The idea of Archaeological Potential. What is Archaeological Potential? Preventive archaeology is a novel way of protecting archaeological heritage, where archaeological research becomes constitutive part of spatial planning process. Key innovation is the phase of preliminary archaeological research, which shifts attention from localized archaeological sites to the archaeological potential of the area. Concept of archaeological potential shifts focus of preventive archaeology from isolated sites to wider landscape. Archaeological potential can be understood as a potential, not yet actualized archaeological heritage, which is yet to become through the process of research. In the paper, we develop the concept of archaeological potential and analyse the process of actualisation of archaeological potential using case-study of archaeological research on the Rogaška Slatina-Trojane pipeline project. We examine the relations between areas of high archaeological potential and actualized archaeological traces. Archaeological potential assessment using artefact surveys proved to be very successful, as 23 areas of high archaeological potential were identiied. These were actualized into 4 sites and 4 off-site traces by further research. Only in one case archaeological traces were not detected during archaeological potential assessment phase. Druga skupina predavanj / Second session PHILIP VERHAGEN Simulacija odkrivanja arheoloških značilnosti s testnimi jarki in posledice za odkrivanje in vrednotenje najdišč Izkop testnih jarkov je ena najpomembnejših prospekcijskih metod v večjem delu Evrope, saj lahko pokrije relativno velike površine z vzorčenjem le med 5 in 10 % površine. Raziskave (Hey and Lacey 2001; Verhagen and Borsboom 2009) so pokazale, da je odkrivanje in interpretacija arheoloških značilnosti močno odvisna od raziskovalne strategije. Še posebej so pomembne dolžina, širina ter medsebojna oddaljenost in koniguracija testnih jarkov. Kljub temu, da vpliv teh spremenljivk na rezultate statistično precej dobro razumemo, nimamo na voljo empiričnih podatkov, ki bi pomagali kvantiicirati nevarnosti prenizke ali previsoke ocene gostote značilnosti. Da bi bolje razumeli te vplive je Flamska agencija za dediščino izvedla simulacijo različnih strategij izkopov testnih jarkov na raziskanih najdiščih. Rezultati študije jasno kažejo, da nižja pokritost pomeni večje tveganje za napačno oceno gostote značilnosti in tako potrjuje starejše študije, ki temeljijo na statističnem modeliranju. Simulacije tudi kažejo na veliko variabilnost v rezultatih vzorčenja s testnimi jarki. Metodo lahko enostavno prilagodimo za druge tipe najdišč in načine vzorčenja in tako ocenimo tveganje napačne ocene gostote arheoloških značilnosti. Metoda je tako koristno orodje za ugotavljanje optimalnega razmerja med ceno raziskav in izpovednostjo rezultatov. Simulating Feature Detection by Trial Trenches and its Consequences for Site Detection and Evaluation Trial trenching is the survey method of choice in many areas in Europe, being capable of covering substantial areas while only sampling between 5 and 10 % of the surface. However, previous research (Hey and Lacey 2001; Verhagen and Borsboom 2009) has also shown that the detection and interpretation of features uncovered by trial trenching may be seriously inluenced by the survey strategy chosen. In particular trench length, width, spacing and coniguration determine the results of the survey. While the effects of manipulating these parameters are quite well understood in statistical terms, empirical data to quantify the risks of under- or overestimation of feature densities has largely been lacking so far. Flanders Heritage Agency therefore has carried out simulations of various trial trenching strategies on excavated site plans from Flanders in order to better understand these effects. The results of this study clearly indicate that low area coverage results in a higher risk of feature densities being wrongly estimated, and thus conirm earlier research results based on statistical modelling. Secondly, the simulations underline the large inherent variation in the possible results of trial trenching campaigns. The method employed can easily be transferred to other site types and survey methods to estimate the risk of survey results deviating from the actual feature density. It is therefore a useful tool to ind the balance between the research effort applied and the reliability of survey results. PAUL JOHNSON, RUTH HUMPHREYS Razumevanje arheološkega potenciala: britanski pogled Članek predstavlja pregled in analizo trenutnega pravnega okvirja za preventivno arheologijo v Združenem kraljestvu. Skozi analizo izbranih primerov, razpravljamo o prednostih in omejitvah arheoloških procesov, ki so se vzpostavili, da bi kar najbolj učinkovito zadostili pravnim pogojem. Preventivna arheologija oz. arheologija, ki jo inancirajo investitorji, je bila znotraj Združenega Kraljestva vključena v proces prostorskega načrtovanja z novembrom 1990. Dokument “Planning Policy Guidance 16: Archaeology and Planning” (v nadaljevanju PPG16) poudarja pomen vrednotenja arheološkega potenciala v fazi načrtovanja. Z uvedbo “polluter pays” principa se je pozornost preusmerila od dragih reševalnih izkopavanj, ki se izvajajo v poznih fazah posega, v predhodne raziskave v obliki kabinetnega vrednotenja virov, neinvazivnih prospekcij in invazivnih raziskav. Od začetkov uvajanja PPG16 so se predhodne raziskave izkazale kot ključne za uravnotežen prispevek k varovanju dediščine in arheološkim raziskavam. Understanding Archaeological Potential: A View from the UK This paper presents a summary and analysis of the current legislative framework for preventative archaeology within the UK. We will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the archaeological processes which have developed in order to most eficiently fulil these conditions, illustrated through speciic case-studies. Developer funded, preventative archaeology within the United Kingdom was formally initiated into the planning process in November 1990. Planning Policy Guidance 16: Archaeology and Planning (PPG16) emphasized the importance of the evaluation of archaeological potential in advance of development in order to inform future management decisions. With the introduction of the ‘polluter pays’ principle, attention understandably shifted from expensive rescue excavations, conducted at a late stage of the construction process, to pre-development consultation and mitigation in the form of desk-based archaeological assessments, non-destructive survey, and intrusive archaeological investigations. Since the advent of PPG16, the importance of early evaluation of the archaeological resource, and the impact of any development upon it, has been seen as critical to providing a balanced approach to preservation and the creation of new knowledge. MICHELE PIPAN, EMANUELE FORTE, FEDERICO BERNARDI Integriranje geoizikalnih metod in daljinskega zaznavanja za arheološke prospekcije zelo visoke ločljivosti Z integracijo interpretacije podatkov iz geoizike in daljinskega zaznavanja lahko prepoznamo nizko kontrastne značilnosti, prekrite s heterogenimi tankimi plastmi. Proces se začne z analizo lidarskih in hiperspektralnih posnetkov, ki jim sledi gardiometrična magnetna metoda in multifold georadar (MF-GPR). Postopek prinaša ostre posnetke pokopanih struktur tudi v neugodnih okoliščinah. Na nekaterih primerih arheoloških najdišč bomo pokazali uporabnost metode. Poglavitni metodološki poudarki se osredotočajo na multi-fold georadar in karaterizacijo podpovršinskih sledov z analizo hitrosti in upadanja. Večatributna 3-D analiza omogoča zaznavanje šibkih anomalij, ki jih je težko prepoznati zgolj iz amplitude odbojev. Integrated Geophysical and Remote Sensing Methods for Ultra-High Resolution Archaeological Prospecting Joint interpretation of geophysical and remote sensing data can be exploited to identify low contrast targets that are buried in highly heterogeneous shallow layers. The optimum sequence starts from Lidar and hyperspectral data analysis followed by magnetic gradiometry and multi-fold ground penetrating radar (MF-GPR). The results provide sharp images of the buried structures even in hostile conditions. Examples from several archaeological sites illustrate the beneits of the integrated approach. The main methodological developments focus on multifold ground-penetrating radar (GPR) imaging and subsurface characterization based on integrated velocity and attenuation analysis. 3-D multi-attribute analysis allows detection of weak anomalies of dificult interpretation on amplitude volumes. KATHERINE GRUEL, MICHEL DABAS, VINCENT BERNOLLIN Arheološki sledovi in najdišča okoli svetišča Allones (Sarthe) Dolgotrajna izkopavanja, ki že od leta 1994 potekajo na svetišču Marsa Mulla so močno povečala naše vedenje o protozgodovinskih in rimskodobnih fazah svetišča. Obširne prospekcije, ki smo jih izvedli na širšem prostoru svetišča pa so nam prinesla boljše razumevanje okolja. Informacije, ki smo jih pridobili iz arhivov, katastra, s študijem aerofotograij, geoiziko in terenskimi pregledi smo integrirali v spletnem GIS (Chronocarto). Sondiranje, ki smo jih nato izvedli so potrdila obseg rimskega mesta in poselitev mestnega teritorija. Archaeological Traces and Sites in the Landscape Around the Sanctuary of Allonnes (Sarthe) Our knowledge of the protohistoric and Roman phases of the sanctuary of Mars Mullo has been considerably enriched since 1994 thanks to a long-term excavation. The comprehensive survey that has been carried through the general area has allowed us to better understand the sanctuary‘s environment. All the information gathered from the archives of the land register, from a close study of aerial photographs, through both geophysical and ield surveys has been integrated into an online GIS (Chronocarto). Test pits performed on the site have conirmed the extension of the Roman city and the previous occupation of its territory. DARIA G. BANCHIERI Arheološki potencial tela v mokrem okolju Arheološke podvodne prospekcije na otočku Virginia, ki smo jih izvedli v sodelovanju s Hemmenhofen Training Centre for Inland Water Archaeology (HTCIWA) (D), so prinesla nove podatke o stratigraiji in omogočila ugotavljanje obsega ter ohranjenosti najdišča. Vrtanja so pokazala, da je otoček (poseljen je že od prazgodovine dalje oz. več kot 4000 let) antropogen in gre za tel v mokrem okolju. Predhodne stratigrafske raziskave so potrdili tudi rezultati sedimentološke analize, ki temeljijo na geoloških pregledih okolice in vrtanjih na najdišču. Te raziskave omogočajo raziskovanje okoljske zgodovine jezera Varese v holocenu. Podvodna arheologija je tako ključna za razumevanje tela v mokrem okolju in prinaša množico novih paleoklimatskih, paleokoljskih in paleoekonomskih podatkov, ki niso relevantni le za severno Italijo, temveč za celotno območje okoli Alp, hkrati pa ponuja nove načine vrednotenja najdišč. The Archaeological Potential of a Waterlogged Tell Archaeological diving activities of the last years at Isolino Virginia, thanks to collaboration with the recently established Hemmenhofen Training Centre for Inland Water Archaeology (HTCIWA) (D), provided, for the irst time, stratigraphic results of archaeological evidence in submerged areas determining the actual extent of the site and investigated its state of conservation . Moreover series of borings made in emerged and submerged areas according to established axes, indicate that Isolino (occupied during Prehistory for more than 4000 years) appears to be of artiicial origin: a waterlogged tell. These preliminary stratigraphic results were conirmed by sedimentological analyses, based on geological survey of the surroundings and on site-borings, which were also carried out to understand the Holocene geological and environmental history of Lake Varese. For this waterlogged tell the underwater archaeology is of prime importance and opens new horizons to provide a wealth of paleoenvironmental, paleoclimatic, paleoeconomic and cultural data not only for North Italy, but also for the whole peri-alpine region and to offer new prospects for the site valorisation. Tretja skupina predavanj / Third session GAŠPER RUTAR Upravljanje z arheološkim potencialom? Kabinetno raziskave so že od leta 2009 ključen del predhodnih arheoloških raziskav za oceno arheološkega potenciala pri večjih prostorskih projektih. Rezultate več letnega dela je sistematično zbiranje podatkov v obliki seznama najdišč, seznama dokumentiranih arheoloških raziskav v t.i. “sivi” literaturi, zbiranju in interpretaciji historičnih zemljevidov, podatkov daljinskega zaznavanja (lidar in aerofotograija) in vsesplošne digitalizacije arheoloških raziskav. Integracija podatkov znotraj geografskih informacijskih sistemov (GIS) mogoča boljšo vizualizacijo arheoloških najdišč, potencialnih najdišč in okoliške krajine. Na drugi strani pa tako zbrani podatki tudi kažejo na kritične točke pri delu z arheološkim potencialom v kontekstu preventivne arheologije. Managing Archaeological Potential? Desk based assessment became an essential part of all preliminary research for assessing archaeological potential of spatial planning documents in 2009. This led to systematic gathering of data in the form of sites register, documented archaeological research (grey literature), gathering and interpretation of old maps and remote sensing data (lidar and aerial photography) and overall digitization of archaeological data. Integration of data in GIS created a platform that allows better visualisation of archaeological sites, potential sites and the landscape around them. This will provide a tool for more complex analysis, monitoring and better planning of research. On the other hand the data gathered also exposes some critical questions and conservation issues on how to approach to all this new archaeological potential in times of heavily prevailing development driven research. FILOMENA SIROVICA Izguba arheološkega potenciala: predlog vrednotenja Problemi izgube izpovednosti in znanstvenega potenciala arheološkega zapisa so sestavni del arheološke prakse in v jedru arheoloških interpretacij. Ti problemi so poglavitna motivacija razumevanja procesa izgube izpovednosti in iskanje metod ugotavljanja učinkov teh procesov. V tem kontekstu je problem izgube izpovednosti neposredno povezan s problemom vrednotenja izpovednosti v arheološkem kontekstu. Kljub temu, da je izpovednost neprecenljiva, vrednotenje temelji na kategorizaciji, ki postavlja izpovednost v razumljive kategorije. Glede na teoretsko ozadje je vrednotenje izraženo skozi različne postopke, ki lahko skozi različna razmerja izražajo izpovednost najdišča s pomočjo numeričnih vrednosti. S preučevanjem možnosti kvantiiciranja vrednotenja, predlagamo metodo vrednotenja izgube izpovednosti poškodovanega arheološkega zapisa, ki omogoča izpeljavo smiselnih in arheološko upravičenih ocen poškodb in izgube izpovednosti. Rezultati, ki smo jih pridobili s testiranjem metode v praksi, prinašajo dovolj podatkov za bolj poglobljeno razumevanje prednosti in slabosti postopka vrednotenja. Losing Archaeological Potential: The Proposition of Assessment Method The issues regarding the loss of value and scientiic potential of the archaeological record are constantly and inevitably present in the background of archaeological practice and in nearly any attempt at archaeological interpretation. These considerations represent a fundamental motive for improving our understanding of the value-loss process and for inding the appropriate way for evaluation of its effects. In that context the problem of loss becomes unavoidably framed by the problem of value construction processes and the manner the values appear in archaeological context. Every construction of values inevitably results in categorization which enables the placement of values in understandable relations, even if they are generally deined as invaluable. Depending on theoretical background, value assessments can be based on various forms of categorization and expressed through different procedures which can in different ways and in different ratios use descriptive and numeric system for expressing assessment results. By examining the possibilities offered by quantitative types of value assessment, it is possible to propose a method of value loss assessments for damaged archaeological record which can enable the derivation of meaningful and archaeologically justiied statement of the damage committed and the loss suffered. The results obtained by testing the proposed method in practice provide a suficient amount of data for more speciic understanding of the advantages and limitations of the proposed procedure. Četrta skupina predavanj / Fourth session VEDRANA GLAVAŠ, ANDREA PINTAR „Voham mrtve“: uporaba reševalnih psov pri lociranju prazgodovinskih grobišč Proces razpada trupel ustvarja posebne, zelo speciične organske spojine. Pse za iskanje človeških ostankov običajno uporablja policija za iskanje pogrešanih oseb ali žrtev naravnih nesreč. V prispevku predstavljamo uporabo psov za iskanje človeških ostankov v arheoloških raziskavah. Metodo smo testirali na dveh prazgodovinskih grobiščih (Drvišnica in Nadin na Hrvaškem), ki sodita v čas med 8. in 1. stoletjem pr.n.š. Rezultati raziskav so pokazali, da je uporaba psov za iskanje človeških ostankov na grobiščih uspešno arheološke orodje. Psi so uspešno prepoznali položaj pokopov, kar uvršča metodo ob bok drugim arheološkim prospekcijskim metodam. „I Smell Dead People“: The Use of HRD Dogs in Locating Prehistoric Burial Sites Human decomposition creates distinctive organic compounds that are speciic in its odor and composition. Human remains detection (HRD) dogs or cadaver dogs are trained to search for, locate and mark the strongest concentration of the odour that is speciic for human body in different stages of decomposition. HRD dogs are commonly used by criminal police for locating lost or missing persons, as well as victims or natural disasters. The aim of the article is to present results of HDR dogs use in archaeological research. The application was conducted in the area of two prehistoric burial sites (necropolis of Drvišica and Nadin in Croatia) dated from 8-1 century BC. The results of the research revealed that the method involving HDR dogs within burial sites identiication is a reliable tool for archaeological purposes. The speciic locations of prehistoric burial sites were successfully identiied and therefore the use of HRD dogs is equivalent to other non-invasive research methods. ANDREJ MAGDIČ, MIHELA KAJZER CAFNIK Odkrili smo povišan arheološki potencial. Kaj zdaj? V zadnjih letih je Slovenija uspela vzpostaviti zelo učinkovit in kompleksen sistem zaznavanja arheološkega potenciala, ki se izvaja v primerih večjih posegov v prostor, s tem povezane raziskave pa je dolžan inancirati načrtovalec ali investitor posega. Raziskava za oceno arheološkega potenciala kombinira znane arheološke in zgodovinske podatke iz širšega območja posega, metode daljinskega zaznavanja in terenski pregled s popolno kolekcijo antropogenega gradiva. Namen tako zastavljene raziskave je ugotoviti, ali na določenih zemljiščih, kjer se načrtujejo večji posegi v prostor, lahko pričakujemo sledi človekove aktivnosti. Rezultat raziskave je torej 1 ali 0. Arheologija da ali ne. Razen pri speciičnih arheoloških strukturah (gomile, gradišča, utrdbe, ipd.) iz raziskave za oceno arheološkega potenciala praviloma še ni mogoče razbrati intenzivnosti ali vrste človekove aktivnosti, ki se je na raziskanem območju odvijala. Tudi časovna opredelitev raziskanih območij je zaradi majhnega ter bolj ali manj površinskega vzorca najdb zelo okvirna. Največjo zadrego pa predstavlja določanje obsega potencialnega najdišča, saj je raziskava prostorsko omejena na dostopna območja znotraj strogega okvira načrtovanega posega (običajno gradbenega). Zaradi narave in (inančne) izvedljivosti nadaljnjih postopkov moramo v Sloveniji konservatorji v tej fazi (potencialna) arheološka območja tudi že formalno registrirati, četudi v resnici za strokovno presojo še ne razpolagamo z zadostnimi podatki. Pred nadaljnjim vrednotenjem arheološkega potenciala in odločitvijo, ali je načrtovani poseg iz kulturnovarstvenega vidika sploh dopusten, je nato potrebno opraviti podrobnejšo arheološko raziskavo za določitev obsega in sestave arheološkega najdišča. Raziskovalne metode, ki jih konservator ZVKDS v tej fazi raziskave (za potrebe vrednotenja arheološkega najdišča) predpiše, so precej omejene. Običajno se ponovno izvede terenski pregled s popolno kolekcijo antropogenega gradiva (enako, kot v prvi fazi raziskave, vendar v gostejši mreži zbiralnih enot) in manjši testni izkopi za ugotavljanje stratiikacije zemljišča. Največkrat pa tudi rezultati takšnih raziskav ne dajo dovolj kakovostnih podatkov, na podlagi katerih bi lahko najdišče zadovoljivo ovrednotili. Dovolj izpovedne podatke običajno dobimo šele na osnovi arheoloških izkopavanj tik pred ali celo med samim gradbenim posegom, ko so bile odprte in raziskane večje površine. Pri čemer pa najdišča zaradi omejenosti gradbenega posega v resnici še vedno ni mogoče prostorsko zamejiti. Obsežni prostorski načrti, posegi in večfazne arheološke raziskave nas torej soočajo z veliko količino novih podatkov in raznovrstnega arheološkega potenciala, ki ga konservatorji obravnavamo bolj ali manj enakovredno znotraj vnaprej določenega prostorskega okvira. Za celovitejše razumevanje arheološke poselitve, učinkovito in usmerjeno varovanje prostora ter ohranjanje izbranih arheoloških območij oziroma najdišč v raščenem in živem prostoru, pa bi morali narediti velik korak naprej - najprej z izboljšano javno dostopnostjo rezultatov raziskav, njihovo obdelavo znotraj historičnih in geografskih kontekstov, ki bo osnova za vrednotenje prostora, nato pa z usklajenimi strateškimi lokalnimi in nacionalnim načrtom varovanja in upravljanja arheološke dediščine. Increased Archaeological Potential. What Now? Slovenia has established a complex but very successful system for the detection of archaeological potential in the last decades. This system is applied for the majority of large development projects, based on polluter-pay principle. Archaeological potential assessment combines know archaeological and historical data from the wide area around planned projects, integrates remote sensing methods and artefacts surveys with total collection of material. The main goal is to detect presence of archaeological features. Results are therefore either positive or negative, archaeology is present or not. Except in very speciic archaeological features (barrows, hillforts and defensive structures) archaeological potential assessment cannot provide detailed account of density and type of feature. This is also true for the chronological estimation of feature. Most dificult is delimitation of an area of increased potential, as the research is usually limited to the area of planned construction. Due to the legal requirements of the archaeological process, heritage oficers must formally register areas of increased archaeological potential as sites, although we do not have enough information to do so. Before validation of archaeological potential and decision, wither the development plan is acceptable for the heritage, further archaeological research must be performed, which will establish area and internal structure of the site. Research methods, available to the heritage oficer are limited, and usually include intensive ield survey and limited test trenching. However, those methods do not yield enough information which would enable validation of the site. Suficient information is usually available only through an archaeological excavation, performed just before or during the construction. Extensive development plans, large scale development and complex, multi-phase archaeological research involved face us with large quantity of new data about archaeological potential, which is still understood as uniform. For the more inclusive understanding of settlement, space planning and heritage protection requires large step forward in the increased arability of research reports and data, their understanding within historical and geographical context as a basis for assessment and uniied local and national plan of heritage management. FELIPE ASENJO ÁLVAREZ, JOSÉ MIGUEL MUÑOZ JIMÉNEZ, PABLO SCHNELL QUIERTANT Okolica Calocos Montes: arheologija krajine in apnenice v južni prokrajini Segovia (Španija) Predstavitev ima tri cilje, prva je predstavitev več kot petdeset apnenic v kontekstu naravne krajine gorovja Calocos, v izdanku apnenca znotraj granitnega centralnega gorovja. Te strukture so bile v arheološki interpretaciji prostora pogosto spregledane. Zato je drugi cilj je kartiranje in dokumentiranje apnenic s fotograijami in digitaliziranimi risbami. Na koncu predlagamo konservatorske napotke za ohranitev teh karakterističnih elementov industrijske krajine in etnografske dediščine Kastilije. Predlagamo predvsem ohranjanje skozi majhne geo-arheološke parke, kot je park v mestu Vegas de Matute, vzpostavljen leta 2008 in vzpostavitev tematske učne poti. Around the Calocos Montes: Landscape Archaeology and Lime Kilns in the Southern Province of Segovia (Spain) Our communication, from several published studies, raises a threefold objective: irstly to publicize internationally the nearly ifty traditional lime kilns traditional set in beautiful natural surroundings of the Calocos Mountains, in the limestone outcrop surrounding a granite mountain range belonging to the Spanish Central System, located south of the province of Segovia. We try to determine their chronology and types. Second, mapping and documenting the lime kilns using digitised drawings and photographs. Lime kilns were mostly ignored from an archaeological perspective. Finally, we propose what should be, in our opinion, conservation measures necessary to ensure the future of these so characteristic elements of the industrial landscape and ethnographic heritage of this Castilian region. We propose the consolidation of its structures through small parks geo-archaeological-type Zancao, recovered in the town of Vegas de Matute in the year 2008, including the creation of a thematic cultural route is proposed. PASQUALE NAPOLITANO, PASQUALE PERSICO (Re)programiranje arheologije Umetnik Ugo Marano je, ob pomoči lokalnega prebivalstva, od leta 1999 na najvišjem vrhu Parka Campania zgradil kompozicijo lesenih prestolov. Tako je vzpostavil nov kraj, stran od naselij, kjer so možne nove poti in srečanja. Danes je delo Uga Marana že arheologija, erodirano in poškodovano zaradi delovanja vremenskih vplivov. Skozi raziskovanje estetike propada in napak je delo postalo neločljiv del krajine. Umetnik se ukvarja s potencialom artefaktov za transformacijo, kot družbenim procesom, v odnosu do prostora. Skozi zmožnost poseganja v tkivo stvarnosti in družbenih odnosov, te osvetli in spreminja od znotraj. Maranova dela, načrtovana kot minljiva, vsebujejo svoj lasten življenjski cikel, ki se zaveda svoje minljivosti in tako tudi spomina. Ne aspirina po nesmrtnosti, temveč po vsakodnevnih, nemih, interakcijah z naravo in ljudmi. To je izziv za metodologije načrtovanja razvoja velikih območij, saj je načrtovalni proces šibek in omogoča premagovanje težav, ki se pojavljajo zaradi množice negotovosti v procesu. Participativni načrt razvoja Città del Parco (https://issuu.com/cittadelparco/docs/quarto_ paesaggio/1), ki je del Narodnega parka Ciliento, razume negotovosti in neznanke kot prednost. Vsako delo odzivanja in dekodiranja narave v Città del Parco, programsko odpira nova omrežja med ljudmi, eksperimentira z novimi načini sobivanja v krajini, ki tako postane laboratorij za učenje. Umetnik tako stoji v ozadju in le osvetljuje odnose med posamezniki, ki samostojno odkrivajo, skozi proces dela, svoje odnose, želje in skupnost. Ta proces se najbolje odraža skozi konceptualno obnovo jamske cerkve Santa Veneranda v kraju Caggiano (Cilento National Park), z namenom novega razumevanj kraja, njegovega potenciala in človeških in naravnih omrežij, ki ga določajo. (Re)programming Archaeology Since 1999, the artist Ugo Marano, helped by locals, created of a series of wooden thrones, Piazza dei Flauti on the highest peak of the Park Campania. So, in a place far away from the city new paths and new meetings have become possible. Today, the work of Ugo Marano is already archaeology, dissolved and metabolised in the territory from the rigors of winters. This is constant search for an aesthetic of failure, in which the work becomes, by subtraction, inescapable part of the landscape. Here the artist, being in relationship with the space, express the metamorphosis potential of cultural object, intended also and above all as a social process. His latent ability to intervene in the fabric of reality and of human relations, to enlighten them and change them from within. The work of Marano, in its obsolescence, plans its own life cycle, mindful of its initude, and therefore its memory. It does not aspire to immortality, but to interact daily, silent, with nature and man. This means trying operational methodologies to question constantly planning models usually used to think the large area development; introducing a weak planning process, that is able to overcome dificulties due to the uncertainties of the “Città del Parco” is the name of participatory planning project of the Cilento National Park (https://issuu.com/ cittadelparco/docs/quarto_paesaggio/1) processes, and do these uncertainties a plus. Each work of listening and decoding of nature in Città del Parco, triggers, programmatically, new human networks, experiments of a new ways of living in the territory, which becomes new learning laboratories. The artist stands in the background to illuminate the relationships of the individuals discovering - through the realization of the work process - their intangible relationships, their desire community, as happens in another fundamental laboratory of the Città del Parco project: the conceptual restoration of the cave church of Santa Veneranda (in 2000) in the town of Caggiano (Cilento National Park), , with the attempt so to get a new level of recognition of the place, of human and ecological networksthat characterize it, its potential, in the irst instance just to the locals.