The Documents in Sokolowski’s
Lois sacrées des cités grecques (LSCG)
This list of the documents found in Lois sacrées des cités grecques attempts to
classify them in terms of the categories formulated in Harris, “Towards a
Typology” (2015).
1. Attica. Athens. Calendar (probably subdivision of the polis ) –
early fifth century BCE (IG I3 234)
The inscription is damaged, but contains the names of months (line 3:
Thargelion; line 16: Gamelion), the names of gods, and animals to be sacrificed.
The authority cannot be identified, but the non-standard sequence of months
and brief entries suggest a calendar of a subdivision of the polis.
2. Attica. Athens. Calendar (probably subdivision of the polis ) –
early fifth century BCE (IG I3 246)
The inscription is very fragmentary, but contains dates (line A5: 6 Thargelion;
line A10: Skirophorion), the names of gods (lines A9-10: Athena), and
sacrificial offerings. According to von Prott, this calendar could have belonged
to a tribe, phratry or another association. The abbreviated style, similar to that
of no. 1, with only two sacrifices in Thargelion may also suggest a subdivision
of the polis.
3. Attica. Acropolis. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) –
485/4 BCE (if the restoration of the archon Philokrates is correct)
(IG I3 4)
This is a decree/law of the Assembly (lines 26-7) and provides rules about
conduct on the Acropolis in casuistic form (lines 11-13; 15-17; 23-25). The
treasurers have the right to impose fines for infractions (lines 6-8, lines 11-13,
15-16) and so does the prytanis (lines 22-3). All the regulations pertain to the
maintenance of sanctuary buildings on the Acropolis. See Butz (2010).
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4. Attica. Decree about sacred matters (polis ) – around 500 BCE
(IG I3 5)
This is a decree of the Assembly (line 1 has a simple enactment formula) and
gives orders to the hieropoioi about sacrifices at the festival of the Eleusinia. The
text is completely preserved, and appears in abbreviated form. The hieropoioi
underwent euthynai and could be punished for any infractions under that
procedure. See Clinton IE 13.
5. Attica. Eleusis. Decree about sacred matters (polis ) – 440-435
BCE (IG I3 78a)
This is a decree of the Assembly (lines 2-3 contain an enactment formula)
about the aparche to be paid to Demeter and Kore according to the oracle at
Delphi (lines 4-5). There are numerous instructions to officials and fines
imposed on officials. There are two rules including fines in a casuistic form
(lines 18-21; 57-59); the rest are orders in the prescriptive form. For detailed
discussion see Cavanaugh (1996) and Clinton IE 28a.
6. Attica. Eleusis. Uncertain – end of the fifth century BCE (IG I3
251)
The inscription is too fragmentary to allow firm conclusions. Sokolowski
thought that wood for sacrifices is mentioned in line 5-7. Clinton (IE 22)
believes that this is a law/decree.
7. Attica. Eleusis. Calendar (deme of Eleusis?) – after 330 BCE
(IG II2 1363)
This is a calendar: it contains dates (lines 3, 8), mention of priests and
priestesses, festivals (line 7: Proerosia; line 17: pannychis) and gods. There are
several amounts of money in the margin (lines 7, 9, 21). For discussion, see
Clinton IE 175.
8. Attica. Athens. Decree about sacred matters (polis ) – ca. 220
AD (IG II2 1078; Clinton IE 638)
This is a decree of the Assembly (enactment formulas in lines 1-3, 9). Orders
are given to the kosmetes of the ephebes to lead a procession as part of the
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Eleusinian Mysteries (lines 7-9). These are general orders in the prescriptive
form. There are no penalties listed, but all the officials involved are subject to
euthynai.
9. Attica. Vari. Sign (private individual or association) – third
quarter of fifth century BCE (IG I3 978, 982)
This is a sign: it contains orders about entrails and dung, but does not name an
authority. Inscriptions from the Vari cave indicate however that the shrine was
a private dedication made by Archedemus of Thera to the Nymphs (IG i3 977,
978, 980 with discussion by K. Hallof, in Schörner and Goette [2004], 42-4, 50,
51-54), but there were others who contributed to the cult. On the dossier of
documents from the cave, see Purvis (2003), 33-53.
10. Attica. Athens. Law/decree about sacred matters (deme) –
before 460 BCE (IG I3 244)
This appears to be a series of rules (possibly a dossier of texts) about the
distribution of meat from the deme of Skambonidai (lines A19-20; B5-6; C 910); the precise arrangement is unclear and was not necessarily calendrical. A
magistrate (euthynos) (lines B8-10; 19-20) is named. There may be a rule in
casuistic form (lines A5-6). These two features do not confirm, but also do not
completely rule out, the possibility that the inscription is a calendar.
11. Athens. Found at Chalkis. Law/decree about sacred matters
(deme or other group?) – around 421 BCE (IG I3 255)
Wilhelm (1902), 135ff., attributed the list to a trittys. Side A has a list of
sacrifices; Side B has a list of portions given to priests. This was possibly a
dossier of texts, cp. above no. 10.
12. Attica. Athens. Laws/decrees about a priesthood (polis ) – Part
I around 448 BCE; Part II around 420 BCE (IG I3 36)
These are two decrees. Part A is a decree of the Assembly, which creates a
priesthood for Athena Nike. It gives her a salary (line A9), and honors from the
sacrifice (lines A10-11). There are orders to build a sanctuary and an altar. Part
B gives the salary again, which is to be paid by the kolakretai. See Blok (2014).
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Ed. HARRIS, J.-M. CARBON
13. Attica. Athens. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) –
421/0 BCE (IG I3 82)
This is a decree of the Assembly (enactment formula in lines 2-5) and gives
many orders in the prescriptive form to officials about the Hephaistaia. There is
a rule in casuistic form: the hieropoioi have the right to impose a fine of up to
fifty drachmas if anyone is disorderly; for larger sums the case goes before the
court (lines 26-30). Despite enactment by the Assembly, the Council retains
authority about certain matters (lines 39 and 44).
14. Attica. Athens. Decree about a shrine (polis ) – 418/7 BCE (IG
I3 184)
This is a decree of the Assembly (enactment formula in lines 2-4) and instructs
various officials (basileus, poletai, to fence off and lease the temenos of Kodros,
Neleus, and Basile. There is a penalty for the Council and the Basileus if they
do not carry out the orders (lines 9-11, 18-20). The terms of the contract are
spelled out (lines 30-38). Strictly speaking, the decree relates to renting out land
and construction, not to the performance of rituals even though the income is
used for rituals.
15. Attica. Athens. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – late
fifth century BCE (IG I3 7)
This is a law (enactment formula lines 1-3) granting permanent privileges to the
genos of the Praxiergidai and the right to include them in their dossier. The
inscription contains three parts: 1) the decree of the people about the
publication of the text (lines 3-9), 2) the oracle of Apollo about the role of the
Praxiergidai (lines 10-12), and 3) the ancestral privileges of the Praxiergidai
(lines 13-25). A peplos, probably for the statue of the goddess, is mentioned.
This confirms the privileges of a private group, probably in a public ritual. See
Parker (1996), 124-5; Harris (2006), 59 n. 54.
16. Attica. Athens. Calendar (polis ) – end fifth-early fourth century
BCE (IG I3 238)
This is a calendar with a list of offerings to be made to gods with an amount of
money in the margin (line 6). The inscription mentions Oenoe; Sokolowski
considered this a fragment of the fasti of the deme of Oenoe. Lambert (2002),
Annexe to “Toward a Typology of Greek Regulations…”
5
face A, fr. 12, properly includes it as part of the civic sacrificial calendar of
Athens.
17. Attica. Athens. Calendar (polis ) – end fifth-early fourth century
BCE (IG I3 241)
Very fragmentary. There is the name of a festival (line A17), the name of a god
(line A5), and sacrificial animals. There is an amount of money in the margin
(line 10). Lambert (2002), faces A-B, fr. 1, properly includes this as part of the
civic sacrificial calendar of Athens.
18. Attica. Erchia. Calendar (deme) or accounts of demarch – first
half of fourth century BCE (SEG 21: 541; 22: 131)
This appears to be a calendar with sacrifices listed by months for the deme of
Erchia, which is divided into five columns for the purposes of accounting. It
contains the heading Δημαρχία ἡ μέζων, which would appear to indicate that
the deme was the authority that set up the calendar. For the meaning of this
phrase, see Whitehead (1986), 194-199.
19. Attica. Athens. By-laws (private association) – early fourth
century BCE (Syll .3 921; IG II2 1237)
These are rules issued by a phratry, a private group. Sokolowski only
reproduces lines 1-8. The rest is a dossier containing different rules about the
procedures of the phratry. Lines 9-58 contain rules about procedures for
admission to the phratry and appeals against adverse decisions. Instructions are
given to the officials of the phratry, and there are penalties on these officials for
not imposing fines (lines 26, 42, 48-50, 57-58). Lines 68-113 provide a rider to
the previous rules and penalties for a thiasos within the phratry that puts forward
a candidate who is rejected, with penalties in drachmas. Lines 114-125 contain
rules concerning prior notification to the phratry about candidates being
proposed for membership. For discussion, see Hedrick (1990) and on phratries
in general see Lambert (1998). For text and translation see Rhodes and
Osborne (2003), 26-39 (= GHI 5).
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20. Attica. Athens. Calendar of Marathonian Tetrapolis (subdivision of the polis ) – 375-350 BCE (?) (IG II2 1358)
The stele is inscribed on two sides. Face A contains two columns. The first
column is not preserved on the left but appears to contain the names of
months, the names of animals to be sacrificed, and amounts of money. The
second column contains sacrifices by the Marathonians (lines 1-53); the word
demarchos has been restored in line 1. This column contains the names of
months, animals to be sacrificed, amounts of money, and amounts for the
hierosyna. Line 54 indicates that a list of sacrifices by the Trikorynthians
followed. Dow plausibly suggested that the names and amounts of money on
Face B, of which little remains, were contributions made by individuals for the
sacrifices on Face A. For a new text and detailed discussion, see Lambert
(2000).
21. Attica. Piraeus. Signs – fourth century BCE (IG II2 4962)
This is a block of marble inscribed on three sides; it was inscribed in at least
three phases. Lines 1-10 of Face A were inscribed in the fourth century BCE
and list sacrifices (prothymata) of popana, which are depicted on the stele, to
Maleatas, Apollo, Hermes, Iaso, Akeso, and Panakeia. Lines 11-17 of Face A
indicates that the stelai were dedicated by Euthydemus of Eleusis, a priest of
Asclepius, and placed in front of the altars with the instructions. The placement
of this sign is thus consistent with the placement of other signs—see Harris
(2015), 59. Euthydemus is attested in other inscriptions (LSS 11, line 2; Syll.3
1048; IG II2 1194, lines 11 and 17). Still later texts appear on the other faces:
Face B lists sacrifices to Helios and Mnemosyne, and Faces B and C mention
three altars. Face D contains one word (nephalioi).
22. Attica. Piraeus. Sign – fourth century BCE (IG II2 4971)
There is an order to give three aresteras (propitiatory offerings) to the Fates and
three keria. This is a sign.
23. Attica. Piraeus. Sign – fourth century BCE (IG II2 4970).
Sokolowski noted that the genitive of Artemis would indicate that this concerns
an altar or a sanctuary. Two sacrifices of three monomphala are to be made (lines
3, 5-6). Sokolowski suggests the second is to Leto.
Annexe to “Toward a Typology of Greek Regulations…”
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24. Attica. Acropolis. Sign – third or second century BCE (IG II2
4986).
This is found on an altar from the Acropolis and and labelled with the genitive
of the name of Herakles. Sokolowski connects it with the sanctuary of
Asclepius. This must be a sign; it contains an order to sacrifice three
monomphala.
25. Attica. Acropolis. Sign – fourth or third century BCE (IG II2
4989)
Two short inscriptions found on altars on the south side of the Acropolis. Each
indicates it belongs to Apollo Pythios and contains an order to sacrifice three
cakes (hebdomos bous, with Pollux 6.76).
26. Attica. Athens. Sign – (SEG 21: 786)
This is similar to no. 21.
27. Attica. Acropolis. Sign – (IG II2 4988)
This is heavily restored but appears to resemble nos. 23 and 24.
28. Attica. Athens. Accounts (sub-division of the polis ) – fourth
century BCE (IG II2 1356 with SEG 54: 214 for new fragments)
The inscription records payments to priestesses (lines 5, 9-10, 11-2, 16, 19, 20,
23-34, 26-27, 28, 31). Given the findspot (Glyphada), the accounts probably
belong to the deme of Aixone. Lines 36-37 read ὅταν δέ τις τῶν πεντηκοσστύων
θύηι, “when one of the pentekostyes sacrifices”: this therefore suggests that the
authority issuing the accounts oversaw and was greater than the multiple
divisions of the pentekostyes. For discussion of the term pentekostys in this context,
see Steinhauer (2004), 167-173, and Ackermann (2011), 39-78.
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29. Attica. Athens. Accounts (sub-division of the polis ?) – middle
of the fourth century BCE (IG II2 1359)
This is similar to the preceding and the authority issuing the document is
unclear. A distinction is made between hiereiosyna (portions of sacrificial
animals) and katarche (cash payment).
30. Attica. Athens. Uncertain (polis or deme?) – fourth century
BCE (IG II2 1360)
The document is concerned with portions of sacrificial animals to distribute. A
board of epimeletai is mentioned in line 9. It is impossible to know which
authority issued these orders.
31. Attica. Acropolis. Decree about sacred matters (polis or tribe?)
– fourth century BCE (IG II2 1146)
This is very fragmentary but appears to be part of a decree. There is the
formula for the proposer, but not the other parts of a prescript, yet lines 4-5
mention prayers for the good fortune of the Council (restored) and people but
also the tribe of Erechtheis. A board of epimeletai is mentioned in line 12.
32. Attica. Athens. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) –
352/1 BCE (IG II3 292; Rhodes and Osborne, GHI 58)
This is a decree about the Sacred Orgas and the consultation of Delphi but the
prescript is missing. It combines some one-off measures about setting the
boundaries of the orgas (lines 5-16, 65-84) and consultation of the Delphic
oracle (lines 23-54), but also general rules about policing the orgas (lines 16-23).
There are also orders for publication (lines 54-57).
33. Attica. Athens – Law about sacred matters (polis ) – 335/4330/29 BCE (IG II3 447; Rhodes and Osborne, GHI 81)
This is a law (nomos) enacted by the nomothetai (line 7) and contains rules about
the poletai leasing the Nea and collecting the pentekoste (lines A7-18). The funds
collected are for the annual Panathenaea (lines A19-20). There follow rules
about sacrifices and the officials performing them, and the distribution of meat
Annexe to “Toward a Typology of Greek Regulations…”
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(lines B1-27). The hieropoioi are to supervise the pannychis and the procession and
have the power to impose fines (lines B27-35).
34. Attica. Athens. Decree granting engktesis ges (polis ) – 333/2
BCE (IG II3 337)
This decree grants the citizens of Kition in Athens who have made a
supplication (lines 34-35: ἱκετεύειν) to the Assembly to build a temple. The
actual decree has nothing to do with religious activity except indirectly and
grants merchants from Kition the right of engktesis ges, which is purely civic and
legal (see Peçirka 1966). They use this right to construct a shrine, but the right
could be used to build non-religious structures.
35. Attica. Athens. Decree about statue of goddess and sacrifice
(polis ) – between 336 and 330 BCE (IG II3 444)
This decree contains orders for repairs to the statue of Athena Nike. This is a
decree and gives one-off instructions. There is also an order about making a
sacrifice (lines 18-19: ἀρε[στήριον]), possibly on the advice of an exegetes (lines
19-20), but this does not establish a permanent rule. Lines 30-34 are
fragmentary but contain praise for a sculptor from Boiotia.
36. Attica. Piraeus. Law/decree about sacred matters (deme) –
fourth century BCE (IG II2 1177)
This is a deme decree (lines 12-3 contain an enactment formula) and lays down
rules about what can and cannot be done in the Thesmophorion. The demarch
is responsible (lines 2-3) and has the power to impose fines and bring cases into
court (lines 14-17); this contains a rule in casuistic form. The horistai in line 22
are presumably deme officials. This is a law in the sense of a permanent
enactment.
37. Attica. Athens. Rules given by priest on the basis of a decree of
the Assembly – end of the fourth century BCE (IG II2 1362)
This is an unusual inscription because it begins with a set of prohibitions issued
by the priest of Apollo Erithaseus (lines 2-7). There follows a rule in casuistic
form prescribing penalties for slaves (lines 7-13) and for free persons (lines 14-
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Ed. HARRIS, J.-M. CARBON
17). The fines are to be collected by the priest acting in conjunction with the
demarch (line 15). The priest is also to report all offenses to the basileus and the
Council (lines 12, 17). Even though the inscription does not take the form of a
decree but contains a priestly prohibition, the priest acts on the authority of a
decree of the Council and Assembly (lines 12-13, 17-18).
38. Attica. Athens. Law/decree (polis ?) and law/decree (deme) –
end of the fourth century BCE (IG II2 1195)
The principal (second) text on the stone is a decree of the deme Kollytos and
contains an enactment formula (line 10; prescript in lines 6-10). The first five
lines on the stone contain the fragments of another text, in the form of a
publication formula for a decree of the people (so Sokolowski). Because the
first part of that inscription is not preserved, it is in fact impossible to
determine the relationship between the two measures; it is possible (but
uncertain) that the deme was acting in accordance with instructions from the
Assembly.
39. Attica. Athens. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) –
around 283/2 BCE (IG II3 879)
This is a decree of the Assembly (enactment formula at lines 2-20 including the
decree of the Council) instructing the astynomoi to purify the temple for the
procession of Aphrodite Pandemos (lines 20-24) and to clean the altars and put
pitch on doors (lines 24-28). These are officials who have civic duties being
assigned duties relating to religious activities (but not carrying out sacrifices).
This is a law in the sense of a permanent enactment.
40. Attica. Asklepieion. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) –
268/7 BCE (IG II3 914)
This is a fragment of a decree of the Assembly (the preserved lines contain a
lengthy enactment formula), but it qualifies as a law about sacred matters
because it lays down general rules about public doctors sacrificing to Asclepius
and Hygeia twice a year (lines 11-13). The section that is not preserved appears
to have laid down rules for a priest (lines 18-19).
Annexe to “Toward a Typology of Greek Regulations…”
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41. Attica. Athens. Decree containing order to melt down
dedications and construct a dedication for a god (polis ) –
220/19 BCE (IG II3 1154)
This is an order of the Assembly and calls for election of two men from the
Areopagus and three others to supervise the melting down of dedications in the
sanctuary of the Heros Iatros in conjunction with the priest, the general for the
paraskeue and the architect for shrines (lines 25-34). The dedications are to be
made into an oinochoe for the god (lines 19-20). The names of those who
dedicated are also to be written down and the weights of their dedications (lines
37-40). The names of those elected are recorded (lines 49-53). This type of
order to melt down dedications was given the technical name kathairesis. On
orders of the Assembly to melt down dedications, see Dem. 22.69-73, IG II2
216, lines 13 and 17; 217, line 13, with D. Harris (1995), 31-36. Even though
the inscription records a decree and accounts, it is published as a dedication to
the god (lines 1-4). The items melted down, their weights and their dedicators
are recorded (lines 54-88). This is not a law because it contains instructions for
one occasion.
42. Attica. Athens. Decree containing order to melt down
dedications and construct a dedication for a god (polis ) –
second century BCE (IG II2 840)
This is similar to the previous decree (no. 41), but is a decree of the Council
(lines 17-19; cf. lines 29-30, which mention the Council and People). In this
case, those elected are to take worn out items and make news ones. There are
to be three men elected as in. no. 41, but this time also three men from the
Council (lines 8-9, 18), in order to melt down items to be placed in the Metroon
(line 24).
43. Attica. Athens. Fragment with an order to a priest (polis ?) –
second century BCE (IG II2 995)
A priest is given the power to move dedications and dedicatory plaques so that
the view of the statue is not blocked (lines 5-10). In the future all who dedicate
must obtain approval of the priest (lines 10-12). This grants powers to a priest
but does not prescribe rituals to be performed.
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44. Attica. Athens. Decree containing order to repair a shrine
(polis ) – 52/51 BCE (IG II2 1046; Syll .3 756)
This is a fragmentary decree of the Council and Assembly, but contains mainly
the decree of the Council (lines 5, 7, 19). The priest of Asclepius and Hygeia,
Diokles approached the Council and reported on the dilapidated condition of a
temple (lines 10-14) and asked for permission to repair it from his own funds
(lines 14-18). The Council grants permission and instructs that an inscription
commemorating his generosity be set up (lines 22-30). This is a one-off set of
orders and concerns repairs to a building, not religious activity.
45. Attica. Piraeus. By-laws (private association) – fourth century
BCE (IG II2 1361)
This is a by-law (tonde ton nomon, line 13) issued by the orgeones of the Bendis and
indicates contributions to be made. The orgeones vote about collective activities
(lines 11-12) and meet on the second day of each month (lines 16-17). There is
also an entrenchment clause with a fine mentioned (lines 13-14).
46. Attica. Piraeus. By-law (private association), mentioning
decree (of Assembly) – first half of third century BCE (IG II2
1283)
This is a by-law of the Thracian orgeones of Bendis of the Piraeus (enactment
formula at line 13), but refers to a law of the Assembly giving the orgeones the
right of engktesis (lines 4-6), and to an oracle from Dodona (line 6). The measure
also refers to a law instructing the Thracians to conduct a procession from the
Prytaneion to the Piraeus (lines 10-13). The by-law contains instructions to the
priest and priestess about prayers during sacrifices, which follow the ancestral
rules of the Thracians and the laws of the city (lines 20-27). This law is to some
degree similar to the one about the Praxiergadai, with the polis recognizing the
rights of a group (no. 15, above). The orgeones of the Piraeus wish to accept the
orgeones of the city and pass this by-law to respect the city’s wish that both
groups of orgeones cooperate (lines 9-10). On the orgeons of Bendis, see Wijma
(2014) 126-155.
Annexe to “Toward a Typology of Greek Regulations…”
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47. Attica. Athens. Lease (private association) – 307/6 BCE (IG II2
2499)
The orgeones lease the shrine of Egretes for ten years to Diognetus, the son of
Arcesilaus for ten years (lines 2-4). This is a contract, not a by-law. The lessee is
required to perform certain actions and make regular payments of rent (lines 530). The lease is void if he fails to make regular payments (lines 30-37).
48. Attica. Athens. By-law (private association, A) and honorary
decree (private association, B) – A around 183/2 BCE; B
around 175/4 BCE (IG II2 1328-29)
The first text is a by-law, which lays down rules for a priestess and sets a fine of
up to fifty drachmas if she does not obey (lines A9-11) and a prohibition
against proposing or putting to the vote a motion of praise (lines A11-12).
There appears to be a penalty in lines 12-13, but the meaning is uncertain.
There is also a rule against continuatio (lines A14-16) with a penalty. The second
decree is in honor of Metrodora, who is made zakora for life (lines B19-21).
There is mention of a trial involving Metrodora (lines B4). This is therefore a
dossier containing two kinds of documents.
49. Attica. Piraeus. Honorary decree concerning priesthood
(private association) – around 176/5 BCE (IG II2 1326)
The document begins by reproducing an honorary decree of the Dionysiasts for
Dionysius, who is praised for his numerous services (lines 4-21; cf. IG II2 1325).
In recognition of his father’s services, the association grants his son Agathocles
the priesthood and the same honors as his father held (lines 34-38). There is an
allusion to a law (nomos) of the orgeones (lines 23-24, 31, 45). This appears to be a
one-off measure, not a by-law meant as a general rule, but the measures
indirectly referred to as a nomos would qualify as by-laws of a private
association.
50. Attica. Teithras. Decree about sacred matters (Council, A) and
dedication (private, B) – first half of first century BCE (SEG
22: 114; 23: 77)
This is a decree of the Council about the cult of Isis. There are rules laid down,
one with a penalty against continuatio in office in casuistic form (lines 10). Those
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Ed. HARRIS, J.-M. CARBON
wishing to make dedications must obtain permission of the Council (lines 12-4).
Text B is an example of such a private dedication, inscribed below the decree.
51. Attica. Athens. By-laws (private association) – before 178 CE
(IG II2 1368)
These are by-laws of a private group of Iobacchoi, but also contain an account
of various past meetings of the association (lines 11-31). There are officials and
fines. The possibility of exclusion is also mentioned.
52. Attica. Athens. Calendar (private association?) – first century
CE (IG II2 1367)
This is a calendar: it has the names of months (lines 1, 4, 9, 11, 16, 21, 22, 23,
26) with offerings to gods. Sokolowski thinks it belongs to a private association.
The fact that the sacrifices occur only sporadically and on a few months does
indeed point away from a calendar of the polis or a deme.
53. Attica. Hymettus. By-laws (private association) – second
century CE (IG II2 1369)
This is actually called a “law of the eranistai” (line 30: nomos; line 29: thesmos). It
requires an examination before being admitted to the group (lines 31-36). There
is a rule in casuistic form: if anyone causes brawls or noise, he is to be thrown
out and fined 25 Attic drachmas or receive fifty lashes (lines 40-44). No
distinction appears to be made between free persons and slaves.
54. Attica. Find spot unknown. Sign – first century CE (IG II2
1364)
This was placed at a shrine of Asclepius and Hygieia (lines 1-3) and requires
farmers and neighbors to sacrifice to gods (lines 4-6). There is a prescription
about giving a share to the founder and the theokolos (lines 7-9) and a
prohibition against taking away meat (lines 10-11). Sokolowski thinks this is
private cult: this is possible. The sign indicates the presence of some form of
authority over the cult.
Annexe to “Toward a Typology of Greek Regulations…”
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55. Attica. Sounion. Dedication and by-laws (private association) –
second century CE (IG II2 1365)
Xanthus has set up a cult of Men and prescribes rules about his cult, notably
purity rules. No one should sacrifice without the founder, and if one violates
the rule, the sacrifice is not received by the god (lines 7-9). For other
infractions, the offender has offended the god, whom he cannot appease (lines
14-16). For the term hamartia as an offense against the god Men, see also SEG
38: 1237.
56. Kleonai. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ?) – Archaic
period (Jeffery, LSAG 405, no. 1)
The inscription contains rules about pollution (lines 5, 8, 11) and purification
(lines 11-12 34-14) presented in a casuistic manner, but there is no explicit
indication of the authority. However, there is mention of a law (line 14), and
the mention of a publicly funded sacrifice (lines 15-16) would appear to indicate
that the polis was the authority behind the rules.
57. Argos. Law/decree about sacred matters (?) (polis ) –
Hellenistic (IG IV 557)
This appears to be the decision of an assembly (line 2: edoxe) about the temple
of Apollo Lykeios (Paus. 2.19.3). It is hard to tell if penalties are imposed. If the
restoration [strat]agoi (line 9) is correct, these generals should be public officials.
58. Kalaureia. Dedication and by-laws (private?) – third century
BCE (IG IV 840)
This is a dedication of money (300 drachmas) for sacrifices to Poseidon and
Zeus Soter. Poseidon is the god of the Kalaurian amphictyony and had a
temple at Kalaureia. There are officials (epimeletai) mentioned who are to
administer the funds (lines 10-11). There is no overt mention of the control of
the polis over this donation, by contrast with no. 59.
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Ed. HARRIS, J.-M. CARBON
59. Kalaureia. Law/decree about administering a donation made
by private individuals for sacrifices (polis ) – third century BCE
(Syll. 3 993)
This is a decree enacted by citizens (line 2) and appoints overseers (lines 4-5,
22-23) for the money and land dedicated by Agasicles and Nikagora (lines 4-8).
Even though the money comes from a private individual, officials from the city
administer it. Two epimeletai are to lend the funds on real or personal security
(lines 5-8) and to rent out the land (lines 8-10).
60. Epidauros. Law about sacred matters (polis or sanctuary?) –
end of the fifth century BCE (IG IV2 1, 40)
This regulation prescribes sacrifices to Apollo (lines 1-17) and to Asclepius
(lines 18-34). Officials called hiaromnamones are involved (lines 12, 29-30), which
might be public or may be religious officials in charge of the temple.
61. Gytheion. Law/decree about a priesthood (polis ) – first
century BCE (IG V 1, 1144)
This decree contains an order to transfer the priesthood of Apollo to Philemon
and Theoxenos, his son, and their descendants (lines 23-35) as a reward for
their generosity in restoring the temple of Apollo (lines 1-22). There is an
enactment formula (lines 22-23) and a publication formula (lines 35-38). This
appears to be a one-off measure. The measure is called a nomos (line 36).
62. Sparta. Calendar (polis ?) – first century CE (IG V 1, 363)
There are names of gods (lines 1-2), a day of month (lines 6) and a month (line
17). Some scholars have restored the names of festivals. This appears to be a
fragmentary calendar; line 9 mentions a law or custom that forbids something.
63. Mistra. Law about sacred matters (uncertain) – Imperial
period? (IG V 1, 364)
It is difficult hard to know who issued the rules. No officials are named.
Annexe to “Toward a Typology of Greek Regulations…”
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64. Messenia. Law about sacred matters (polis ) – before 191 BCE
(IG V 1, 3447)
This seems to be a public regulation because there is a mention of public funds
at line 17. There are dates (lines 5, 7), and thus a form of calendar in the first
part of the fragment. But lines 11-15 are concerned with sacred officials,
specifically the thoinarmostria. There appears to be a clause in casuistic form
(lines 13-15) and a monetary penalty (line 15).
65. Andania. Law about sacred matters (polis ) – 92/1 BCE or 24
AD (Syll .3 736; for a convincing argument in favour of the later
date, see SEG 59: 403)
This is one of the most elaborate set of rules about a cult, which is established
by the city. The rules are called a diagramma. This document names many
officials – synedroi, sacred men, the Ten, the Five, epimeletes, archons, gerousia,
gynaikonomos, auletes, herald, seer, agoranomos, nomodeiktes, agonothetes, hierothytai,
argyroskopos, tamiai, dikastai, rhabdophoroi. There are sections about oaths to be
sworn by officials (lines 1-11), the paradosis of sacred books (lines 11-13),
wreaths to be worn (lines 13-15), clothes to be worn by initiates (lines 15-26),
the oath of the gynaikonomoi (lines 26-28), the order of people in the procession
(lines 28-24), tents (lines 34-39), the power to punish the disorderly with the
help of the rhabdophophoroi (lines 39-45), dancers to be appointed (lines 73-75),
prosecution of theft (lines 75-78), protection of wood in the sanctuary (lines 7880), supplication of slaves (lines 80-84), sacrifices at a fountain and the
perquisites of Mnasistratus (lines 84-89), construction and supervision of
treasuries (lines 89-95), a sacred meal (lines 95-99), buying and selling in the
agora (lines 99-103), the powers of the agoranomos in policing water in the agora
(lines 103-106), in policing the baths (lines 106-111), the duty of the sacred men
to reports violations to the prytaneion (lines 111-113), the nomodeiktai in making
available the diagramma (lines 113-115), the appointment and powers of the Ten
(lines 116-179), and rules about matters not covered in the diagramma (lines 18094). There are many fines listed for offenses, and some legal procedures. For
detailed recent treatments, see Deshours (2006); Gawlinski (2012). On legal
aspects, see Harter-Uibopuu (2002).
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66. Messenia. Law/decree about cult personnel (polis ) – second
century BCE (IG V 1, 1498)
The enactment formula of the measure is lost, but there is a publication clause
(lines 12-14) instructing civic officials (biduioi) to place the measure in the
temple of Demeter. The measure is called a nomos (line 8) and a rhetra (line 12,
self-referentially in this second case). All of the regulation is concerned with the
duties and obligations of the female cult official known as thoinarmostria
(‘banquet-setter’; cf. lines 4-5, 6, 7-8 and 11). The first two lines of the
inscription appear to contain an order with a verb in the future, and concern a
meal, but are very fragmentary. There follows a rule in casuistic form with a
penalty of two hundred drachmas (lines 3-5). There is also a rule in casuistic
form with a penalty of two hundred drachmas (lines 7-10).
67. Tegea. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – fourth
century BCE (IG V 2, 3)
The inscription lacks a prescript but contains the names of public officials
(hieromnamon: line 3) and public bodies (lines 20-21: Thirty and Three Hundred)
and concerns both citizens and foreigners (lines 11-12). If the hieromnamon does
not fine offenders, he owes one hundred drachmas to the people and is cursed
(lines 4-5). There is a term (inphorbien, inphorbismos) that appears to be a tax to be
paid for pasturage (lines 2, 3-4, 7, 25; thus Sokolowski and Chandezon). The
inscription was found in the city of Tegea and applies to land called Alea (lines
5, 11, 16), which may be public property used for the sanctuary of Athena Alea
(Pausanias 8.45.4-5). For discussion see Chandezon (2003), p. 33-40.
68. Lykosoura. Law about sacred matters (unclear) – third century
BCE (IG V 2, 514)
This is a series of rules about how to behave in the sanctuary of Despoina, first
how to dress and wear one’s hair (lines 2-13), then how to sacrifice (lines 1419). There is a rule in casuistic and prescriptive form calling for illegal items to
be dedicated as a penalty; the authority cited is the stele itself (lines 7-9).
Because Pausanias (8.37.8-9) indicates that these mysteries were conducted by
all the Arcadians, this might be a law/decree of a polis even though there is no
enactment formula or officials named; however, it could also simply be a
regulation of the sanctuary itself.
Annexe to “Toward a Typology of Greek Regulations…”
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69. Oropos. Law/decree about a priesthood (polis ) – fourth
century BCE (either 411-402 or 386-77) (Syll .3 1004)
This gives the duties of the priest at the sanctuary. There is a rule in casuistic
form granting the priest the power to impose fines and to distrain the property
of offenders (lines 9-16). For the meaning of enechyra and similar clauses in rules
about penalties see Harris (2008), 82-83. The priest acts in accordance with the
law (lines 9, 17, 39) and conducts trials (lines 17-20). He has the power to inflict
summary fines up to three drachmas; all cases involving larger amounts must be
decided by a trial (lines 13-17). The priest is to issue a summons and decide the
case on the same day or the following day if the defendant requests a delay
(lines 18-20). For similar rules about imposing fines see IG i3 82, lines 24-28;
Agora 16: 56[3], lines 32-38. The rules mention citizens and foreigners (lines 1415), which indicates that this is a public cult, and the rules will probably have
been issued by the polis of Oropos during one of its two periods of
independence. For translation and brief commentary, see Rhodes and Osborne
(2003) 128-134 (= GHI 27; but the translations of the legal provisions in lines
11 and 18-20 contain mistakes).
70. Oropos. Decree with an order about melting down dedications
(polis ) – third century BCE (IG VII 303)
This is a decree of the Boiotian confederacy (lines 1-2) with an enactment
formula (lines 2-4, 11). It orders old dedications to be melted down to make
phialai (line 30) and is similar to nos. 41 and 42. There follows a list of the new
phialai dedications (side B). There is a rule penalizing officials in casuistic form
(lines 48-52). This is a one-off set of orders, not a law about sacred matters.
71. Oropos. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – third
century BCE (IG VII 351)
This is a decree of the people of Oropos, a member of the Boiotian
confederacy (enactment formula at line 10; publication formula at lines 14-17).
A decision is made instructing the archon, polemarch, and secretary to
henceforth/regularly send a cow to the federal festival of the Ptoia (lines 1014).
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Ed. HARRIS, J.-M. CARBON
72. Tanagra. Decree with an order to construct a temple of
Demeter (polis ) – end of the third or beginning of the second
century BCE (Syll .3 1185)
This is a decree with an enactment formula (lines 1-3, 10) taken in accordance
with an oracle of Apollo (lines 7-8). The measure calls for a subscription to be
raised by contributions from women (lines 19-20), whose names are listed at
the end of the inscription (lines 44ff.). There is also an allusion to the law of the
Boiotian Confederacy (lines 16-17). This is not a law because it does not create
rules for the future. See Migeotte (1992), 75-81.
73. Akraiphia. Law/decree about sacred matters (Panhel-lenic
sanctuary) – 228-26 BCE (Syll .3 635 A and B)
This is a dogma of the Amphictyons at Delphi (lines A21-2, 24) granting asylia to
the sanctuary of Apollo at Akraiphia. There are rules in casuistic form (lines
A4-5, 21-24) with penalties imposed by the Amphictyons. They have these laws
sent to the cities (lines A24-26). The measure in question is called a psephisma
(lines A16-17) and copies are placed in different locations (lines A17-19). Side B
refers to a consultation of the oracle of Trophonius, which authorized the
dogma.
74. Lebadeia. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – fourth
century BCE (IG VII 3055)
There is a prescript, indicating a law of the city (line 1). This concerns fees to
pay for consultation of the oracle of Trophonius (lines 3-4, cf. Paus. 9.39.5).
There seems to be penalties for violations (lines 5-7). A list of fees paid or
consecrated then follows (lines 8ff.).
75. Orchomenos. Law/decree with an order about sacred matters
(polis ) – third century BCE (Syll .3 994)
This is a decree of the city (enactment formula in line 6) about assuring a supply
of water in the shrine of Zeus Meilichios, but there is no mention of a penalty
or officials to enforce the rule. This is a one-off order for building a
springhouse or well (line 9), not a law.
Annexe to “Toward a Typology of Greek Regulations…”
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76. Delphi. Sign (polis or sanctuary?) – fifth century BCE (Choix
Delphes 23)
This appears to be a sign: it is placed on the wall of the stadium, contains no
enactment formula, and mentions no officials. It forbids anyone to bring wine
out of the stadium. In case of an infraction, it imposes both a fine and a
propitiatory sacrifice.
77. Delphi. By-laws (gentilicial association) – early fourth century
BCE (Choix Delphes 30)
This is a set of by-laws of a group called the Labyadai. The first part of the
preserved document gives an oath of the tagoi (lines A1-18). This is followed by
an enactment formula (lines 19-23). There are rules about sacrificial animals to
be brought by the tagoi, and a fine of ten drachmas for not receiving them on
the right day (lines A31-43), and rules about depositing sacrificial animals and
cakes (lines A44-59). The Labyadai are to vote according to the laws of Delphi
(lines B1-18). There are several fines for the tagoi (lines 30-34). Those who
violate the rules about offerings and sacrifices can be fined or excluded from
the group (lines B35-50). Column C starts with rules about trials. If someone is
elected and does not decide the case, he is fined five drachmas and replaced
(lines C3-9). Successful accusers are to have one half of the penalty (lines C1018). The tagoi are responsible and are fined double the amount if they do not
perform their duty (lines C12-19). The rest of the column contains rules about
funerals (lines C19-52). Column D contains different types of rules: a list of
feasts (lines D3-29); a copy of the inscription at Panopeus/Phanoteus (lines
D29-43); and finally another list of sacrifices (lines D47-51). The demiorgoi and
other Labyadai are to impose fines, and the Fifteen to collect it (lines D17-22).
Sokolowski provides a text of only Face C and Face D. For a complete text and
translation see Rhodes and Osborne (2003) 2-7 (= GHI 1); for the newly
published inscription at Panopeus/Phanoteus and a revisiting of the context of
the dossier, see now Rousset, Camp and Minon (2015), 441-463.
78. Athens. Law about sacred matters (Panhellenic sanctuary) –
380-79 BCE (IG II2 1126; Choix Delphes 27)
This is a law enacted by the Amphictyons of Delphi. The first part of the law
gives the oath sworn by the hieromnemones (lines 3-9), then follows an oath
sworn by the secretary (lines 10-13). There are rules about the inspection of
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Ed. HARRIS, J.-M. CARBON
land with penalties for those who cultivate sacred land and for those who do
not conduct the inspection (lines 15-21), lodging for visitors (lines 21-26),
washing(?) with penalties indicated (lines 26-34), repairs with penalties for the
Amphictyons who do not carry out repairs (lines 35-40), the construction of
bridges (lines 40-43; a penalty may be mentioned at line 43), and the sacred
truce (lines 43-49). There is a penalty for not sending messengers to announce
the truce (line 46). If a city does not accept the truce, they are to be excluded
from the shrine (lines 47-48). For discussion see Harris (2015), 61-62.
79. Delphi. Decree about sacred matters (Panhellenic sanctuary) –
178 BCE (Syll. 3 636: CID IV 108; Choix Delphes 157)
This is a dogma (line 32) of the hieromnemones of Delphi and has an enactment
formula (lines 1-19) and a publication formula (lines 31-32). It sets apart a
portion of sacred land for sacred cows and horses (lies 19-25). It forbids
privately owned animals from pasturing in this area (lines 25-28) and contains a
rule in casuistic form allowing anyone to seize cattle violating the rule (lines 2831). For translation and discussion see Chandezon (2003), 55-56, 62-69
(discussion of sacred land).
80. Delphi. Decree about a donation by Attalus II (polis ) – 160/59
BCE (Syll. 3 672; Choix Delphes 168)
Sokolowski prints only lines 44-63, which concern the sacrifices to be made,
and omits the prescript showing that this a measure passed by the city of
Delphi (lines 1-2, 12-13; cf. also its publication formula, lines 61-63). King
Attalus has made two donations, one of 18,000 drachmas for the education of
children (lines 6-8), the other for sacrifices (lines 44-63). There are extensive
rules about the loans made on security from this fund (lines 21-31, 63-88). This
perhaps qualifies as a law about sacred matters in the sense that there are rules
about sacrifices, but they are contained in a general measure about Attalus’
donation. For discussion see Harris, “Toward a Typology” (2015) and Migeotte
(2009-2010).
81. Delphi. Law/decree about a donation by a private citizen
(polis ) – 182 BCE (Syll. 3 631; Choix Delphes 137)
The inscription contains rules about a donation made by Alkesippos of Calydon
(line 2). The inscription gives an archon date (line 1) but does not contain an
Annexe to “Toward a Typology of Greek Regulations…”
23
enactment formula. On the other hand, it does give the instructions made to
the archons to inscribe the terms of the donation on the temple where it was
found (lines 8-10). The inscription gives the amount of the donation (lines 2-3),
the sacrifice and damothoinia to Apollo to be called the Alkesippeia (lines 4-6) and
the procession led by the priests of Apollo, the archon, and the prytaneis (line 68). The instructions appear to have come from the donor’s will (the phrase in
lines 3-4 being equivalent to “in the event of my death”). Strictly speaking, the
inscription is not the publication of a decree about sacred matters (which must
have been recorded elsewhere, possibly in the city’s archive), but the
publication of the terms of a will, which have been accepted by the city. It is
therefore unlike the preceding inscription even though both concern donations
to the city. For discussion see Harris, “Toward a Typology” (2015), 72-74.
82. Elateia. Sign (unclear) – end of the fifth century BCE (IG IX 1,
129)
This contains two orders, one allowing banqueting and lodging after sacrifice
(thus Ziehen; cp. e.g. SEG 57: 1674, lines 7-8), the other forbidding women to
enter. There is no indication of the authority, officials or a penalty.
83. Korope. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – around 100
BCE (Syll .3 1157)
This is a measure of the city (line 67: psephisma) with a list of proposers
including officials (lines 1-8) and an enactment formula (line 17-18). There are
several rules for keeping order at the oracle and about consulting the oracle
(lines 18-28) and penalties for officials who do not carry out their duties (lines
28-30) or swear the oath at a meeting of the Assembly (lines 59-61) in casuistic
form. The generals and nomophylakes are to appoint rhabdouchoi to punish the
disorderly (lines 23-26); these officials are to be given a drachma a day for food
(26-28) and are to be fined three drachmas for not reporting for duty (lines 2830). There is a penalty in casuistic form for the exestastai who do not carry out
their duties (lines 61-63). There is a publication formula (66-69).
84. Korope. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – around 100
BCE (Syll .3 1157)
On the same stele as the preceding inscription. The measure contains a long
prescript (lines 1-4) and an enactment formula (lines 8-9, 24-25). There are rules
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Ed. HARRIS, J.-M. CARBON
forbidding the cutting of trees (lines 9-13) and grazing (lines 13-14). There is a
fine of fifty drachmas (restored) with half going to the person who reports the
infraction and fifty lashes for slaves and a fine of one obol per animal (lines 1418). Charges are to be made to the officials indicated (lines 18-19). There is a
publication formula (lines 19-24).
85. Magnesia. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – around
100 BCE
The measure mentions the assembly (lines 5, 9, 13) and concerns the sale of
hides from the cult of Zeus Akraios (lines 3-11). There may be a penalty in
casuistic form (line 11-12).
86. Ithaca. Copy of a dedication of land and sign (private) –
second century CE
The text is identical with that found in Xenophon Anabasis 5.3.13, about the
author’s dedication of land to Artemis at Skillous. The small copy was probably
made to be included in a collection of a local notable or a Roman. As a
regulation (i.e. in the original context intended by Xenophon), it binds whoever
possesses the land to sacrifice a dekate every year to Artemis and threatens those
who do not with the wrath of the goddess.
87. Tomis. Contract for priestly personnel (polis ?) – third century
BCE (IScM II 1)
This measure indicates the duties (expressed in verbs in the future indicative) of
the person who purchases the priesthood of the gods of Samothrace and the
reward of a crown for the priest (lines 1-15). The measure is then followed by a
statement that Timaeos, the son of Strato, has purchased the priesthood for
eight gold staters and sixty bronze (lines 15-17). These duties are
complemented by reference to a nomos (line 13), perhaps another document
relating to the cult. There is a fragmentary document on another column
inscribed on the stele (not included by Sokolowski), which may be an honorary
decree for Diagoras, possibly the founder of the cult; there is a mention of the
demos in this context.
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88. Olbia. List of officials and sign – third century BCE (Syll .3
1039; IosPE I2 75)
This is a list of people who held the office of the Seven and administered a
treasury (probably that of their board, lines 1-10). The officials appended a
small sign or regulation concerning the proper sacrificial tariffs to be paid by
those offerings sacrifices (lines 11-15); however, the prices for each sort of
animal appear to be very large.
89. Phanagoria. Law/decree (?) about sacred matters (unclear) –
second century CE
The measure contains rules about the mysteries of a goddess, but is very
fragmentary. There may be sanctuary officials mentioned (lines 20-21). It is
impossible to tell which authority issued the rules.
90. Callatis. Law/decree about sacred matters (unclear) – second
century BCE
Sokolowski thought that this was a calendar, but there is only one date given
(line 4; cf. also now Avram, IScM III 47). The heading ἐ[κ] τοῦ συμμερισμοῦ
(line 1) remains unusual and difficult to interpret: it may suggest a subject
(sacrificial division) or an excerpt from a larger document. There are rules
about initiation into a cult of Dionysus, but no officials named. It is impossible
to tell which authority issued the rules.
91. Tamynai. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – fourth
century BCE
The first few lines are not preserved, but there are public officials mentioned in
the fragment (lines 2-3 [demarch]; line 7 [hieropoioi]). The demarch is to
administer the oath and is to pay a fine of 500 drachmas if he does not, or does
not collect payment from those who do not swear the oath (lines 2-6). The
hieropoioi are to collect this fine; if they do not, they will owe double the amount
(lines 6-9). The rules appear to pertain to a woodland area around a sanctuary,
since grazing is forbidden (lines 9-12).
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92. Eretria. Decree about sacred matters (polis ) – fourth century
BCE (IG XII 9, 189)
This is a decree of the Assembly (enactment formula in line 2). It covers games,
sacrifices and processions at the Artemisia. There are amounts for prizes
awarded to competitors and a subsistence allowance for all competitors (lines
15-24). There are officials responsible for running the games (demarchs in lines
24-6, line 35), who have the power to impose fines “according to the law” (lines
24-26). There is an exemption from taxes for those selling in the shrine (lines
32-35). There is a publication formula, identifying the measure as a psephisma
(lines 41-43).
93. Eretria. Decree about sacred matters (polis ) – fourth or third
century BCE (IG XII 9, 194)
The prescript has not been preserved, but the measure is called a psephisma (line
33; publication formula at lines 33-35). There are public officials (lines 10, 29),
and a clause in casuistic form about penalties for these magistrates if they do
not perform their duties (lines 29-30). The poletai give money for the stele (lines
35-6).
94. Delos. Sign (sanctuary or private association?) – second
century BCE (IG XI 4, 1300)
This is a sign found in the Serapeion with brief orders forbidding anyone to
enter after drinking or in flowery clothes. There is no indication of authority,
officials, penalties, but it was probably set up by those in charge of the
Serapeion.
95. Delos. Dedication and sign (private association?) – after 166
BCE (ID 2367)
The inscription is very fragmentary. It begins with a dedication, containing
names of persons and the name of a goddess (Artemis) in the dative (line 4).
Appended to this, there appears to be a prohibition against entering after sexual
relations or after eating fish (lines 5-6).
Annexe to “Toward a Typology of Greek Regulations…”
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96. Mykonos. Decree about sacred matters, containing calendar
(polis ) – ca. 220-200 BCE (Syll .3 1024)
The inscription first has the form of a decree with an enactment formula (line
3-5), but then takes the form of a calendar with dates and sacrifices (lines 5-40).
The law appears to integrate different sacrifices after the synoikism of the island
(lines 2-3). Several groups of officials are mentioned: the council (lines 10, 13),
archontes (lines 13, 19), hieropoioi (lines 17-18, 28), and a priest (lines 32, 34). For
an analysis, see Reger (2001).
97. Keos. Funerary law (polis ) – fifth century BCE (IG XII 5, 593)
This is called “laws about the dead” (line A1) and contains rules about burial
but lacks penalties and officials. Side B contains further decrees inscribed on
the stele, which is clear from the enactment formulas (cf. lines B1-3 in
Sokolowksi).
98. Keos. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – third century
BCE (IG XII 5, 647)
Even though the prescript is missing, this appears to be a law (line 1 [nomon];
line 41 [nomos]) of the city about a public festival – it refers to public officials:
probouloi (lines 6, 14, 20, 27, 37), treasurer (lines 18-19), generals (line 19) and
gymnasiarch (line 21). Citizens, metics and freedmen can participate (lines 911). The gymnasiarch has the power to impose fines of up to a drachma (lines
25-6). The rules also refer to those whom the polis has summoned, along with
metics and freedmen (lines 9-10).
99. Keos. Impossible to determine – third century BCE (IG XII 5,
646)
This is very fragmentary. It appears to contain rules about purity. No officials
or penalties are mentioned.
100. Arkesine. Law/decree or sign about sacred matters (polis ) –
fifth century BCE (IG XII 7, 1)
This is very brief but contains a prescript indicating it is a decree, with the name
of the proposer (lines 1-2). The substance is a prohibition against burning a fire
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in the sanctuary (lines 2-5) and a fine for violators in casuistic form (lines 4-6),
but no mention is made of the officials who impose the fine. The brevity of the
inscription may indicate that it is a sign containing an extract from a longer law.
101. Arkesine. Law/decree or sign about sacred matters (polis ) –
third century BCE (IG XII 7, 2)
This is found on the same stone as the previous law and has a prescript
indicating it is a decree (line 2) and contains rules prohibiting foreigners from
camping in the temple (lines 3-4). The neokoros is responsible for enforcing this
rule and is subject to a fine of ten drachmas for each day he does not perform
his duty (5-7). The neopoiai are to post the rule “before the doors” (lines 7-9).
The brevity of the inscription may indicate that it is a sign containing an extract
from a longer law.
102. Arkesine. Law/decree about sacred matters or containing an
order (polis ) – fourth century BCE (IG XII 7, 4)
This contains a prescript and is a decree (lines 1-2), but it is unclear if this is a
general law or just a response to the report of an impiety about women in the
sanctuary of Demeter (line 10) because the bottom part of the inscription is not
preserved.
103. Amorgos. Minoa. Law/decree about a donation to a festival
(polis ) – first century BCE (IG XII 7, 237)
This is a law of Amorgos made in response to a donation for the festival of the
Metroa made by a woman named Hegesarete (lines A7-9), who is honored with
the award of a crown and a public announcement (lines B25-31). An enactment
formula is reasonably restored (line A8), and there are rules that apply to
meetings of the Assembly (lines B18-25; 36) and public elections (B52-6). There
are several public officials mentioned (prytaneis in lines B18; public herald in
lines B 23, 27; agonothetai in lines B32; exetastai lines 60; and annual epimenioi—
appointed specifically to administer the donation, in lines A17, B20, 25, 38, 45
58). This is a composite document. Part A appears to start with a prescript and
mentions officials elected by the people (lines 3-4). There are lengthy provisions
about lending the donor’s money to produce interest (lines A7-8, B4-5, 16-7,
33-52). Part B contains financial measures about lending.
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104. Ios. Law/decree of uncertain character (polis ?) – fourth
century BCE (IG XII 5, 1)
This is a fragment of an inscription and appears to contain a rule about
pasturing cattle and contains a penalty but does not name an official.
Sokolowski thinks this is a sacred law on the assumption that the measure
concerns the grazing of animals on sacred land. This remains to be confirmed,
though the document does bear some similarity to nos. 67, 91 (above), and nos.
105 and 136 (below).
105. Ios – Law/decree concerning sacred matters (polis ) – fourth
century BCE (IG XII 5, 2)
This is fragmentary, and the prescript is missing, but the measure names what
appear to be public officials and fines are paid to the public treasury (lines 5-6).
There is an oath required about pasturing and penalties for those who do not
swear the oath (lines 5-6). A volunteer can denounce a transgressor to the
hieropoioi and receive half of the penalty (lines 6-7).
106. Ios – Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – third century
BCE (IG XII 5, 1008)
The inscription is very fragmentary, but there appears to be an enactment
formula involving archontes (line 1). There are sacrifices for King Antigonos
(either Gonatas or Doson, lines 1-2), and officials are named (line 2).
107. Ios. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – second
century BCE (IG XII 5, 1012)
This appears to be the final lines of a law and contains the penalties. The text
refers to a law (line 3), but it is difficult to tell whether the phrases refer to rules
contained in another document or in the missing lines of this document.
Sokolowski thinks that the inscription forbids a priestess from receiving too
much money from those coming to a sanctuary, but it also appears to impose
public penalties on private citizens (lines 3-4).
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108. Paros. Sign (unclear) – fifth century BCE (IG XII 5, 107)
This appears to be a sign. There is a rule about throwing rubbish above a road
with a penalty of fifty-one drachmas (lines 1-10), but it allows volunteers to
impose the fine (lines 10-12). Sokolowski believes that it comes from a
sanctuary, but this is not clear. There was an altar to Zeus Hypatos on the
acropolis, which was part of a public sanctuary (Pausanias 1.26.5).
109. Paros. Boundary-maker with sign (unclear) – fifth century
BCE (IG XII 5, 183)
This is a boundary marker, obviously placed at the edge of a shrine of Zeus
Hypatos, with a rule prohibiting those uninitiated and women from entering the
shrine.
110. Paros. Sign (unclear) – fifth century BCE (IG XII 5, 225)
This is another sign forbidding Dorian foreigners to enter the shrine of
Demeter and Kore.
111. Paros. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – fifth
century BCE (IG XII 5, 108)
This appears to be the end of a document that contained rules about cutting
wood in a sanctuary. There is a penalty for violators (lines 4-6) and rewards for
the person who gives information (phasis) to the theoros (lines 4-6). The theoroi,
magistrates of the city, are to take an oath of denial from the neokoros that he
knows of no one cutting wood (lines 6-10). On the theoroi as public officials of
Paros, see Rutherford (2013), 128, 136-138.
112. Paros. Sign (unclear) – second century BCE (IG XII 5, 126)
This appears to contain the final lines of a rule forbidding the use of fire in a
sanctuary (cf. no. 100, above; IG I3, line B6). There is no indication of the
authority that issues the measure, but a neokoros imposes the fine; it is uncertain
if he was a public or sanctuary official.
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113. Thasos. Sign (private association) – middle of the fifth
century BCE
This appears to be a sign inscribed on a wall. The deity mentioned (Athena
Patroia) was linked to a family or private group and the inscription comes from
the Thesmophorion of Thasos, where several other such texts have been
found: cf. Rolley (1965) and Parker (2008). Women are allowed to participate in
the ceremony.
114. Thasos. Signs (polis ?) – fifth century BCE (IG XII 8, 358)
These are two signs placed below relief panels of an altar. They may be from a
public shrine to the Nymphs, Apollo Nymphagetes (line A1) and the Graces
(Line B1). The signs forbid certain sacrifices and the singing of a paean.
115. Thasos. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – fourth
century BCE (IG XII Suppl. p. 152)
This is a decree or law (prescript in line 1) concerning the leasing of a garden of
Heracles (lines 2-3). The lessee is bound to keep the area clean (lines 2-4) and
has the right to punish free persons and slaves who throw in rubbish (lines 4-6).
It is unclear what the term angos means in line 5. Public officials, the agoranomos
and the priest of Asclepius, are made responsible to keep the area clean (lines 68) and are fined if they do not discipline the lessees (line 10). These are public
officials for a public cult.
116. Chios. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – fourth
century BCE (Syll. 3 986)
This has an enactment formula and is a rule (gnome) of the Council (lines 1-2)
against pasturing and leaving dung in the grove around a sanctuary (lines 2-5).
Those who see violators are to report them to the basileis (lines 5-9). The
penalty is one-twelfth of a stater for each animal grazing (lines 9-14), five staters
for leaving dung (lines 14-17). Anyone who knows about this and does not
report is liable to a fine of five staters (lines 17-20). There is a prohibition on
taking items from the sanctuary and a penalty of an aresterion (a propitiatory
sacrifice) for violators. Those who know about violators and do not report are
liable to a fine of five staters (lines 25-30). Even though this contains an
enactment formula and names officials (lines 8, 26-7), it does not name the god
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to whom the shrine belongs (lines 9, 12) or its location. The inscription was
posted at a shrine and the cult in question is thus left implicit in the text.
117. Chios. Impossible to determine – fifth century BCE
Sokolowski believes this regulation concerns the rights of priests; if this is right,
the small fragment may have come from a contract.
118. Chios. By-laws (phratry) – around 335 BCE (Syll .3 987)
The inscription contains three by-laws of the phratry of the Klytidai with two
enactment formulas preserved and dates (lines 10-11, 22-24). The phratry uses
the same word for its decision as the Council of Chios (line 36: gnome; compare
no. 116, line 2—above). Two decisions were taken after favorable omens at a
sacrifice (kallieresen: lines 6-7, 20-21) and an oracle (lines 15, 39). The first decision
was to build a common shrine and bring sacred items there (lines 6-10). The
second decision reports the decision to bring all sacred items to this common
shrine (lines 10-22). The third lays down penalties for those using the common
shrine for private purposes in casuistic form with a penalty of 1,000 drachmas for
Zeus Patroos and a curse (lines 31-36). The by-law refers to laws about curses of
the phratry (line 36) and concludes with a publication formula (lines 36-41).
Sokolowski thinks that the by-laws result from a “democratization”, but it is not
clear why this should be so. The building of a common shrine has simply led to a
decision to place sacred items in it and to lay down rules about their use,
suggesting instead a degree of “centralization” or “formalization” of the group.
119. Chios. Contract for priestly personnel (genos ) – fourth
century BCE (Syll .3 1013)
There is no enactment formula, but the rules pertain to a genos (line 2) and
concern the perquisites for its priest of Heracles (lines 1-9). If the priest is not
present, a member may call out and sacrifice, but must give a portion to the
priest (lines 9-14). There are no penalties mentioned for violations. It is clear
that the document presumes a sale of the priesthood, much like other priesthoods connected to the genos were apparently sold (cf. lines 14-17).
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120. Chios. Contract for priestly personnel (polis ) – fourth century
BCE
This concerns the perquisites of a priestess. Though fragmentary, the preserved
parts of the inscription indicate that the cult in question was public (reference
to a public sacrifice in line 10; grant of tax exemption in lines 10-12).
121. Chios. Boundary-stone with a sign (unclear) – the date is not
indicated by Sokolowski; probably fourth century BCE on the
basis of letters and dialect forms
This is a sign on a boundary-stone. There is only a prohibition about entry with
no indication of penalty, officials, or authority.
122. Samos. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) concerning
subdivisions of the polis – third century BCE (Syll .3 1043)
The rules are introduced by the nomographoi (line 1). There is a rule that the
epimenioi elected by the chilisteres are to supervise sacrifice and the meeting in the
Helikonion; they are to elect substitutes if they are absent (lines 2-5). There is a
rule about self-nomination, probably (according to the restoration) to the office
of epimenios as a form of liturgy (lines 5-6). There is a penalty for failure to
perform this duty imposed by the nomophylakes (?) and the epimenioi in casuistic
form (line 6-8).
123. Samos. Decree of Assembly concerning priesthood (polis ) –
second century BCE (Syll .3 666)
This is a decree of the Council and Assembly (enactment formula in lines 1-4),
but is a response to a formal supplication about collecting money (ageirein) by a
priest of Isis who has placed a suppliant’s bough in the Council (probably at the
altar, lines 5-7). On the suppliant’s bough, see Naiden (2006), 56-57. The
Council must have submitted his request to the Assembly, which determined
that it was legitimate (line 8). This document is an order, similar to no. 34, but
concerning the collection performed by the priest. Dunand (1973), 61-62,
discusses the inscription and the practice of agermos, but does not discuss the
reasons for the supplication and the status of the cult in this period. There are
questions about the status of the cult of Isis: is this a private or a public cult?
And the status of the priest: is he a citizen or a foreigner? At Athens, foreigners
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Ed. HARRIS, J.-M. CARBON
could use the procedure of supplication to approach the Assembly ([Arist.] Ath.
Pol. 43.6; IG II2 218 [Dioscorides of Abdera]; 336 [Olynthians?]; 502
[Antiphates, a public slave]). It is thus possible that the priest is a foreigner who
approaches the Assembly by supplication and perhaps makes a request about a
private cult of Isis, though collections are also well attested in public cults (cf.
e.g. LSAM 73, Halikarnassos).
124. Eresos. Law about sacred matters (unclear) – second century
BCE (IG XII Suppl. p. 38, no. 126)
This is a list of rules about purity for those entering a sanctuary, which also had
a temple (naus, line 15). There is no prescript preserved, and we therefore
cannot know for certain which authority issued the rules. No civic officials are
named, and no penalty is mentioned. One possible clue for the context of the
document is the mention of a priestess and prophetess (lines 19-20), suggesting
that the sanctuary may have controlled its own rules. Women are excluded
from the temple (but not the sanctuary itself); also barred are worshippers of
Kybele: galloi and women who gallazen (lines 11-12).
125. Mytilene. Sign (unclear) – second century BCE (IG XII 2, 72)
These are sacrificial tariffs, indicating what must be deposited in the thesauros in
different ritual cases. But no prescript is preserved, no officials are mentioned
and no penalty is indicated.
126. Mytilene. Sign (unclear) – second century BCE (IG XII 2, 73)
The inscription contains rules about sacrifices on the altar of Aphrodite, Peitho
and Hermes and forbids sacrifice of pork and birds. Apart from a standard
invocation (line 1), the prescript has no indication of the authority: there are no
officials mentioned, and no penalties. This appears to fall into the category of
signs.
127. Methymna. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ?) –
fourth century BCE (IG XII 2, 499)
The opening lines have not been preserved. The mention of thyrsoi suggested to
Sokolowski a cult of Dionysus (line 13), and Sokolowski restores mysteria in line
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13. Sokolowski thinks it concerns Dionysiac mysteries for women. As
preserved, the rule appears to order the official gynaikonomos (line 5) to stand
outside the doors and ensure that no man enters the temple and that no impiety
is committed (lines 7-10; cp. also line 3, possibly other officials mentioned with
the participle diakoneontes). If this gynaikonomos is an official of the polis or one of
its subdivisions, this is a law/decree (cp. LSAM 16 for the civic gynaikonomos).
There is no mention of a penalty; the rules mention a proclamation (kerugma,
line 4).
128. Dardanos or Mytilene. Calendar (private association) –
Imperial period (IG XII Suppl. p. 16, no. 29)
This is a calendar with the names of months (lines 2, 4, 5, 6). The document
was written by Aristippos on the order of the god (the method of consultation
or inspiration is not fully specified). The fact that Aristippos uses the first
person singular and has no official title suggests that this inscription is for a
private cult.
129. Anaphe. Decree of Council and Assembly with order about
sacred matters (polis ) – second century BCE (IG XII 3, 248)
This is a decree of the Council and Assembly (lines 4-5, 33-36), but derives
from the authority of an oracle (lines 2-3, lines 21-33). Timotheus the son of
Sosikles, has made a request that land be given in the shrine of Apollo
Asgelatas to build a temple of Aphrodite (lines 6-20). Timotheus has asked the
god about his request and received a favorable reply (lines 20-33). The oracle
has specified that the temple belong to the polis (lines 20-21). This is not a law,
but a decision (line 4: gnome; line 32: psaphisma) issued in response to an oracle,
and therefore an ad hoc order that contains no general rules.
130. Astypalaia. Sign (unclear) – third century BCE (Syll .3 980)
There is an order forbidding entry to the shrine for those who are not pure
(lines 1-2). There is no mention of officials, penalties, or the divinity to whom
the shrine belongs. This is a sign.
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Ed. HARRIS, J.-M. CARBON
131. Thera. Sign (unclear) – fourth century BCE (IG XII 3, Suppl.
no. 1369)
There are only two words: “of Kore” and an offering: “pelanos”. This is a sign
and was inscribed on an altar.
132. Astypalaia. Sign (tribe) – third century BCE (Syll .3 980)
This is connected to a tribe of the city (Hylleis) and prohibits the taking away of
sacrificial meat (line 3). No official or penalty is named. This is a sign.
133. Thera. Sign (unclear) – around 400 BCE (IG XII 3, 452)
This is a sign, perhaps for a group (see the problematic line 1 and the plural
form in line 2), with two dates, one for a sacrifice, the other for a meal. It is
inscribed on a rock at the entry to a cave where the worshippers probably met,
and it mentions a sign (line 5), perhaps the text itself or a symbol that was
located nearby.
134. Thera. Boundary stone (unclear) and sign (private) – around
400 BCE and shortly afterward (IG XII 3, 452)
This document was originally one of a set of boundary-markers for the land of
the Mother of the Gods (lines 1-2). A certain Archinos later added another
inscription (in a different hand) concerning his sacrifice. Sokolowski thinks that
he has dedicated the land in question and requires lessees to sacrifice first-fruits
twice a year (lines 6-18). This is possible, though the sanctuary seems to have
existed earlier. It may also be that Archinos has simply made a commemoration
of his own sacrifice and enjoined worshippers to follow his example, beginning
“on the first year” (lines 6-8). In any case, this second appears to be a sign
inscribed privately. No officials or penalties are mentioned.
135. Thera. Will with donation (private) and by-laws (private
association) – third century BCE (IG XII 3, 330)
This document has been called the “will of Epikteta” (the title of Wittenburg
[1990]) but only the first part contains the provisions of her will, lines 1-108;
for the term diatheke see line 45). The second and longer part contains the bylaws of a private association, to which Epikteta donates money in her will (lines
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109-287). Just as the city of Delphi accepted the donation and terms of the will
of Alkesippos (see above, no. 81), this group (koinon tou andreiou ton syngenon or
simply andreios ton syngenon) also votes to accept the donation of Epikteta (lines
126-7). The by-laws (referred to as nomos or nomoi, e.g. lines 145, 164, 176, 207,
213, 227, 239-247, etc.) of the association provide rules about annual meetings
(lines 131-38), about cultic officials (epimenioi) with penalties for those who do
not serve (lines 138-46), about the duty to lend out the association’s funds for
interest and on real security (lines 146-54), the appointment of epimenioi when
no one volunteers (lines 155-67). There are detailed rules about the duties of
various officials with several penalties for officials in casuistic form (lines 167256). There is also an entrenchment clause to protect the group’s existence,
which renders null and void any proposal to dissolve the group and lays down
penalties in such a circumstance (lines 256-67). The by-laws end with a long
provision about record-keeping (lines 267-88). For detailed discussion and
translations into Italian, French, English and German, see Wittenburg (1990);
cf. also Carbon and Pirenne-Delforge (2013), 71-73 etc.
136. Ialysos. Decree containing a law about sacred matters (polis )
– around 300 BCE (IG XII 1, 677)
Lines 1-2 contain a prescript with an enactment formula. The decree (lines 118) validates and publishes a law about rules for entry to the sanctuary of
Alektrona (lines 19-35). For detailed discussion, see Chaniotis (2009), 91-105,
and Harris (2015), 65-66.
137. Lindos. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – 23 AD (IG
XII 1, 762)
There is an enactment formula (lines A1-5, 12), and the measure is called a
gnome of the epistatai. Six foreigners are to be chosen as choregoi in addition to the
citizen choregoi (lines A15-20) to supervise a procession for Dionysus (lines A7,
20-21) at the Sminthia. Side B is very fragmentary but appears to be a
continuation of the decree. The rules are presented as supplementary to
traditional practice (lines 13-15), but in imperatival form. This is thus not an
order, but rather new rules that form a part of the civic legislation concerning
the festival.
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138. Rhodes. Decree with an order to inscribe a list of priests
(polis ) – late second or early first century BCE (Syll .3 723)
This is an excerpt of a decree (ek tou psephismatos, lines 1-2) about writing up a
list of the names of priests. This is a one-off order: it is about maintaining
public records, not prescribing rituals. Priests are instructed to write down
names, but there are no penalties mentioned. The list of priests is not included
in Sokolowski.
139. Lindos. Law about sacred matters (unclear) – second century
CE (Syll .3 983)
This is a list of rules about entering a sanctuary, requiring pure hands and pure
thoughts (lines 2-8). Rules specify the length of time before entering the
sanctuary after certain activities (lines 9-18). There is no mention of officials,
authority, or penalties.
140. Lindos. Sign (polis ?) – third century BCE (Syll .3 1030)
This appears to be a sign and calls for the sacrifice of a pig to Poseidon on a
certain date. There is no mention of officials, authority, or penalties, but it is—
no doubt correctly—thought to be a small excerpt from the civic sacrificial
calendar (see Sokolowski, Segre 1951).
141. Lindos. Sign (polis ?) – third century BCE (Syll .3 1031)
This appears to be a sign and calls for the sacrifice to Dionysus on a certain
day. There is no mention of officials, authority, or penalties, but it is—no doubt
correctly—thought to be a small excerpt from the civic sacrificial calendar (see
Sokolowski, Segre 1951).
142. Lindos. Sign (polis or private group?) – third century BCE
(IG XII 1, 892)
This is another sign. Sokolowski rightly places this among “règlements publics
et privés affichés devant les autels ou endroits où se pratiquait le culte.” There
is no mention of officials, authority, or penalties. It is—perhaps correctly—
thought to be a small excerpt from the civic sacrificial calendar (see Segre
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1951), though in this case the rites belong to a subcivic group of uncertain
character, the Lakoi.
143. Rhodian Peraea. Physkos. Decree with an order (?) concerning sacred matters (polis ) – around 100 BCE
There is a prescript in which an enactment formula has been plausibly restored
(lines 1-5). The inscription is very fragmentary but appears to concern the
purchase of sacrificial animals (lines 6-8) at Lindos and in its deme of Physkos.
144. Lebena. Laws/decrees about the paradosis of sacred
treasures (polis ) – second century BCE (I. Cr. I 2)
The two inscriptions are fragmentary but appear to contain similar rules of the
polis (brief prescript in line A1) about the paradosis (lines A2, A4, A10, B3, B4,
B7) of items in a sanctuary (Sokolowski thinks of Apollo). An official called the
naokoros appears to be responsible (lines A7, B5). The measure is called a
psarimma (line B7, the equivalent of psephisma) and is enforced by public officials.
The iarorgos has the right to impose fines (line A5: epitimon and line B4) and is
subject to a penalty if he does not (line A6). On the paradosis, see Fröhlich
(2011).
145. Axos. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – end of
fourth century BCE
The inscription is fragmentary, but there are several public officials mentioned
and, for instance, a penalty clause requiring a sacrifice of 100 cows for
infractions (lines 13-16). This is almost certainly a copy of an Archaic or
Classical law of the polis concerning rites and other matters involved in the cult
of Apollo Pythios.
146. Gortyn. Calendar (polis ?) – beginning of fifth century BCE
(IC IV 3)
This inscription is very fragmentary but appears to be a calendar naming at least
one month and date (line 1), sacrificial animals and divinities. There is no
indication of the issuing authority, but the city is a good candidate.
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147. Gortyn. Law/decree (?) concerning sacred matters (polis ?) –
fifth century BCE
This inscription is very fragmentary. Sokolowski believes that it may pertain to
a public cult. The mention of perioikoi (line 10) may indeed point to a civic
context.
148. Gortyn. Law concerning sacred matters (sanctuary or
private?) – third century BCE (IC IV 186)
This fragment contains the last lines of a series of rules protecting a sacred
grove, with a penalty clause at the end granting the power to anyone happening
to be present to hinder or obstruct the removal of wood “according to the
ancient law (or rule)”. It is difficult to identify the authority, but the absence of
a more specific penalty may point to a non-civic context.
149. Cyprus. Law/decree concerning sacred matters (polis ?) –
third century BCE
There appear to be two penalty clauses about sacred boundary stones, one for
free persons imposing a payment (lines 1-4) and one for slaves including lashes
and sale in the marketplace (lines 5-7), with the proceeds of the sale going,
perhaps, to a goddess (lines 8-9). If the restoration of the name of officials is
correct (line 6), this is a law/decree of the polis.
150. Cos. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – second half
of fourth century BCE (text A); ca. 300 BCE (text B, on a
separate stele) (IG XII 4, 283-284)
Text A does not contain an enactment formula, but has a penalty for cutting or
removing cypress-wood from a sanctuary (lines A1-6). The assembly decides if
the offense qualifies as asebeia (lines A5-7). Anyone can denounce an offense to
the epimeletes of the sanctuary or the assembly (lines A7-11). Side B names a
proposer (line 1), has a motivation clause (lines B1-8) and contains an
entrenchment clause (lines B8-12). The final part of side B is very fragmentary
but mentions the assembly (lines B14 and 16).
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151. Cos. Calendar (polis ) – mid-fourth century BCE (Syll. 3 10251027; IG XII 4, 275-278)
These are four stelai (A-D) from the civic sacrificial calendar, containing
elaborate prescriptions (cf. line A25 for the civic context). As in most calendars,
no penalties are mentioned. For a detailed treatment, see Paul (2013), 375-382
and passim.
152. Cos. Sign (polis ) – ca. 300 BCE (IG XII 4, 285)
The inscription begins with a proposer, but he is not given a title, and there is
no enactment formula; nevertheless, it may derive or be abbreviated from a
decree. There is a rule that all sacrifices to the Nymphs in the Asklepieion
should be made at altars and no offerings thrown down the springs (lines 1-7).
There is a clause in casuistic form about violations, and the offender is ordered
to clean the shrine (lines 7-9). This is a sign about a public shrine.
153. Cos. Calendar (polis or other group?) – second half of second
century BCE (IG XII 4, 282)
This fragment appears to be from a calendar: there are divinities (lines 1-2, 6)
and days of the month (line 5). The issuing authority cannot be determined.
154. Cos. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – ca. 240 BCE
(IG XII 4, 72)
This starts with an elaborate dating formula (lines A1-3), a proposal by the
exegetai (lines A4-5), two enactment formulas (lines A6-7, 19) and several
publication formulas about stelai to be erected at the shrine of Demeter (line
A11), the Asklepieion (line A12), the shrines of Artemis Toxitis and Lochia
(lines A16-17), and the Aphroditeion (line A17). Leukomata (?) are to be placed
in the demes of Isthmos and Halasarna (lines A17-18) and at a place where
doctors congregate (lines A18-19). The text primarily contains purification
rules, some concerning the priestess of Demeter Olympia (lines A21-35),
others, that of Demeter at Isthmos (A 36-46). Another part (B) contains more
general rules about purification, but there are no penalties mentioned in the
preserved sections. Officials of the polis are occasionally mentioned (cf. line
B27).
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Ed. HARRIS, J.-M. CARBON
155. Cos. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – 242 BCE or
shortly prior (IG XII 4, 71)
This is a measure enacted by the assembly (lines A1-2) to set up a treasury in
the temple of Asclepius (lines A2-3). This part is a specific order: the poletai are
to contract the work, and the priest, prostatai and hierophylakes to indicate the
place (lines A3-6). The treasurers are to give the money and to record expenses
(lines A6-15). Provisions are made about keys (lines A15-17). There are also
more general rules: the treasurers are to provide funds for festivals and rituals
(lines A18-23). Face B, very fragmentary, appears to contain more financial
regulations.
156. Cos. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – first half of
the third century BCE (IG XII 4, 332a+b)
No prescript is preserved. The inscription is heavily restored but appears to
concern the duties of civic priests; the polis is mentioned several times (lines
A21, 26, 32). There is an entrenchment clause (lines B22-29) and two penalties
for failure to observe rules about purity with fines and removal from office
(lines B 29-35). These are rules about public cults.
157. Cos. See no. 156 above – first half of the third century BCE
(IG XII 4, 332c)
As restored in IG, this fragment properly belongs to the same set of laws as the
previous inscription (thus confirming Sokolowski’s comment but not his
numbering).
158. Cos. Fragment of law/decree about sacred matters (?) (polis )
– mid-third century BCE (IG XII 4, 288)
Sokolowski (following Herzog) believes that this contains rules about the asylia
of the Asklepieion, but this is based on adventurous restorations. There are
mentions of legal proceedings (lines 2 and 8) and laws (line 6). The polis may be
mentioned in line 9.
Annexe to “Toward a Typology of Greek Regulations…”
43
159. Cos. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – mid-third
century BCE (IG XII 4, 286)
The prescript is not preserved, but there are orders for the treasurers to provide
funds for sacrifices (lines 4-6). The polis is mentioned in line 12, along with
several of its officials. The monarchos and the hieropoioi are to dedicate phialai to
several gods (lines 13). There are orders to elect epimenioi (lines 16-18) and
orders for the treasurers to give them funds for various rituals (lines 18-20).
Another fragmentary copy of the regulations is preserved in IG XII 4, 287.
160. Cos. Law/decree about priestly personnel (polis ) – second
half of second century BCE (IG XII 4, 318)
There is no prescript preserved, but there are officials mentioned (treasurers in
lines 5, 14). There is a publication formula (lines 10-12) and a clause about
payment for the stele (lines 12-15). The person who buys the priesthood of
Nemesis and Adrasteia is to make three payments (lines 15-19). The cult
appears to be public. In IG, this document is classified under “sales of
priesthoods” (diagraphai). See Harris, “Toward a Typology” (2015), 56, for the
difference between a law about contracts and a contract.
161. Cos – Law/decree about priestly personnel (polis ) – first
century BCE (IG XII 4, 325)
Ziehen rightly thinks that this is connected to the previous text; it is a later sale
of the priesthood of Adrasteia and Nemesis. There is mention of a drawing up
a diagraphe (contract) at B2. There is a fine for the priest who does not perform
the sacrifice (line A13-16) and for others appointed (lines A17-20). The priest
collects the fine (lines A22-5). In IG, this document is classified under “sales of
priesthoods” (diagraphai); see also no. 160, above.
162. Cos. Law/decree about priestly personnel (polis ) – third
century BCE (IG XII 4, 311c)
The text is now completed by many other fragments included in IG, forming a
contract for the sale of the priesthood of Asclepius, Hygieia and Epiona. There
is a prescript in lines 1-9. There are officials mentioned (in Sokolowski: prostatai
in line 2, elected officials in line 5, poletai in line 11). See also no. 160, above.
44
Ed. HARRIS, J.-M. CARBON
163. Cos. Law/decree about priestly personnel (polis ) – first
century BCE (IG XII 4, 330)
The prescript is missing, but this appears to be a measure of the polis, about the
priestess of the goddess Nike, because kitharistai chosen by the people are
mentioned (lines 26-27). This lays down rules about sacrifices (lines 1-4) and
specifies what the priest who leads the procession of victors in contests should
wear during the processions and for all other sacrifices (lines 4-14). There are
rules about how to divide offerings between Nike and the priest (lines 17-21),
about opening the treasury (lines 21-24), and about the kitharistai at the
procession (lines 24-29). No penalties for officials are mentioned, but they may
have been in the missing parts of the inscription. In IG, this document is
classified under “sales of priesthoods” (diagraphai); see also no. 160, above.
164. Cos. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – second half
of second century BCE (IG XII 4, 342)
This fragment is difficult to evaluate fully. It appears to contain rules about the
perquisites of priests (lines 4, 6) and the opening of the treasury (line 7). Civic
officials appear to be mentioned (line 11).
165. Cos. Calendar (polis ) – ca. 158-138 BCE (Syll .3 1028; IG XII 4,
281)
This is part of a calendar for the gymnasium (names of month in lines A1, B1,
C1). There is no enactment formula, no officials are named, and no penalty is
mentioned, but the Council may be cited (line A22, so IG following Herzog;
unless this refers to an assembly in the gymnasium itself, so von Prott, Hiller).
166. Cos. Law/decree about priestly personnel (polis ) – first half
of first century BCE (Syll .3 1012; IG XII 4, 326)
Lines 1-6 contain a form of prescript, and indicate the committee that wrote
the rules. There are general provisions in the contract. In lines 16-20 there is a
penalty for the failure to pay imposed and recorded by the prostatai and the
treasurers. There is a provision for naming a substitute. The kyrios of the
priestess or anyone can denounce anyone who wrongs the priestess. Half of the
penalty goes to the accuser (lines 27-34). Lines 60-67 concern the perquisites of
the priestess. The person who purchases the priesthood must pay one hundred
Annexe to “Toward a Typology of Greek Regulations…”
45
(restored) drachmas a year for the temple and owe double if the payment is not
made (lines 68-71). The document ends with a publication formula (lines 7174). In IG, this document is classified under “sales of priesthoods” (diagraphai);
see also no. 160, above.
167. Cos. Law/decree about priestly personnel (polis ) – first half
of first century BCE (Syll. 2 597; IG XII 4, 327)
This fragment appears to contain rules about the sale of a priesthood, but the
cult is unknown. In IG, this document is classified under “sales of priesthoods”
(diagraphai); see also no. 160, above.
168. Cos. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – end of second
century BCE (Syll .3 1000; IG XII 4, 293)
As preserved, there is no prescript, but there are general rules about making
sacrifices and providing feasts (skanopageisthon) by certain groups, often linked
with economic activities. It is not clear what the purpose of these sacrifices is
(see Sokolowski for discussion), but this should be a law of the polis because it
refers to those purchasing public contracts to collect taxes and other fees
(passim). There are no penalties mentioned in the fragment; an earlier side of the
stele (A in IG), now erased, will have provided more information.
169. Cos. Isthmos. Calendar (deme) – first half of second century
BCE (IG XII 4, 280 a-c)
These are three fragments (A-C) of the calendar of the deme of Isthmos; dates
and deities are mentioned, as well as cultic rules. No penalties are mentioned.
170. Cos. Isthmos. Signs (deme or sanctuary?) – beginning and
end of third century BCE (IG XII 4, 359)
An inscription, inscribed later in the first line, states that “a goat is sacrificed”.
There follows (lines 3-5)—but this text was inscribed earlier—a prohibition on
certain items in the sanctuary; only the first item (line 5: himation) is preserved.
Both inscriptions are signs.
46
Ed. HARRIS, J.-M. CARBON
171. Cos. Isthmos. Dedication, citing a will, followed by cultic
rules (private individual) – first half of second century BCE
(IG XII 4, 349)
Pythion has dedicated a shrine to Artemis, Zeus of Suppliants, and his paternal
gods (lines 1-3). Pythion and a priestess (probably his wife) have freed their
slave Makarinos and dedicated him to look after the shrine (lines 3-12).
Blessings are called on those who look after and make the shrine prosper (lines
12-14). The shrine is to remain the common property of Pythion’s children.
There are two rules about purity at the end (lines 16-17). From a legal
perspective, this is related to a will (lines 11-12: kataleipei), which leaves property
to the testator’s sons, who are not to divide the property (lines 14-16).
172. Cos. Halasarna. Law/decree concerning priestly personnel
(polis or deme?) – third or second century BCE (Syll .3 621; IG
XII 4, 303)
This is a regulation about the sale of a priesthood (lines 6-7, 11) and gives
instructions about sacrifices on certain days (lines 1-4, 9-10); in IG, this
document is also classified under “sales of priesthoods” (diagraphai), see also
no. 160 above. There are public officials mentioned in lines 5-7 (napoiai). The
document is fragmentary and, as preserved, does not have a prescript or
mention any penalties.
173. Cos. Halasarna. Decree with an order to inscribe a list (tribes)
– ca. 180 BCE (Syll .3 1023; IG XII 4, 103)
This is a decree enacted by phylai and contains an enactment formula (lines 3,
18). It appears to be a one-off measure and is aimed at providing a complete list
of those entitled to share in religious practices because the old list was illegible
(lines 8-18). There are penalties for officials who do not carry out the task (lines
110-14). Though concerned with ritual participants, this is not a law about
sacred matters.
174. Cos. Halasarna. Decree with an order to inscribe a list (polis )
– ca. 21 AD (Syll .3 793; IG XII 4, 365)
There is a prescript (lines 1-3) with an enactment formula (line 9), ordering that
the names of priests be inscribed because they have been illegally chiseled out
Annexe to “Toward a Typology of Greek Regulations…”
47
(lines 9-14). This is a specific order, not a “sacred law”, as it relates to recordkeeping and publication, not religious rituals.
175. Cos. Antimacheia. Law about priesthoods (polis or deme?) –
first half of third century BCE (Syll .3 1006; IG XII 4, 356)
There is no enactment formula, only a set of rules about those serving as
priestesses of Demeter. It gives the kyrioi of women the right to cast lots for
sortition if the women are abroad (lines 1-4) and requires those selected to
swear an oath (line 4). There is a rule about the perquisites of the priestesses
(lines 10-13).
176. Cos. Law/decree about sacred matters (polis ) – end of fourth
century BCE (IG XII 4, 333b)
Sokolowski believed that this was part of the calendar of a deme. More
cautiously, the editors of IG classify it under decrees and other rules concerning
sacrifices. Civic officials are mentioned in fragment a, not included in
Sokolowski.
177. Cos. Dedication (private individual) and by-laws (private
association) – around 300 BCE and shortly afterward (Syll. 3
1106; IG XII 4, 348)
The stele contains a dedication by Diomedon to Herakles Diomedonteios (lines
1-4) followed by detailed cultic rules (lines 9-55). Diomedon also dedicates a
slave and his offspring (lines 4-6) to supervise the cult. In somewhat later text
(lines 56-68), further rites are specified and epimenioi are appointed to help the
priest (of Herakles) administer the rites. Detailed by-laws of the familial
association, called either hoi ek Diomedontos or hoi koinontes ton hieron, follow in a
still later hand (lines 69-159). For some discussion, see Carbon and PirenneDelforge (2013), 68-70 etc.
178. Attica. Lamptrai. Law or sign (deme or other?) – around 400
BCE (IG I3 256)
This is a regulation about the fee to be paid for those drinking from the spring
Halykos in the deme of Lamptrai (lines 3-6). If the fee is not paid, one cannot
48
Ed. HARRIS, J.-M. CARBON
drink (lines 6-7), and if one drinks without paying, one owes a fine of five
drachmas (lines 7-9). If one takes away water without paying one obol per
amphora, one must pay fifty drachmas sacred to the Nymphs (lines 9-12).
There is no official mentioned. Whitehead (1986), 383, comments: “not
demonstrably a deme document stricto sensu”, though this remains possible.
179. Attica. Athens. Fragment of law/decree about sacred matters
(polis ?) – fourth century BCE
Meritt thought that the inscription concerned the Dipoleia celebrated on the 14
Skirophorion, but it is too fragmentary to allow any certainty.
180. Paros. Dedication with a list of oracles (private individual) –
third century BCE (SEG 15: 517)
Sokolowski gives only the first nineteen lines of the inscription: a series of
oracular responses given to the individual in question, Mnesipes. Mnesipes
wished to honour the poet Archilochos of Paros (line 15) and thus consulted
the oracle repeatedly. His request was eventually granted, and he founded an
Archilocheion with altars for all of the gods and the hero Archilochos (lines 1619). There is no mention of the city. See Clay (2004) and Kimmel-Clauzet
(2013).
181. Lokris. Physkos. By-laws (private association) – second
century CE (IG IX 12, 670)
The inscription is the nomos of a (Dionysiac) thiasos, probably founded by a
person called Amandos (line 1). There are rules in a casuistic form imposing a
fine to the paid to the koinon (lines 11-13, lines 18-20; possibly 16-17 and 21-22)
and another penalty in lines 16-17 for those who do not “go to the mountain.”
Edward HARRIS
University of Durham
[email protected]
assisted by Jan-Mathieu CARBON
University of Liège / University of Copenhagen
[email protected] /
[email protected]
Annexe to “Toward a Typology of Greek Regulations…”
49
Abbreviations (numbers refer to inscriptions)
Choix Delphes: Jacquemin, A., Mulliez, D. and Rougemont, R. (2012) Choix
d’inscriptions de Delphes, traduites et commentées, Athens.
GHI: see Rhodes and Osborne (2013).
IE: Clinton, K. (2005) Eleusis, The Inscriptions on Stone, 2 vols., Athens.
IScM III: Avram, A. (1999) Inscriptions grecques et latines de Scythie Mineure, vol. III:
Callatis et son territoire, Paris.
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