Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.
To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser.
Punjabi Language Origin & History " The Vedic language has been called the oldest Punjabi, because it is nearer to Punjabi than Hindi. Classical Sanskrit evolved from the Vedic is the main source of Punjabi vocabulary and Sauraseni Prakrit is nearest to Classical Sanskrit. It was Sauraseni Apabhramsa that gave birth to Punjabi and was also the mother of the saint's language, known as sant-bhasa. " In the thinking mode of western people it is a fact as to reduce the millennia time. It started with the Christian ideology when the creation of the world was reduced to nearly 2000 years but now it has been vastly expanded to 16 billion years and even that is not accurate stat. The Western Historian give date of Veda writing as 1500 BC but to an Indian scholar that is wholly inaccurate. At least by a few thousand of years. Same thing can be said about the Aryan race that originated in the steppes of Central Asia, in a vast are bordering Turkmenistan and Caspian Sea. North south division being bordering to near North Pole to Afghanistan in the south. Over thousands of year, Aryans developed a language which under goad of sophistication branched out into Sanskrit, Greek and Latin. Sanskrit further developed into dialects and one such dialect was Punjabi written in Devnagri, which was an Indo-Iranian tribal language and slowly filtered into Afghanistan and then through the Khyber pass onto Punjab and indo-gangetic planes. Parallel with Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilisation it became Indus Valley civilisation, with its advanced urban planning, new scientific knowledge, the arts and other moral aspects of life. Few examples of its surviving sculpture pieces show very modernistic terracotta figurines of bull, girls with bangles and male portraits. It developed its own sign language which has remained un-deciphered so far. Before advent of Guru Nanak, there were various poetical sensitive people active in the soil Punjab, trying to find the best way to reach divine and among these Naths & Yogis were prominent. They created their compositions in the language of common people and also in Apabhramsa but gradually due to their popularity the language of common people triumphed and manifested as sant-bhasa or language of the saints. It was a Punjabi dialect with words taken from Sanskrit, prakrit, Apabrahmsa , Farsi and even Arabi due to Muslim invasions. It was the age of interaction between faith into a fusion and a new movement called Sufis came into being. Even Muslims were initiated into yogic cults & non Muslims took freely from Muslim saints. These wanderers travelled from place to place, singing and preaching their message of human brotherhood. Prominent among them was Baba Farid who was a mystic of high order and composed his verses in Punjabi dialect and these were imbued with fervours of feeling for love of God and vagaries of human life. He wrote much but most of these were destroyed due to foreign invasions and others are preserved in Adi Granth of Sikhs. It is rumoured that Farid went into the wilderness to meditate and took with him a piece of wood shaped like chapatti and bit into it whenever he felt pangs of hunger thus severing his bonds with material things of the world. Roti meri kath di, lavan mere bukh
2020 •
Punjabi is a spoken language, including several dialects, in Northern India and across much of Pakistan. It is not a language only spoken by Sikhs but Hindus, Muslims and Christians as well. In fact a larger part of Punjab is in Pakistan. This was primarily due to the fact that Muslims were in majority in Punjab (although it was home to Sikh majority) before the Radcliffe line was drawn.
Early Modern India Literatures and Images, Texts and Languages
Punjabiin Late Vernacular Millennium AMurphy20190603 900 5amuxq2019 •
This exploratory essay considers in preliminary terms some of the registers of vernacular literary production in Punjab, and to suggest what the writing of a history of Punjabi language literary production might look like with a broader view to both vernacular and cosmopolitan literary production in the region. Punjabi's emergence must be understood in dynamic relation to the presence of Sadhukarrī, Braj, and emergent Hindustani in the region, as well as the formative presence of Persian. The multiplicity of its articulation points largely outside of the conventional centres associated with vernacular literary production-the court and the formal religious institution-provide Punjabi with a distinctive location, although it simultaneously maintained enduring and important ties to such centres. It is suggested that this may account for some of the particular valences of Punjabi language use; more work is required, however, to fully characterize this, and to explicate fully the interconnection between Punjabi cultural production and that in other languages. Punjabi cultural production in the early modern period sits uneasily within the understanding of the 'vernacular millennium,' described so well by Sheldon Pollock, where new language choices emerged in relation to newly defined cultural zones linked to the emergence of 'vernacular polities' in contradistinction to, but reliant upon, a prior cosmopolitan idiom that was supralocal.
Asiatic: IIUM Journal of English Language and Literature
The Genesis of Persian and Urdu Languages and Literatures in India2015 •
The Indian subcontinent has contained a vast array of ethnicities, cultures, traditions and languages since the beginning of civilisation. While classical Indian civilisation was based on Sanskrit, the sacerdotal language of the Brahmins, this sacred language did not affect the general mass of people, nor literature beyond a privileged elite. The first true lingua franca that transcended caste barriers to a certain extent was Persian, which was adopted by the ruling dynasties of Muslim India (who themselves were generally Turks or indigenous Indians rather than Persians), their Hindu peers, as well as the civil servants. However, from the beginning of the seventeenth century Urdu began to form around the lower echelons of society as a pidgin common tongue to enable communication between the myriad ethnicities of the Mughal Empire, ultimately restricting Persian to a refined language of culture and courtly life in the Mughal court and becoming a vibrant and dynamic language in its ow...
This paper is a research and understanding of the various languages and dialects of undivided Punjab from antiquity till 1947. A language is a structured system of communication. Languages are the primary means of communication of humans, and can be conveyed through spoken, sign, or written language. Many languages, including the most widely-spoken ones, have writing systems that enable sounds or signs to be recorded for later reactivation. Human language is highly variable between cultures and across time. Whereas a dialect refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. Under this definition, the dialects or varieties of a particular language are closely related and, despite their differences, are most often largely mutually intelligible. Estimates of the number of human languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000. Precise estimates depend on an arbitrary distinction (dichotomy) being established between languages and dialects. A linguist would probably categorise a language under these, but not limited to, broad headings: standard / polite / formal, colloquial / informal, regional dialect, social dialect, lingua franca, pidgin, creole, vernacular, patois, lingo, jargon, slang. However, in most regional languages, as in Punjabi there is no term to define a dialect. A language is boli, whether closely related or completely different. In recent time, Maa-boli and upp-boli are used as literal translations of mother-tongue and dialect. The pre-partition Punjab province comprised five administrative divisions, Delhi, Jullundur, Lahore, Multan and Rawalpindi and a number of princely states. After the win of 1849 Anglo-Sikh war, Punjab came under direct rule of the British in 1858. It is commonly believed that the Punjabi language, as other regional languages, developed from Prakrit language (vernacular Middle Indo-Aryan). Many Persian and Arabic words were incorporated in Punjabi. This paper looks at works of linguistics who have established links between Punjabi language and Austroasiactic languages. And also the influence of various other languages on the vernacular which came in by way of migrations through the North-West. The sources of these being mostly the folk tales and oral traditions.
NIPS-SIL Working Paper Series 1
Bibliography of Languages of Northern Pakistan, compiled by Joan L.G. Baart and Esther L. Baart-Bremer2001 •
World Health Organization - International EMF Project - International Advisory Committee (IAC) - 11th anniversary of the International Optical Radiation and 26th anniversary of EMF Project meeting, South Af
World Health Organization - International EMF Project - International Advisory Committee (IAC) - 11th anniversary of the International Optical Radiation and 26th anniversary of EMF Project meeting, South Africa National Report 20222022 •
Continental Philosophy Review
Flourishing While Withering: An Explication and Critique of Simone de Beauvoir's Phenomenology of Ageing2023 •
García, J. E. (2023). El Grupo de Historia de la Psicología de la SIP y su contribución al desarrollo de la historia de la psicología en el Paraguay. Revista Peruana de Historia de la Psicología, 9 (1), 31-41.
El Grupo de Historia de la Psicología de la SIP y su contribución al desarrollo de la historia de la psicología en el Paraguay.Philosophisches Jahrbuch
Verfall und Stabilität politischer Ordnungen. Zur Aktualität des antiken politischen Denkens2020 •
ΤΟ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΕΡΓΟ ΣΤΗ ΒΟΡΕΙΟΔΥΤΙΚΗ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΝΗΣΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΙΟΝΙΟΥ
Evidence from Cassope about the art of ceramics and toreutics [Μαρτυρίες για την κεραμική και τορευτική τέχνη από την Κασσώπη]2022 •
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Wireless Electric Vehicle Charger2023 •
Legajos. Boletín del Archivo General de la Nación
Hernández Sáenz, Luz María, Espejismo y realidad: Maximiliano y el Diario del Imperio, 1865-1867, México, Secretaría de Gobernación/Archivo General de la Nación, 2012, 158 ppEarly Modern Low Countries
Prelingual Deafness and the Manualist/Oralist Controversy in the Dutch Republic: The Case of the Groningen Painter Jan Jansz. de Stomme2024 •
Journal of Economics and Business - Proceedings of the Faculty of Economics in East Sarajevo
Tourism Development in the Republic of North Macedonia in the Period 1991-20212024 •
Teoría y derecho: revista de pensamiento jurídico
Comentarios a la Sentencia dictada por la Sala segunda del Tribunal Supremo 459/2019, de 14 de Octubre en el llamado "caso del procésAmerican Journal of Biomedical Science & Research
Involvement of Bacillus Species in the Understanding of the Softening Process of Safou Pulp (Dacryodes Edulis H.J.Lam)2021 •
Annales du 22e Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre (Caparica (Virtuel), 13–17 septembre 2021)
An 11th–12th-century Marvered Purple Glass Vessel from Ostolopovo Settlement (Republic of Tatarstan, Russia)2024 •
2019 •
Nature Communications
Sequential modification of bacterial chemoreceptors is key for achieving both accurate adaptation and high gain2020 •
2023 •
Biophysical Journal
Impairment of Human KV4.3 Protein Biosynthesis and Channel Gating by Novel SCA19/22-associated Mutations2020 •
Population research and policy review
Between Marketization and Demarketization: Reconfiguration of the Migration Industry in the Agricultural Sector in Israel2024 •