ISSN 0100-2945
DOI: http://dx.doi.org /10.1590/0100-29452022841
Harvest and Post harvest
Relationship among dry matter content and maturity
indexes at harvest and quality of ‘Gala’ apples
after storage
Marcelo José Vieira1, Luiz Carlos Argenta2, Thyana Lays Brancher3,
Sergio Tonetto de Freitas4, James Peter Mattheis5
Abstract - The objective of this study was to determine the relationship among dry matter content
(DMC) and maturity indexes at harvest and quality of ‘Gala’ apples after storage. Apple fruit of four
‘Gala’ strains produced on two rootstocks and three growing regions were used for experiments 1 and
2. For all experiments, fruit harvest maturity was assessed one day after harvest and stored fruit was
assessed after removal from storage plus seven days at 22 °C. For experiment 1, fruit were harvested
weekly along the final stages of growth and maturation on the tree. For experiment 2, fruit were
harvested at commercial maturity and stored under a controlled atmosphere at 0.7 oC for 195 days.
For experiment 3, fruit from two orchards were harvested at commercial maturity and stored in air at
1oC for 50, 110, or 194 days. DMC did not change during the final stages of fruit growth, however,
there were significant changes in fruit firmness, starch index, and soluble solids content (SSC) during
the same period. At the commercial harvest, fruit DMC showed high correlation with SSC, titratable
acidity (TA) and firmness. DMC assessed at the commercial harvest also showed high correlation
after storage with SSC and TA but not with firmness or flesh browning (FB). DMC decreased slightly
during storage. The results show that DMC is not a reliable index to determine ‘Gala’ apple maturity
at harvest, or to predict fruit firmness and FB after storage. However, DMC at harvest has potential
to predict SSC and TA after storage, two important fruit quality traits. Fruit density at harvest showed
utility to predict risk of flesh browning after storage.
Index terms: Malus domestica, Soluble solids content, Titratable acidity, Flesh firmness, Physiological
disorders.
Relação entre conteúdo de matéria seca, índices de maturação na
colheita e qualidade de maçãs ‘Gala’ após armazenagem
Corresponding author:
[email protected]
Received: August 26, 2021
Accepted: February 24, 2022
Copyright: All the contents
of this journal, except where
otherwise noted, is licensed
under a Creative Commons
Attribution License.
Resumo - O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a relação entre conteúdo de matéria seca (CMS) e
índices de maturação na colheita e a qualidade de maçãs ‘Gala’ após a armazenagem. Maçã de quatro
clones de ‘Gala’ produzidas em dois porta-enxertos e três regiões de cultivo foram usadas para os
experimentos 1 e 2. Para todos os experimentos, a maturação dos frutos foi avaliada um dia após a
colheita e os frutos armazenados foram avaliados após a retirada da câmara de armazenagem mais
sete dias em 22°C. Para o experimento 2, os frutos foram colhidos no ponto de colheita comercial e
armazenados sob atmosfera controlada a 0,7 oC por 195 dias. Para o experimento 3, frutos de dois
pomares foram colhidos na maturação comercial e armazenados em atmosfera do ar a 1oC por 50,
110 ou 194 dias. O CMS não se alterou durante o estágio final de crescimento do fruto, embora tenha
havido mudanças significativas na firmeza do fruto, no índice de amido e no teor de sólidos solúveis
(SS) durante o mesmo período. Na colheita comercial, o CMS do fruto apresentou correlação com
o SS, AT e firmeza da polpa. O CMS avaliado na colheita comercial também se correlacionou com
o SS e AT após a armazenagem, mas não com a firmeza da polpa e o escurecimento da polpa (EP)
após a armazenagem. O CMS reduziu ligeiramente durante o período de armazenagem. Os resultados
mostram que o CMS não é uma medida confiável para monitorar a maturação das maçãs ‘Gala’ na
planta nem para prever a firmeza da polpa e o EP após armazenagem. No entanto, o CMS na colheita
tem potencial para predizer o teor de SS e AT após a armazenagem, duas importantes características
de qualidade dos frutos. A densidade dos frutos na colheita mostrou utilidade para predizer o risco de
EP após o armazenamento.
Termos para indexação: Malus domestica; Sólidos solúveis; Acidez titulável; Firmeza de polpa;
Distúrbios fisiológicos.
Agronomist, D.Sc., Researcher at Fischer S/A Agroindústria. Brazil. E-mail:
[email protected](ORCID: 0000-0003-0878-9803)
Agronomist, D.Sc., Researcher at EPAGRI, Experimental Station of Caçador, Caçador-SC. Brazil. Email:
[email protected](ORCID:
1
2
0000-0001-9614-0523)
Industrial biotechnologist, D.Sc., Epagri, Experimental Station of Caçador, Caçador-SC. Brazil. E-mail:
[email protected](ORCID:
3
0000-0003-3337-6314)
Agronomist, PhD., Researcher at Embrapa Semiárido, Petrolina, PE. Brazil. E-mail:
[email protected](ORCID: 0000-0001-9579-7304)
Biologist, PhD., Researcher at United State Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Tree Fruit Research Laboratory,
Wenatchee. USA. E-mail:
[email protected](ORCID: 0000-0003-1843-6657)
4
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M. J. Vieira et al.
Introduction
Material and Methods
The loss of flesh firmness and the development of
physiological disorders related to fruit senescence, such
as flesh browning and mealy texture, are among the most
important causes of ‘Gala’ apple quality deterioration
and losses during and after storage (ARGENTA et al.,
2021b; LEE et al., 2013). The risk of yield losses due to
physiological disorders can vary with season, orchard,
and storage conditions, which can be also enhanced by
late-harvest dates and long-storage periods (WATKINS;
MATTHEIS, 2019; LEE et al., 2013).
Flesh firmness and starch content are the most
used indexes by industry to estimate fruit maturity and
storage potential of ‘Gala’ apples. However, these indexes
are not precise enough to identify variation among
growing regions, seasons, and orchards to predict apple
fruit deterioration rates during storage (ARGENTA;
MONDARDO, 1994).
Incorrect prediction of storage potential may affect
commercial marketing schedules throughout the year and
increase the risk of losses due to quality deterioration
that negatively impacts consumer acceptance. Therefore,
identification of physiological and or physicochemical
indexes that can be used to determine the storage potential
and to predict risk of physiological disorders could help
reduce losses during storage.
The amount of light intercepted by the trees and
the carbohydrate translocation into the fruit affect apple
quality (WÜNSCHE; LAKSO, 2000; PALMER, 2007).
Indeed, apples with lower carbohydrate uptake and
content have lower capacity to maintain flesh firmness
during storage (BROOKFIELD et al., 1997). Accordingly,
McGlone et al. (2003) have suggested that fruit dry matter
content (DMC) could be used as an index for inferring
about the total carbohydrates content and storage potential
of apple fruit.
A positive correlation exists between DMC at
harvest and soluble solids content (SSC) after storage in
kiwifruit (CRISOSTO et al., 2012; FAMIANI et al., 2012),
avocado (GAMBLE et al., 2010), mango (PADDA et al.,
2011) and apple (MCGLONE et al., 2003; PALMER et al.,
2010). DMC at harvest has also been shown to be highly
correlated with titratable acidity (TA) in apple (PALMER
et al., 2010) and kiwifruit (FAMIANI et al., 2012) and flesh
firmness in some apple varieties (PALMER et al., 2010;
SAEI et al., 2011). These results suggest that fruit DMC
at harvest could be used as an additional maturity index
to predict fruit quality and storage potential. However,
the relationship between fruit DMC and postharvest
deterioration due to physiological disorders has not been
reported for apples.
The aims of this study were to evaluate the
relationships between: a) DMC and maturity indexes of
‘Gala’ apple at harvest; b) DMC at harvest and fruit quality
during storage and, c) DMC and fruit quality after storage.
Experiments
Experiment 1: DMC and apple maturity indexes
were assessed weekly for up to six weeks before
commercial harvest. The last week coincided with the
beginning of the commercial harvest for long-term storage
(ARGENTA; MONDARDO, 1994). Fruit were harvested
in 2014 from four ‘Gala’ strains (‘Galaxy’, ‘Maxi Gala’,
‘Imperial Gala’ and ‘Royal Gala’) produced on two
rootstocks (M9 and Marubakaido with M9 interstock)
and three growing regions (Caçador-SC, São JoaquimSC and Vacaria-RS). The experiment was conducted in a
randomized block design with 3 blocks and 10 trees per
block. Each block represented the combinations among
genotype x rootstock x growing region. In each block,
10 fruit (1 fruit per plant) were harvested in the middle
height of the trees and were assessed for DMC, flesh
firmness, soluble solids (SS) and starch index (SI) one
day after harvest.
Experiment 2: DMC and apple maturity indexes
were assessed one day after harvest, and fruit quality
attributes were assessed after storage. The fruit were
harvested at the commercial maturity for long-term
storage, based on the starch index. Fruit were harvested
in 2014 from four ‘Gala’ strains (‘Galaxy’, ‘Maxi Gala’,
‘Imperial Gala’ and ‘Royal Gala’) produced on two
rootstocks (M9 and Marubakaido with M9 interstock)
and three growing regions (Caçador-SC, São JoaquimSC and Vacaria-RS). The experiment was conducted in
a randomized block design with t3 blocks and 10 trees
per block. In each block, 125 fruit were harvested in the
middle height of the trees and were then randomly divided
into five samples of 25 fruit. The fruit were placed on
pressed fiber trays and trays packed inside a cardboard
box. A 25-fruit sample was used for fruit assessments at
harvest, and the other samples were analyzed after 195
days of controlled atmosphere storage (CA; 1.5 kPa O2;
3.0 kPa CO2; 0.7±0.5 oC; RH 92±3%), followed by seven
days in air at 22 °C. Fruit were analyzed for DMC, flesh
firmness, SI, SSC, TA, flesh browning (FB), and decay
incidence. The flesh firmness, SI and SSC data were used
to calculate the Streif index (Streif Index = Firmness/(SI
x SS).
Experiment 3: DMC and physicochemical quality
attributes of ‘Royal Gala’ apples were assessed one day
after harvest and during storage. Fruit were harvested in
two commercial orchards located in Vantage-WA (orchard
1) and Wenatchee-WA (orchard 2) in 2015. The experiment
was conducted using a completely randomized design. In
each orchard, thirty-six single fruit replications were used
to assess fruit quality and physiological disorders after
each storage time. One day after harvest, fruit from each
orchard were randomly sorted and packed onto trays of
18 fruit. The trays were then packed inside a perforated
Rev. Bras. Frutic., Jaboticabal, 2022, v. 44, n. 2: (e-841)
Relationship among dry matter content and maturity indexes at harvest and quality of ‘Gala’ apples after storage
polyethylene bag (10 µm) in a cardboard box (18 kg)
and stored in air at 1±0.5 °C. Assessments of DMC, flesh
firmness, SI, SSC, TA, density, and flesh browning severity
were performed at harvest and after 50, 110 and 194 days
of cold storage, followed by seven days at 22 °C.
Fruit analyses
The maturation and quality indexes were assessed
according to ARGENTA et al. (2021a) for experiments 1
and 2 and according to LEE et al. (2013) for experiment 3.
DMC was estimated in a disc (~ 10 mm thick) with
flesh and skin tissues of cross section removed from the
equatorial region of each fruit. Fresh weight (FW) was
determined immediately after removing the disc from the
fruit. Each disc was oven-dried at 65 oC for 48 hours then
weighed to determine dry weight (DW). The percentage
of DMC of each fruit was determined by multiplying the
DW by 100 and dividing by FW. The density of each fruit
was determined by the ratio between the fresh mass of
the whole fruit and the volume of water displaced from a
graduated cylinder containing 1000 mL of water after the
complete immersion of each fruit.
FB severity was visually analyzed by cutting the
fruit in the equatorial section (at upper edge of the seed
cavity). Severity was scored as 1: absence of symptoms
(clear); 2: 1 to 30% of the cortex with light diffuse
browning; 3: 30 to 60% of the cortex with diffuse lightto-dark browning; or 4: 60 to 100% of the cortex with
diffuse light-to-dark browning.
Statistical analyses
Data of experiment 1 were subjected to linear
regression analysis. For this experiment, data from the four
‘Gala’ strains were pooled because the stability or rate of
changes in DMC and maturity indexes, as a function of
harvest date, were similar for all strains.
For experiment 2, data were subjected to analysis
of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test was used to
evaluate the effects of ‘Gala’ strains and rootstocks,
within each growing region, on DMC at harvest. The
correlation between fruit DMC at harvest and quality traits
after storage were determined by Pearson’s (data with
normal distribution) or Spearman (data without normal
distribution) correlation analyses. In the correlation
analyses, the treatments (genotype x rootstock x growing
region) were used as sources of variation of DMC and
quality indexes in apples.
Data of experiment 3 were subjected to linear
regression analysis to determine changes of DMC and
quality attributes over storage time. The correlation
between physicochemical quality traits and internal
browning incidence after storage was determined by
Spearman correlation analysis.
3
Results and Discussion
Relationship among fruit DMC, maturity indexes
and harvest time (Experiment 1)
The pattern of flesh firmness reduction, as well as
SI and SSC increase during fruit maturation on the tree
was as it has been shown in previous studies (ARGENTA;
MONDARDO, 1994; PLOTTO et al., 1995) and were
similar in the three growing regions and on the two
rootstocks (Figure 1).
The similarity of the maturation pattern of apples
on M-9 dwarf rootstock and on vigorous Marubakaido
rootstocks with M-9 interstock (MKM9) (Figure 1 A,
1B and 1C) suggests that the M-9 interstock reduced
the effect of the MK rootstock vigor on fruit maturation.
Apples produced on dwarf rootstocks usually reach
commercial maturity earlier than apples produced on
vigorous rootstocks (DRAKE et al., 1988; BARDEN and
MARINI, 1992; FALLAHI et al., 2002)
The regression analysis indicated that DMC did
change as a function of harvest date in five of the six
growing region x rootstock combinations (Figure 1D,
1E and 1F). A slight increase in DMC (0.1% per week)
was observed throughout the harvest dates only in apples
produced on MKM9 rootstock in Caçador.
The absence of significant changes in DMC in
the weeks preceding the commercial harvest has also
been observed in ‘Delicious’ and ‘McIntosh’ apples
(SCHECHTER et al., 1993). According to these authors,
significant changes in DMC occur only in the two months
following the period of full bloom, with minimal changes
thereafter until commercial harvest. The stability of DMC
in ‘Gala’ apples in a period characterized by significant
changes in SI, flesh firmness and SSC shows that DMC is
not an adequate index to determine optimum fruit harvest
time (Figure 1), as it has also been reported in other studies
(PALMER et al., 2010). This result differs from those of
studies accomplished with other fruit species, such as
avocado (PAK et al., 2003) and mango (SARANWONG
et al., 2004), where DMC has been recommended as an
important harvest index to ensure high fruit quality to
consumers.
The high positive correlation between DMC in
fruit of first harvest time (immature fruit with SI 1) and
DMC in the fruit of fifth harvest time (mature fruit with SI
3 to 5) (Figure 2), obtained from the combined data of the
three regions and two rootstocks, reinforces the possibility
to predict fruit DMC at the optimum commercial harvest
time using the DMC determined four weeks earlier.
Rev. Bras. Frutic., Jaboticabal, 2022, v. 44, n. 2 (e-841)
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M. J. Vieira et al.
Figure 1. Changes in flesh firmness (FF), starch index (SI) (A, B and C), dry matter content (DMC) and soluble
solids content (SSC) (D, E and F) in ‘Gala’ apple fruit strains during maturation on the tree. The fruit were harvested
from apple trees grafted on M-9 (M9) or Marubakaido rootstocks with M-9 interstock (MKM9) that were cultivated
in Caçador-SC, São Joaquim-SC and Vacaria-RS. Non-significant (ns) or significant regression models: p < 0.001 (***), p < 0.01
(**), p < 0.05 (*).
Rev. Bras. Frutic., Jaboticabal, 2022, v. 44, n. 2: (e-841)
Relationship among dry matter content and maturity indexes at harvest and quality of ‘Gala’ apples after storage
5
Figure 2. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) between the dry matter content (DMC) determined in the fruit five weeks
before the commercial harvest (immature) and fruit at the commercial harvest (mature). Experiment 1 data. The fruit
were harvested from ‘Gala’ strains grafted on M-9 or Marubakaido rootstocks with M-9 interstock that were cultivated
in Caçador-SC (empty circles), São Joaquim-SC (gray circles) and Vacaria-RS (black circles). n = 72.
***: Significant correlation coefficient (p < 0.001).
Relationship among fruit DMC and quality at
harvest and after storage (Experiment 2)
The correlation between fruit DMC at harvest and
quality varied according to the time of analysis (at harvest
or after storage) and quality traits (Figure 3). Fruit DMC
had a positive correlation with mass, flesh firmness and
SSC at harvest (Figures 3A, 3B and 3C). DMC determined
at harvest also showed a positive correlation with TA and
SSC but not with flesh firmness after storage (Figures
3D, 3E and 3F).
Additionally, fruit DMC determined at harvest was
negatively correlated with SI and positively correlated
with the Streif index (P < 0.001) that is calculated based on
the flesh firmness, starch index and soluble solids content
at harvest (Figure 4).
The correlation index between DMC and SSC
ranged from 61% at harvest to 76% after storage, similarly
to that observed for ‘Royal Gala’ apples (MCGLONE et
al., 2003; PALMER et al., 2010) and ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit
(PALMER, 2007; CRISOSTO et al., 2012). The increase
in the correlation index between DMC and SSC after
storage is due, in part, to the increase in SSC after harvest
associated with starch hydrolysis (PALMER, 2007;
CRISOSTO et al., 2012). These results are consistent
with those for apple (MCGLONE et al., 2003; PALMER
et al., 2010), kiwi (FALLAHI et al., 2002; PALMER,
2007; CRISOSTO et al., 2012), avocado (GAMBLE et al.,
2010) and mango (PADDA et al., 2011), which indicate
that fruit DMC at harvest can be a useful index to predict
SSC after storage.
The relationship between DMC and TA observed
in this study (Figure 3D) agrees with results reported
for ‘Royal Gala’ and ‘Scifresh’ apples (PALMER et al.,
2010) and for ‘Hayward’ kiwi (CRISOSTO et al., 2012;
FAMIANI et al., 2012). The greater positive correlation
between fruit DMC and SSC, in relation to TA, can be
associated with the fact that 60 to 70% of the apple DMC
is composed of carbohydrates (PALMER, 2007), while
organic acid content is only about 8.7% in ripe fruit (SUNI
et al., 2000).
The correlation between apple DMC assessed at
harvest and flesh firmness at harvest and or after storage
is variable. PALMER et al. (2010) observed a significant
relationship between DMC at harvest and flesh firmness
after storage for ‘SciFresh’ apples, but not for ‘Royal Gala’
apples from different orchards.
Rev. Bras. Frutic., Jaboticabal, 2022, v. 44, n. 2 (e-841)
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M. J. Vieira et al.
Figure 3. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) between fruit dry matter content (DMC) at harvest and weight (A),
flesh firmness (B and E), soluble solids content (C and F) or titratable acidity (D) at harvest and or after storage. The
fruit were harvested from ‘Gala’ strains grafted on M-9 or Marubakaido rootstocks with M-9 interstock that were
cultivated in Caçador-SC (empty circles), São Joaquim-SC (gray circles) and Vacaria-RS (black circles). n = 72.
Correlation coefficient not significant (ns) or significant: p < 0.001 (***), p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.05 (*).
Figure 4. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) between fruit dry matter content (DMC) and starch index (SI) (A) or
Streif index (B) at harvest. The fruit were harvested from ‘Gala’ strains grafted on M-9 or Marubakaido rootstocks
with M-9 interstock that were cultivated in Caçador-SC (empty circles), São Joaquim-SC (gray circles) and VacariaRS (black circles). n = 72. Correlation coefficient not significant (ns) or significant: p < 0.001 (***), p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.05 (*).
Rev. Bras. Frutic., Jaboticabal, 2022, v. 44, n. 2: (e-841)
Relationship among dry matter content and maturity indexes at harvest and quality of ‘Gala’ apples after storage
Stratifying the DMC of ‘Imperial Gala’ apples
into five classes (class 1: <13%; class 5: >16%), SAEI et al.
(2011) observed that fruit with lower DMC had lower flesh
firmness at harvest and a higher rate of flesh firmness loss
during storage, suggesting that DMC accumulation may
be critical for the formation and maintenance of firm flesh
tissues. In addition, PALMER et al. (2010) have suggested
that the higher flesh firmness of fruit with higher DMC
may be associated with higher concentration of structural
components and or higher osmotic pressure due to lower
tissue osmotic potential.
The positive correlation between fruit DMC
assessed at harvest and TA (Figure 3D) or SSC after
storage (Figure 3F) suggests that DMC at harvest can also
be an important index to predict apple sensory quality
after harvest (MCGLONE et al., 2003; PALMER et al.,
2010; CRISOSTO et al., 2012; FAMIANI et al., 2012).
Indeed, higher consumer preference for fruit with higher
DMC has been reported for apple (PALMER et al., 2010),
kiwi (CRISOSTO et al., 2012) and avocado (GAMBLE
et al., 2010).
7
The high correlation of fruit DMC with flesh
firmness and SSC at harvest (Figure 3) and the stability
of DMC during four weeks prior to commercial harvest
(Figure 1) suggests that early apple DMC could be used
to predict SSC and TA at harvest.
The incidence of fruit with flesh browning ranged
from 3.7% to 36% depending on the genotype, rootstock
and growing region. There was no significant correlation
between apple DMC at harvest and the incidence of flesh
browning (P < 0.05). Among the variables analyzed after
storage, flesh firmness was the one that had the highest
correlation with flesh browning incidence (r = -0.65; p <
0.001).
Apple DMC was similar among genotypes and
there was no significant effect of the interaction between
genotypes and rootstock for fruit DMC in each growing
region (Table 1). Fruit DMC differences between
rootstocks were observed only in Vacaria, where the M9
rootstock resulted in about 0.7% higher DMC, compared
to the MKM9 rootstock.
Table 1. Fruit dry matter content (DMC) at harvest of ‘Gala’ strains (Galaxy, Imperial Gala, Maxi Gala, Royal Gala),
grafted on M-9 or Marubakaido rootstocks with M-9 interstock, (MKM9) cultivated in Caçador-SC, São Joaquim-SC
and Vacaria-RS. Comparisons were accomplished for each region separately.
Caçador
Vacaria
São Joaquim
Strain
M9
MKM9
M9
MKM9
M9
MKM9
Galaxy
13.4
14.6
13.1
13.1
12.5
12.6
Imperial Gala
15.0
15.5
13.1
12.6
13.1
12.1
Maxi Gala
14.8
14.8
13.0
12.2
13.2
12.2
14.7
15.0
12.8
12.5
13.6
12.3
Royal Gala
Average
14.5
15.0
13.0
12.6
13.0A
12.3B
Standard deviation
1.5
1.4
1.0
0.8
1.4
1.6
Variation source
Significance*
Strain (S)
0.1917
0.5395
0.8940
Rootstock (R)
0.2158
0.1615
0.0401
S*R
0.6851
0.7807
0.5510
* p values obtained in the ANOVA F test to assess the significance of the effects of ‘Strain’ and ‘Rootstock’.
The absence of a consistent rootstock effect on
fruit DMC accumulation has also been reported by
SCHECHTER et al. (1993) in ‘Delicious’ and ‘McIntosh’
apples harvested from plants grafted on MM106 (semidwarf) or MM111 (semi-vigorous) rootstocks. FALLAHI
et al. (2002) have observed that rootstock can influence
carbon assimilation in ‘Fuji’ trees, being higher in plants
with M-9 (dwarf), compared to M-7 (semi-dwarf) and
M-26 (dwarf) rootstocks, although the effects were highly
affected by the year.
Orchard practices (e.g., pruning and thinning) can
also influence carbohydrate partitioning and, consequently,
the accumulation of dry matter in the fruit. Results of the
present study show a trend towards higher DMC with
increasing apple size (Figure 3A). Likewise, fruit grown
on trees with lower crop load are larger and have a higher
DMC than those grown on trees with higher crop load
(PALMER et al., 1997; WÜNSCHE et al., 2005; SAEI
et al., 2011).
Relationship among fruit DMC, quality, and
storage period (Experiment 3)
At harvest, fruit from orchards 1 and 2 had flesh
firmness of 80.4 N and 69.8 N (Figure 5A), and SI of
3.5 and 4.5 (Scale 1 to 6), respectively, indicating a
more advanced maturity of fruit harvested in orchard 2,
compared to fruit harvested in orchard 1.
Rev. Bras. Frutic., Jaboticabal, 2022, v. 44, n. 2 (e-841)
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M. J. Vieira et al.
Figure 5. Flesh firmness (A), titratable acidity (TA) and density (B), dry matter (DMC) and soluble solids (SS) contents
(C) and severity of flesh browning (D) in ‘Royal Gala’ apples stored for 194 days at 1 °C plus seven days at 22 °C.
Fruit were harvested in two commercial orchards in Vantage, WA (O1) and Wenatchee, WA (O2).
Apple DMC decreased by approximately 0.8% in
fruit from orchard 1 and 1.1% in fruit from orchard 2,
during the 194 days of storage at 1 °C plus seven days at
22 oC. Although fruit density showed no change during
the first 110 days of storage, it decreased from the 110th
to the 194th day of storage, for both orchards (Figure 5B).
The reduction in apple density during storage is possibly
related to the alteration of the cell wall components,
especially the middle lamella, associated with the increase
in the intercellular space (HARKER et al., 1997).
Flesh firmness and TA decreased during storage of
apples from both orchards (Figures 4A and 4B), while SSC
increased in the first 50 days and decreased from the 50th
to the 194th day of storage, in fruit from orchard 1 (Figure
5C). In fruit from orchard 2, SSC remained stable up to
110 days of storage and then decreased in a similar pattern
as observed in fruit from orchard 1. Flesh browning (FB)
was observed in fruit from orchard 1 and 2 from 110 and
194 days of storage, respectively (Figure 5D).
Rev. Bras. Frutic., Jaboticabal, 2022, v. 44, n. 2: (e-841)
Apple DMC after storage had no significant
correlation with flesh browning and SS content in fruit
from orchard 1 (Table 2). Although statistically significant,
the correlation between DMC and flesh browning was very
low in fruit from orchard 2. Flesh firmness and TA were
negatively correlated with incidence of flesh browning
after 194 days of storage (Table 2). Correlation coefficients
between flesh firmness and FB ranged from 57% to 68%
after 194 days of storage, depending on the orchard. The
relationship between flesh firmness at harvest and quality
of ‘Gala’ apples after storage has been reported in previous
studies (ARGENTA; MONDARDO, 1994; PLOTTO
et al., 1995; JOHNSTON et al., 2002; PALMER et al.,
2010; SAEI et al., 2011) and has been used to segregate
apple batches according to the storage potential under
commercial conditions.
Relationship among dry matter content and maturity indexes at harvest and quality of ‘Gala’ apples after storage
9
Table 2. Spearman’s correlation coefficient between physicochemical attributes at harvest and flesh browning severity
(1-4) in ‘Gala’ apples stored for 195 days at 1 °C plus seven days at 22 °C (n = 144, for each orchard).
Flesh Browning (1-4)
Variable
Orchard 1
Orchard 2
Flesh firmness (N)
-0.68***
-0.57***
Soluble solids content (%)
-0.17ns
-0.38**
Titratable acidity
-0.64***
-0.60***
3
Density (g/cm )
-0.55***
-0.51***
Dry matter content (%)
-0.07ns
-0.29***
Correlation coefficient not significant (ns) or significant (*** = p < 0.001; ** = p < 0.01).
Flesh browning severity was negatively correlated
with apple density (Table 2). This result agrees with those
of LEE et al. (2013), who observed a relationship between
mass reduction, increase in circumference and increase
in flesh browning in ‘Gala’ apples after six months of
storage. These studies suggest that automated density
measurements in sorting machines could be useful to
exclude ‘Gala’ apples presenting high risk of internal flesh
browning incidence.
Flesh browning is the second major cause of
production losses of ‘Galas’ apple during commercial
storage (ARGENTA et al., 2021b). The negative
correlation between flesh firmness and FB indicates
that this disorder is an expression of deterioration by
senescence (LEE et al., 2013; ARGENTA et al., 2018).
However, the development of this disorder in ‘Gala’ apples
could also be an expression of chilling injury (LEE et al.,
2013; MAZZURANA et al., 2016).
In summary, the absence of changes in DMC during
the final stages of growth and development of ‘Gala’
apples on the tree, when significant changes occurred in
flesh firmness, starch index and soluble solids content,
indicates that DMC is not a useful index for determining
fruit maturity and optimum harvest time. The DMC of
‘Gala’ apples at harvest had a positive correlation with
flesh firmness at harvest, but it had no correlation with
flesh firmness and flesh browning after storage. Therefore,
DMC at harvest also does not seem to be an adequate index
to predict the storage potential of ‘Gala’ apples. However,
the positive correlation between DMC at harvest and
SSC and TA after storage indicates that DMC at harvest
can be a useful index to predict the sensory quality of
‘Gala’ apples after storage. The DMC was similar for
all ‘Gala’ strains evaluated in this study. The results also
confirmed the significant negative correlation between
flesh firmness and flesh browning in ‘Gala’ apples and a
negative correlation between fruit density at harvest and
flesh browning after storage.
Conclusions
The dry matter content (DMC) remains constant,
whereas flesh firmness decreases, and starch index and
soluble solids contents increase significantly during ‘Gala’
apples maturation on the tree. Therefore, the DMC is not
a useful index for monitoring fruit maturation on the tree
or predicting the harvest time of ‘Gala’ apples.
Fruit DMC at harvest is positively correlated with
flesh firmness, SS and TA at harvest, as well as SS and
TA after storage. However, there is no correlation between
DMC at harvest and flesh firmness and flesh browning
after storage.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Capes and the
US Forest Service for the scholarship granted to the first
author, as well as FAPESC and FINEP for the financial
support to this study.
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