--Standard device on thousands of inscriptions of Indus Script Corpora is rebus 1: कण्ठालः kaṇṭhālaḥ सांगड sāṅgaḍa 'Maritime canoe-float'; rebus 2: कण्ठालः kaṇṭhālaḥ ചങ്ങാതം caṅṅātam, jangaḍiyo 'maritme military treasure guard' This is an addendum to: RV 9.16 to RV 9.50 यज्ञ सुतिः sutiḥ Extraction of Soma juice by सोतार Sotāra, Soma pressers https://tinyurl.com/55phan2k jangaḍ Bhāratīya accounting, a well-settled system in jurisprudence, for mercantile transactions evidenced on Indus Script hypertexts https://tinyurl.com/ya8t7wyw There is a remarkable statement in Tolkappiyam an ancient text of Sangam period: பொய்யும் வழுவும் தோன்றியபின்னர் அய்யர் யாத்தனர் கரணம் என்ப (தொல் காப்பியம் பொருள் அதிகாரம்) When falsehood and deception came into vogue, the Brahmin scholars codified the accounting system. An ancient Near East accounting system was jangaḍ. The system of jangaḍ simply meant 'goods on approval' with the agent -- like the Meluhhan merchant-agents or brokers living in settlements in ancient near East -- merely responsible for showing the goods to the intended buyers. H جاکڙ जाकड़ jākaṛ [fr. S. यतं+कृ; cf. jakaṛnā], s.m. A deposit or pledge left with a vendor for goods brought away for inspection or approval; goods taken from a shop for approval, a deposit or pledge being left; a conditional purchase; articles taken on commission sale;—adv. On inspection, for approval:—jākaṛ-bahī, s.f. Account book of sales subject to approval of goods, &c.:—jākaṛ bećnā, v.t. To sell conditionally, or subject to approval:—jākaṛ le jānā, v.t. To take away goods on inspection, or for approval, leaving a deposit or pledge with the vendor. (Urdu) Goods were couriered and delivered by consignor on entrustment basis for the consignee to make the settlements AFTER the goods are finally sold to third parties. Such an accounting system was called jangaḍ. The couriers who effect the delivery of the goods are called jangaḍiyo. In old Gujarati, the term jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’. The term sanghāḍiyo 'a worker on a lathe' (Gujarati) The standard device is NOT a strainer or sieve combination but a combination of a lathe, gimlet, churning container and सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) That member of a turner's apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied. सांगडीस धरणें To take into linkedness or close connection with, lit. fig. See item 6 in the line-drawing provided by I. Mahadevan. Rebus reading is: jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’ (Gujarati); ചങ്ങാതം caṅṅātam 'guard' (Malayalam) Thus, the device is signifier of maritime trade in lapidary and metalworker artifacts from Meluhha. It is called सांगड sāṅgaḍa A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together.Rebus: सांगड्या sāṅgaḍyā a sometimes सांगडी a That works a सांगड or canoe-float.(Marathi)ചങ്ങാടം caṅṅāṭam čaṇṇāḍam (Tu. ജംഗാല, Port. Jangada). Ferryboat, junction of 2 boats. ച. കെ ട്ടുക; ച'ത്തില്‍ കേററി TR. തോണികള്‍ ച' ങ്ങള്‍ വഞ്ചികള്‍ പടവുകള്‍ Bhr. also rafts.ചങ്ങാതം caṅṅātam čaṇṇāδam (Tdbh.; സംഘാതം) 1. Convoy, guard; responsible Nāyar guide through foreign territories. ച. പോരുക to accompany as such. ച. പോന്ന വാരിയര്‍, എന്നെ ച'വും കൂട്ടി അയച്ചു TR. कण्ठालः kaṇṭhālaḥ 'maritime' PLUS jangaḍiyo 'maritme military treasure guard' Rebus 2: sanghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (G.) san:ghāḍo, saghaḍī (G.) = firepan; saghaḍī, śaghaḍi = a pot for holding fire (G.) sãghāṛɔ m. ‘lathe’ (G.) I submit that lapidaries were encasing precious stones in metal artifacts: Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold.(DEDR 1725) The parts can be explained: 1. Hook to hold the lathe; kunda 'lathe' rebus: kundana 'fine gold'; 2, 3, 4: Zig-zag lines signify to-and-fro circular motion of the lathe; 5. gimlet बरमा baramā, बरम्हा baramhā m ( H) A kind of auger, gimlet, or drill worked with a string.Ta. purai tubular hollow, tube, pipe, windpipe. Tu. perevuni to be bored, perforated; perepini to bore, perforate; burma, burmu a gimlet; berpuri a borer. (DEDR 4297); 6. सांगड sāṅgaḍa That member of a turner's apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied. सांगडीस धरणें To take into linkedness or close connection with, lit. fig.; 8. churning container: कण्ठालः kaṇṭhālaḥ 1 A boat. -2 A spade, hoe. -3 War. -4 A camel... -6 A churning vessel. -7 A bag. -ला A churning vessel.कण्ठीलः kaṇṭhīlaḥ A camel. -लः, -ला A churning vessel. (Apte); 9. dotted circle 'gold bead':*pōttī ʻ glass bead ʼ.Pk. pottī -- f. ʻ glass ʼ; S. pūti f. ʻ glass bead ʼ, P. pot f.; N. pote ʻ long straight bar of jewelry ʼ; B. pot ʻ glass bead ʼ, puti, pũti ʻ small bead ʼ; Or. puti ʻ necklace of small glass beads ʼ; H. pot m. ʻ glass bead ʼ, G. M. pot f.; -- Bi. pot ʻ jeweller's polishing stone ʼ rather than < pōtrá -- 1.10.. Pebbles:गोटी [ gōṭī ], gōṭā 'round pebble, stone' Rebus: goṭā ''laterite, ferrite ore''gold braid' ; 11, 12. Flagstaff: dhvajapaṭa m. ʻ flag ʼ Kāv. [dhvajá -- , paṭa -- ]Pk. dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻ flag ʼ, OG. dhayavaḍa m. Rebus: Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic (CDIAL 6773) Thus, the device is signifier of maritime trade in lapidary and metalworker artifacts from Meluhha. It is called सांगड sāṅgaḍa A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together.Rebus: सांगड्या sāṅgaḍyā a sometimes सांगडी a That works a सांगड or canoe-float.(Marathi)ചങ്ങാടം caṅṅāṭam čaṇṇāḍam (Tu. ജംഗാല, Port. Jangada). Ferryboat, junction of 2 boats. ച. കെ ട്ടുക; ച'ത്തില്‍ കേററി TR. തോണികള്‍ ച' ങ്ങള്‍ വഞ്ചികള്‍ പടവുകള്‍ Bhr. also rafts.ചങ്ങാതം caṅṅātam čaṇṇāδam (Tdbh.; സംഘാതം) 1. Convoy, guard; responsible Nāyar guide through foreign territories. ച. പോരുക to accompany as such. ച. പോന്ന വാരിയര്‍, എന്നെ ച'വും കൂട്ടി അയച്ചു TR. h2006b कण्ठालः kaṇṭhālaḥ 'churning vessel' Rebus: कण्ठालः kaṇṭhālaḥ 'maritime' PLUS सांगड sāṅgaḍa 'lathe, joined parts' Rebus: ചങ്ങാതം caṅṅātam, jangaḍiyo 'maritme military treasure guard' PLUS కమ్మటము (p. 0247) [ kammaṭamu ] Same as కమటము. కమ్మటీడు kammaṭīḍu. [Tel.] A man of the goldsmith caste. కామాటము (p. 0272) [ kāmāṭamu ] kāmāṭamu. [Tel.] n. Rough work. మోటుపని. R. viii. కామాటి kāmāṭi. n. A labourer, a pioneer. adj. Rustic. Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner(DEDR 1236) Rebus 2: కమటము (p. 0246) [ kamaṭamu ] kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals. అగసాలెవాని కుంపటి. "చ కమటము కట్లెసంచియొరగల్లును గత్తెర సుత్తె చీర్ణముల్ ధమనియుస్రావణంబు మొలత్రాసును బట్టెడ నీరుకారు సా నము పటుకారు మూస బలునాణె పరీక్షల మచ్చులాదిగా నమరగభద్రకారక సమాహ్వయు డొక్కరుడుండు నప్పురిన్" హంస. ii. Rebus 3: కమతము (p. 0246) [ kamatamu ] or కమ్మతము kamatamu. [Tel. n. Partnership. అనేకులు చేరిచేయుసేద్యము. The cultivation which an owner carries on with his own farming stock. Labour, tillage. కృషి, వ్యవసాయము. కమతకాడు or కమతీడు or కమతగాడు a labourer, or slave employed in tillage.కమ్మతము (p. 0247) [ kammatamu ] Same as కమతము. కమ్మతీడు Same as కమతకాడు. kunda 'lathe' rebus: kundan 'fine gold' The bottom register may also signify as a semantic determinative: a vessel for coals (Ramayana); fire-bowl (for consecrated fire).kunḍa 'bowl for coals'. अग्निः [अङ्गति ऊर्ध्वं गच्छति अङ्ग्-नि,नलोपश्च Uṇ.4.5., or fr. अञ्च् 'to go.'] 1 Fire Sacrificial altar, अग्निकुण्ड cf. Rām. 1.14.28. कुण्ड् kuṇḍ कुण्ड् I. 1 Ā. 1 To burn. -2 To eat, -3 To heap. कुण्डः डी डम् kuṇḍḥ ḍī ḍam कुण्डः डी डम् [cf. Uṇ.1.112] 1 A bowl-shaped vessel, a basin, bowl. -2 A round hole in the ground for receiving and preserving water. बलं नागसहस्रस्य यस्मि- न्कुण्डे प्रतिष्ठितम् Mb.1.128.68. -3 A hole in general; अग्निकुण्डम्. -4 A pool, well; especially one consecrated to some deity or holy purpose. -5 The bowl of a mendicant. -6 A water-jar (कमण्डलु). (Apte) *kāra5 ʻ live coal ʼ. [Cf. *skāra -- , kṣārá -- 1]Sh. gil. kã̄rṷ m. ʻ charcoal ʼ, (Lor.) kāre (m. pl.?).(CDIAL 3055) I suggest that the rebus readings in Meluhha demonstrate that the 'standard device' signifies 'turner's lathe'.କୁନ୍ଦକର— Kundakara ସଂ. ବି. (କୁନ୍ଦ+କୃ ଧାତୁ+କର୍ତ୍ତୃ. ଅ)— କୁନ୍ଦିବା ୟନ୍ତ୍ରରେ କାମ କଲାବାଲା କାରିଗର— A turner.କୁନ୍ଦକାରକ— Kundakāraka ସଂ. ବି. (କୁନ୍ଦ+କୃ ଧାତୁ+କର୍ତ୍ତୃ. ଅକ)— କୁନ୍ଦକର (ଦେଖ) Kundakara (See) କୁନ୍ଦଗର— Kundagara [synonym(s): কুন্দকী कुंदमसाज] ଦେ. ବି. (ସଂ. କୁନ୍ଦକର)— 1। କୁନ୍ଦକରିବା କାରିଗର— 1. A turner. 2। କୁନ୍ଦନ କାମ କରିବା ବଣିଆ—2. A goldsmith adept in the art of setting precious stones on gold leaves.(Oriya) কুন্দ kunda a (turner's) lathe. ̃কার n. a turner. ̃ Rebus: kunda 'fine gold' kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra -- : kunda -- 1, kará -- 1] A. kundār, B. kũdār, ˚ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, ˚rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ.(CDIAL 3297) h2022b kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace' h2022c A pair of two linear strokes constitute the circumscript for the 'bead' hieroglyph: pot 'bead' rebus: potr̥, 'purifier of metals', potadāra, poddār 'assayer of metals into the treasury'; pota 'metal infusion' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, metal caster, assayer purifier of metal. Hypertext: A pair of standard devices: dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

m1405 (SideA) is proof that Indus script decipherment has to explain all pictorial narratives, be they classified as 'signs' or as 'pictorial motifs or field symbols'. Side B of m1405 shows a rhinoceos and a tiger in procession. If the water-carrier ligatured to rim of jar is deciphered, the trough in front of the ox should also be deciphered. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/05/rebus-as-orthographic-metaphor-in-indus.html Plano convex molded tablet showing an individual spearing a water buffalo with one foot pressing the head down and one arm holding the tip of a horn. A gharial is depicted above the sacrifice scene and a figure seated in yogic position, wearing a horned headdress, looks on. The horned headdress has a branch with three prongs or leaves emerging from the center. On the reverse, a female is battling two tigers and standing above an elephant. A single Indus script depicting a spoked wheel is above the head of the deity. Material: terra cotta Dimensions: 3.91 length, 1.5 to 1.62 cm width Harappa, Lot 4651-01 Harappa Museum, H95-2486 Molded terracotta tablet with a narrative scene of a man in a tree with a tiger looking back over its shoulder. The tablet is broken, but was made with the same mold. The reverse of the same molded terra cotta tablet shows a woman grappling with two tigers and standing above an elephant. http://www.sindhishaan.com/gallery/manuscripts.html Such narratives get repeated on inmultiple Harappa tablets. A vivid Meluhha hieroglyph 'overflowing pot' has rebus-metonymy reading: metal tools, pots and pans. Orthographic accent is on the rim of the pot and water overflow from the pot. kanda kanka (karNika) 'pot, rim of jar' rebus: khaNDa 'implements' PLUS karNi 'Supercargo, in charge of trading merchandise on seafaring vessel'. kANDa 'water'. lo 'overflow (pot)' rebus: loh 'copper'. lokhaNDa 'metal implements'. Thus, the karNi, karNika, 'Supercargo' is in charge of metal implements merchandise. காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < காண்டம்² kāṇṭam n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16).. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16) (Tamil) Rebus: khāṇḍa 'tools, weapons, vessels' (Marathi) [Note: On some of the Ancient Near East cylinder seal representations, the flowing water, overflowing pot are augmented by swimming fish, suggesting that 'fish' hieroglyph should also be taken as part of the message: ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'] lo ‘overflowing’ PLUS kand 'pot' Rebus: lōkhaṇḍa लोहोलोखंड [lōhōlōkhaṇḍa] n (लोह & लोखंड) Iron tools, vessels, or articles in general. (Marathi) kárṇikā f. ʻround protuberanceʼ Suśr.(CDIAL 2849); kanka ‘rim of jar’ (Santali) Rebus: kárṇi 'supercargo' (Marathi) kárṇika ‘scribe, accountant’. Mohenjo-daro pectoral would have been worn like the pectoral shown on an Egyptian statuary (ca. 525 BCE). Détail du pectoral de la statue de Iâhmessaneith, le représentant faisant une offrande à la déesse Neith - XXVIe dynastie égyptienne - Musée du Louvre. The Mohenjo-daro pectoral signifies -- as a metalwork catalog-- the functional responsibility of the wearer as turner and supercargo, i.e. maker of metal implements and in-charge of cargo on a seafaring merchant vessel. m1656 Mohenjodro Pectoral. Carnelian. kanda kanka 'rim of pot' (Santali) rebus: kanda 'fire-altar' khaNDa 'implements' PLUS karNaka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNi 'Supercargo, scribe' PLUS semantic determinant: kANDa 'water' rebus: khaNDa 'implements'. In the context of semantics of karNi 'supercargo', it is possible to decipher the standard device sangaDa 'lathe' rebus: jangada 'double-canoe' as a seafaring merchant vessel. The suffix -karnika signifies a 'maker'. Kāraṇika [der. fr. prec.] the meaning ought to be "one who is under a certain obligation" or "one who dispenses certain obligations." In usu˚ S ii.257 however used simply in the sense of making: arrow -- maker, fletcher (Pali). kāraṇika m. ʻ teacher ʼ MBh., ʻ judge ʼ Pañcat. [kā- raṇa -- ]Pa. usu -- kāraṇika -- m. ʻ arrow -- maker ʼ; Pk. kāraṇiya -- m. ʻ teacher of Nyāya ʼ; S. kāriṇī m. ʻ guardian, heir ʼ; N. kārani ʻ abettor in crime ʼ; M. kārṇī m. ʻ prime minister, supercargo of a ship ʼ, kul -- karṇī m. ʻ village accountant ʼ. (CDIAL 3058) "Fletching (also known as a flight or feather) is the aerodynamic stabilization of arrows or darts with materials such as feathers, each piece of which is referred to as a fletch. A fletcher is a person who attaches the fletching.The word is related to the French word flèche, meaning "arrow", via Old French; the ultimate root is Frankish fliukka." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletching Perhaps the reading should be ˚kāraka. (Pali) Similarly, khaNDa Kāraṇika can be semantically explained as 'implements maker'. The pectoral thus signifies the profession of an implements-maker and a supercargo, merchant's representative on the merchant vessel taking charge of the cargo and the trade of the cargo. Hieroglyph: sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'.(Gujarati).Rebus: Vajra Sanghāta 'binding together' (Varahamihira) *saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ. [*gaḍha -- ]L. sãgaṛh m. ʻ line of entrenchments, stone walls for defence ʼ.(CDIAL 12845). సంగడము (p. 1279) [ saṅgaḍamu ] A raft or boat made of two canoes fastened side by side. రెండుతాటి. బొండులు జతగాకట్టినతెప్ప சங்கடம்² caṅkaṭam, n. < Port. jangada. Ferry-boat of two canoes with a platform thereon; இரட்டைத்தோணி. (J.) G. sãghāṛɔ m. ʻ lathe ʼ; M. sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus ʼ, m.f. ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼsaṁghāṭa m. ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R. [√ghaṭ] LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ),sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ lathe ʼ; Si. san̆gaḷa ʻ pair ʼ, han̆guḷa, an̆g° ʻ double canoe, raft ʼ.(CDIAL 12859) Cangavāra [cp. Tamil canguvaḍa a dhoney, Anglo-- Ind. ḍoni, a canoe hollowed from a log, see also doṇi] a hollow vessel, a bowl, cask M i.142; J v.186 (Pali) Hieroglyph: खोंड (p. 216) [khōṇḍa] m A young bull, a bullcalf; खोंडा [ khōṇḍā ] m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. खोंडरूं [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form of खोंडा in the sense of कांबळा-cowl (Marathi. Molesworth); kōḍe dūḍa bull calf (Telugu); kōṛe 'young bullock' (Konda)Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali) kāṇḍam காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16). Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘metal tools, pots and pans’ (Marathi) (B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. @B24310. #20851. Re(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See`to be left over'. (Munda ) Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi) The hieroglyph clearly refers to the metal tools, pots and pans of copper. Some examples of 'overflowing pot' metaphors on Ancient Near East artifacts, cylinder seals:

A cartouche with 24 dots on a faience tablet of Harappa is deciphered with the dots signifying खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). I suggest that the jagged shaping of the faience tablet, variant shape of a ficus glomerata leaf loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper' --is a signifier -- a semantic determinant -- of this word, khāṇḍā 'A jag, notch' rebus: lokhāṇḍā 'metal implements'. The implements could be weapons because the tree hieroglyph on the obverse of the tablet is: kuṭhāra 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer'.कुठारु [p= 289,1] an armourer L. (Monier-Williams) A unique leaf-shaped, mold-made faience tablet or standard with jagged edges (H2000-4483/2342-01) was found in the eroded levels west of the tablet workshop in Trench 54. On one side is a short inscription under a rectangular box filled with 24 dots. The reverse has a narrative scene with two bulls fighting under a thorny tree. https://www.harappa.com/category/slide-subject/narrative Metalwork documentation of extraordinary fidelity is realized by ancient artisans among Bhāratam Janam, 'metalcaster folk'. The assemblage of 24 dots are viewed as a pair of 12 dots. The group of 12 dots as a unit of meaning is a tradition of counting using 12 phalanges of a palm. Karl Menninger cites a remarkable instance. In the Bhāratiya tradition, finger signals were used to settle the price for a trade transaction. Finger gestures were a numeric Meluhha cipher (mlecchita vikalpa)! A pearl merchant of South India settling price for a pearl using finger gestures under a handkerchief. Cited in Karl Menninger, 1969, Number words and number symbols: a cultural history of numbers, MIT Press, p.212. http://tinyurl.com/26ze95s Sign 121, Sign 121 variants, The number words in the 24 dots or a pair of 12 dots or notches are identified in three groups (rows) of four notched/dots on each row. gaṇḍā 'an aggregate of four' rebus: khāṇḍā 'implements' as in lokhāṇḍā 'metal implements' kolmo 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. Thus, three groups (rows) of four dots/notches in each row are read as: kolami khāṇḍā 'smithy (for) implements'. A pair of 12 dots/notches (as a group) is signified by dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, a pair of 12 dots/notches or a total of 24 dots/notches in a cartouche signifiy dul kolami khāṇḍā, 'cast metal weapons, implements smithy' Sign 122 (Mahadevan concordance). That the twelve notches in three rows is a hieroglyph is further exemplified by hypertext Sign 122 which combines parenthetical marks to enclose the set of 3 rows of 4 notches in each row, i.e., a total of 12 notches. The use of parenthesis is also shown on the famous Gadd Seal of a water-carrier flanked by two stars and two parenthetical marks. Thus, the use of parenthetical marks in hypertext Sign 122 indicates that the twelve 'notches' are NOT a numeric count but a hieroglyph word read rebus to signify meaning. Parenthetical marks are a split lozenge which is the shape of an ingot. The word for an ingot is mũh, muha ̃ 'ingot' or muha ̃ 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' Thus, together, the hypertext of Sign 122 reads:dul kolami khāṇḍā mũh, 'cast metal, weapons, implements, ingots smithy' Gadd Seal 1 of water-carrier found in Ur confirms the hieroglyphic nature of the writing system. This hypertext Sign 15 is composed of two hieroglyphs: 1. rim of jar' 2. water-carrier For Sign 15, the hypertext transfer protocol is: Step 1: kuṭi 'water-carrier' (Telugu) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' (Santali). Thus, the reading of plain text is: supercargo (a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale) of smelter (output), scribed (accounted) Step 2: mēḍha ] ‘polar star‘ rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Santali.Ho.Munda) dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. PLUS (treating parenthetical marks as split lozenge to signify an ingot) mũh, muha ̃ 'ingot' or muha ̃ 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' Thus, together, the hypertext on Gadd seal reads: dul mẽṛhẽt mũh kuṭhi 'cast iron ingot smelter' खांडा (p. 116) khāṇḍā m A kind of sword, straight, broad-bladed, two-edged, and round-ended. 2 A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).(Marathi). खाडा (p. 116) khāḍā m Intermission, a break, a gap, a vacant day. Ex. त्या कामास चार रोज खाडा पडला; त्या महिन्यांत तुझे चार खाडे झाले. 2 A hole, pit, hollow, any sunken or depressed spot.खांड (p. 116) khāṇḍa f (खंड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound; a crack or fissure in a wall &c. 2 A jag, indentation, denticulation. 3 A gap in the teeth. (Marathi) गंडा (p. 124) gaṇḍā m An aggregate of four (cowries or pice).(Marathi) कांडें (p. 86) kāṇḍēṃ n (कांड S) A joint or knot, an articulation. 2 The portion included between two knots, an internodation. 3 A piece (as of sugarcane or bamboo) comprising three or four knots. 4 The whole stem or trunk of a plant, or esp. up to the shooting of the branches. (Marathi) Such dots are seen on many metallic artefacts of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. Rectangle with 24 dots on Harappa faience tablet; deciphered: metalcasting artisans dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS baroṭi 'twelve' Rebus: bharata 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'. Thus together, copper-pewter-tin-alloy metal casting. PLUS कारु [ kāru 'twelve' Rebus: 'artisans' Thus, metal casting artisans. Hieroglyph: A pair of twelve dots: dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS कारु [ kāru ] m (S) A common term for the twelve बलुतेदार q. v. Also कारुनारु m pl q. v. in नारुकारु. Rebus: कारु [ kāru ] m (S) An artificer or artisan. बाराकारू (p. 576) [ bārākārū ] m pl The twelve कारू or बलतेदार. See बलुतेदार.बलोतें, बलोतेदार, बलोता or त्या (p. 567) [ balōtē, mbalōtēdāra, balōtā or tyā ] Commonly बलुतें &c. Hieroglyph: गोटा [ gōṭā ] m A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble (of stone, lac, wood &c.) Rebus 1: खोट (p. 212) [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge. Rebus 2: goTa 'laterite (ferrous ore)' [ khōṭasāḷa ] a (खोट & साळ from शाला) Alloyed--a metal. (Marathi) Bshk. khoṭ ʻ embers ʼ, Phal. khūṭo ʻ ashes, burning coal ʼ; (CDIAL 3931) PLUS कारु [ kāru ] 'twelve' Rebus: 'artisan' dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' Thus, the 24 dots signify: ingot, laterite metalcasting artisan. The faience tablet of Harappa on both sides signifies through hieroglyph-multiplexes a catalogue of metallurgical competence of the metalsmiths, laterite (ferrous) metalcasters. Rebus 2: गोठघोळणी [ gōṭhaghōḷaṇī ] f A goldsmith's instrument for forming गोठ (metal bracelet).गोट [ gōṭa ] m ( H) A metal wristlet. An ornament of women. 2 Encircling or investing Pair of bulls deciphered as copper-pewter-tin-alloy metalcasters Ka. kōḍu horn, tusk, branch of a tree (DEDR 2200). Rebus 2: खोट [khōṭa] alloyed ingot (Marathi). koḍ ‘artisan’s workplace’. dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' Hieroglyph: barad, balad 'ox' Rebus: भरताचें भांडें (p. 603) [ bharatācē mbhāṇḍēṃ ] n A vessel made of the metal भरत. 2 See भरिताचें भांडें.भरती (p. 603) [ bharatī ] a Composed of the metal भरत.भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c. Thus, the pair of bulls (ox) signified: copper-pewter-tin-alloy metalcasters Leafless tree on faience tablet. Deciphered: metal alloy turner Hieroglyph: khōṇḍa ‘leafless tree’ (Marathi). Rebus 1: kõdār ’turner’ (Bengali) खोदणें (p. 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c & i ( H) To dig. 2 To engrave (Marathi); thus, engraver. I suggest that the leafless tree hieroglyph signifies that the cast metal implements are engraved. Hieroglyph: kuṭi, kuṭhi, kuṭa, kuṭha a tree (Kaus'.); kuḍa tree (Pkt.); kur̥a_ tree; kar̥ek tree, oak (Pas;.)(CDIAL 3228). kuṭha, kuṭa (Ka.), kudal (Go.) kudar. (Go.) kuṭhāra, kuṭha, kuṭaka = a tree (Samskritam) kuṭ, kurun: = stump of a tree (Bond.a); khuṭ = id.(Or.) kuṭamu = a tree (Telugu) Rebus 1: kuṭhi 'smelter' Rebus 2: kuṭhāru 'armourer'.कुठारु [p= 289,1] an armourer L. (Monier-Williams) Text on Harappa faience tablet deciphered. alloy metal, copper-pewter-tin alloy, supercargo-scribe, portable furnace. From r. aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'metal (alloy)' PLUS aḍaren 'lid' Rebus: aduru 'unsmelted metal' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236) Thus, together, unsmelted alloy metal mint. baraDo 'spine' Rebus: bharata 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'; karṇīka 'rim of jar' Rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' karṇīka 'scribe'; karava narrow-necked jar' Rebus: karba 'iron' kharva 'nidhi of Kubera'. कंकवा (p. 123) [ kaṅkavā ] m A sort of comb. See कंगवा. कोंगें (p. 180) [ kōṅgēṃ ] n A long sort of honeycomb.Rebus: kanga 'portable furnace' Rebus: kangar 'large brazier': *kāṅgārikā ʻ poor or small brazier ʼ. [Cf. kāgni -- m. ʻ a small fire ʼ Vop.: ka -- 3 or kā -- , aṅgāri -- ] K. kã̄gürü, kã̄gar f. ʻ portable brazier ʼ whence kangar m. ʻ large do. ʼ (or < *kāṅgāra -- ?); H. kã̄grī f. small portable brazier ʼ.(CDIAL 3006) Who are the 12 बलुतेदार, public servants of a village in ancient India?

-- கம் kam , n. < karman. Smith's work; கம்மியர் தொழில்.(நன். 223, விருத்.) கம்மியன் kammiyaṉ ’Smith, artisan’; -- kāṅiyo, kāĩyo 'comb’ (Nepalese); Gujarati kā̃gsī f. 'comb’ rebus: kaṁsa ‘bell-metal’; Runic and German cognates are kamba, kamm ‘comb’; rebus; kang, kā̃gürü, kā̃gᵃr ’portable brazier’; Kui kamba (kambi-) to be burned, injured by fire, consumed by fire; n. injury or destruction by fire; kappa (kapt-) to cause to burn, char, scorch. Cf. Skt. kanala- shining, bright (DEDR 146) Note. To be burned is to be purified as with a comb. -- Dot in circle is signified by grapheme କଣୀ— kaṇi, କଣୀୟାନ୍— kaṇīyān ‘atom’ rebus: കാണം kāṇam kāṇam T. M. C. (കാണുക)Possession, goods; -- Tell Abraq comb shows tagaraka ‘ tabernae montana’ flower rebus: tagara ‘tin ore’; together with dots in circle to signify tin ore wealth; tin alloys with copper as bronze; zinc alloys with copper as brass. – Thus, I submit that kamm, kāṅiyo ‘comb’ କଣୀ— kaṇi ‘dot, atom’ ‘point’ (dot in circle) signify கம் kam ’smithy’ (profession), കാണം kāṇam ‘wealth’.

-- 1) Dotted circle and 2) young bull's ear of Indus Script Corpora deciphered as 1) पोत pōta 'gold bead', rebus 'metal casting' of dhatu 'mineral ores' 2) karā 'ear' rebus khār 'blacksmith' -- A) आर्य सङ्घाट सूत्र | B) karigol, kārīgar 'artisan', karikolam 'king's treasure', gola 'warehouse' on Indus Script Cipher & hieroglyphs -- पोतदार pōtadāra 'assayer of metals into the treasury' is purifier priest of Rgveda, पोतृ प्/ओतृ or पोतृ, m. " Purifier " , N. of one of the 16 officiating priests at a sacrifice (the assistant of the Brahman ; = यज्ञस्य शोधयिट्रि Sa1y. ) RV. Br. S3rS. Hariv. working with dhatu 'mineral ores' including śṛṅgiḥ शृङ्गिः, śṛṅgī शृङ्गी 'Gold used for ornaments' signified by spiny-horned young bull (so-called 'unicorn' which is a composite hypertext composed of hieroglyphs). He is a turner, lapidary who works with ornament gold. The suffix -kara in kundakara is signified by the single ear of the young bull (so-called unicorn): The Sign||| signifies kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. The young bull is singhin, 'spiny-horned'. (Santali) Rebus: singhin 'gold for ornaments' karā 'ear' rebus: khār 'blacksmith'. He is also engaged in setting gems and jewels in metal ornaments: Hieroglyph: kunda 'lathe' rebus: Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold(DEDR 1725) kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra -- : kunda -- 1, kará -- 1]A. kundār, B. kũdār, ˚ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, ˚rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ.kunda1 m. ʻ a turner's lathe ʼ lex. [Cf. *cunda -- 1](CDIAL 3297) N. kũdnu ʻ to shape smoothly, smoothe, carve, hew ʼ, kũduwā ʻ smoothly shaped ʼ; A. kund ʻ lathe ʼ, kundiba ʻ to turn and smooth in a lathe ʼ, kundowā ʻ smoothed and rounded ʼ; B. kũd ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdā, kõdā ʻ to turn in a lathe ʼ; Or. kū˘nda ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdibā, kū̃d˚ ʻ to turn ʼ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ʻ lathe ʼ); Bi. kund ʻ brassfounder's lathe ʼ; H. kunnā ʻ to shape on a lathe ʼ, kuniyā m. ʻ turner ʼ, kunwā m.(CDIAL 3295) *cundakāra m. ʻ turner ʼ. [Cf. kundakara -- . -- *cunda -- 1, kāra -- 1] Pa. cundakāra -- m.; Ku. cunāro ʻ maker of wooden vessels ʼ, N. cunāro, can˚, cũdāro, cãd˚.(CDIAL 4862) . This monograph which is presented in two sections posits 1) that the priest of Mohenjo-daro is an assayer of metals into the treasury which account for the largest portions of over 8000 Indus Script inscriptions and 2) that Indus Script Cipher exemplifies आर्य सङ्घाट सूत्र | This hypothesis is validated with evidence from Indus Script Corpora is presented in the following sections. Section A. Nahak do sanamko karogolena ‘all are artisans now-a-days’ Section B. Ārya Sanghāta Sūtra आर्य सङ्घाट सूत्र We do not know when the आर्य सङ्घाट सूत्र was framed since Gautama, the Buddha refers to earlier Buddha-s who formulated the text. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanghata_Sutra https://www.sanghatasutra.net/ The noble text called Dharma-Paryaya starts with Homage to all the buddhas and bodhisattvas with the beginning statement of the Buddha which reads: “Thus I have heard at one time. The Blessed One was dwelling in Raja-griha, on Vulture’s Peak, together with a great assembly of 32,000 monks, including the venerable Ajnata-kaundinya, the venerable Maha-maudgalyayana, and so forth.” Thus, the date of the Sutra may be traced to centuries Before Common Era. The date of invention of Indus Script writing system has been dated to ca. 3300 BCE based on three hieroglyphs found on a potsherd at Harappa (HARP report). kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge, temple' PLUS tagaraka 'tabernae montana' rebus: tagara 'tin (ore)'. Addition of tin to copper created the alloy of bronze metal (thus, scarcity of naturally occurring arsenical bronze ores was overcome). This alloy created by artisans is the harbinger of the Tin-Bronze Revolution of ca. 4th millennium BCE. Tin was perhaps sourced from the largest tin belt of the globe in Ancient Far East, on the Mekong, Irrawaddy, Salween Himalayan River Basins. Section A. Nahak do sanamko karogolena ‘all are artisans now-a-days’ This Section A presents the unsurpassed excellence of the artisan scribe's competence to write embossed writing (bas-relief) using the breath-taking technique of cire perdue (lost-wax) metal casting; thus, two aspects of artisans' expertise is emphasised: 1) invention of writing system including embossed writing (bas-relief); and 2) invention of lost-wax method of casting produce metal sculptures.. Section B. Ārya Sanghāta Sūtra आर्य सङ्घाट सूत्र This section B presents the significance of Ārya Sanghāta Sūtra as Mahāyāna Babuddham scripture translated into Chinese, Sogdian,Khotanese, Tibetan, and widely circulated in northwest India and Central Asia. The word Sanghāta is derived from the competence of artisans who 'turn, fit and join timbers and metals’ or ‘the work done by a lapidary or carpenter or metalsmith in joining two pieces of wood, gems and jewels and metal,’ and can refer to artisanal excellence, in general. The आर्य सङ्घाट सूत्र is viewed also. in the context of a unique cipher used in the invented writing system of Indus Script; the unique cipher is combination of hieroglyphs to create hypertext communication of messages related to wealth-creating metal-work and lapidary work with gems and jewels. This cipher is called a word which sounds similar to (as a homonym of) to सङ्घाट. The word, in the context of the Indus Script writing system is: सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) A body (hypertext) formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. A good example is the joining together of the hieroglyph of a donkey with a short tail with three prongs to create the hypertext khara 'donkey' xola 'tail' to convey the meaning of message: karigol 'artisan'. The pronunciation of hieroglyph khara is emphasised by vivid orthography of 'ears' which are kara 'ear' rebus: khara 'donkey' rebus: khar 'blacksmith'. The hieroglyh xola 'tail' is rebus: kol 'working in iron'.which yields expanded semantic expressions kole.l 'smithy, forge' rebus: kole.l 'temple', kolhe 'smelter', kolimi 'smithy, forge'. khar 1 खर् खरः m. (f. khürü ख॑रू॒ or khariñ खरिञ्), a donkey, an ass (L.V. 88; K.Pr. 26, 73, 104-5, 166, 174, 190, 215, 235, 262; H. iii, 8, 9; v, 7; K. 224); often used ˚--, to indicate the commonest, largest, or coarsest of the kind, like 'horse' in our 'horse-radish', 'a horse-laugh', etc.; cf. khar-bādām, bel., and kharkhasun, s.v. Towards Islāmābād the word is pronounced khaḍ (El.). -āhang -आहंग् f. an ass's bray (K.Pr. 235). -baca -बच । खरपोतः m. a baby ass, a very young ass's foal. -bādām -बादाम् । तिक्तराजादनः m. a kind of bitter almond, see El. s.v. bádám. -bôru -बोरु॒ । खरभारः m. an ass's load; met. a heavy load, too heavy to be comfortably carried by a man. -khāv -खाव् । तिरस्कारितः adj. c.g. an ass-eater; met. one who is universally condemned and vilified (K.Pr. 104). -khāv gaʦhun -खाव् गछ़ुन् । निन्द्यीभवनम् m.inf. become a subject of ill-repute, to get a bad name, acquire (justly or unjustly) an evil repute. -khāv karun -खाव् करुन् । निन्दापात्रीकरणम् m.inf. to give a person a bad name, to bring him into disrepute (whether deserved or not). -kan -कन् m. 'ass-eared', a hare, i.q. khargōsh, q.v. s.v. -kura -कुर । खरकिशोरः m. an ass's colt; met. a capricious troublesome child. -lĕd -ल्यद् । खरविष्ठा f. (sg. dat. -lë̆zü -ल्य॑ज़ू॒), ass's dung. -mĕng -म्यंग् । तृणविशेषः m. a kind of grass, said to make man garrulous and mad, when eaten unawares. -paḍur -प़डुर् । फलविशेषः m. N. of a certain fruit, a kind of pear. -palana -पलन । खरपल्ययनम् m. an ass's pack-saddle. -pūtu -पूतु॒ m. an ass's colt (K.Pr. 104). -sah-स्ह् । सिंहविशेषः m. a certain animal, described as a small-sized leopard that kills only small animals, not larger than an ass. -ṭö̃cü -टाँ॑चू॒ । फलविशेषः f. N. of a certain fruit, a kind of wild pear (El. khar-ṭánj). -ṭö̃g टाँ॑ग् । खरशब्दः f. the bray of an ass. -trēl -त्रेल् । फलभेदो ऽल्पः f. N. of a kind of small wild apple. -ʦam -च़म् । खरचर्म f. ass's skin; met. any hard and tough skin, like that of an ass. -ʦŏth -च्वथ् । खरोपस्थः f. (sg. dat. ʦŏ̈ʦü च़्व॑च़ू॒), an ass's anus; the generative organs of an ass (male or female). -ʦũ̄̈ṭh -च़ूँ॑ठ् । खरपर्दनम् f. (sg. dat. ʦũ̄̈ṭi च़ूँ॒॑टि), an ass's fart. -wôlu -वोलु॒ । खरपालकः m. a man who, as a means of livelihood, owns asses for carrying burdens, an ass driver who owns his asses (L. 459). kharas khārun खरस् खारुन् । खरारोपणम् m.inf. to mount (a person) on an ass; met. to put (a person) to public shame, to disgrace. --khasun --खसुन् । खरारोहणम् m.inf. to become mounted on an ass; met. to be put to public shame, to become disgraced (K.Pr. 16, 105; cf. 174).

"The early Hindu astrologers are said to have used the magnet, in fixing the North and East, in laying foundations, and other religious ceremonies. The Hindu compass was an iron fish that floated in a vessel of oil and pointed to the North. The fact of this older Hindu compass seems placed beyond doubt by the Sanskrit word Maccha Yantra, or fish machine, which Molesworth gives as a name for the mariner's compass". (JL Reid, Member, Institute of Naval Architects and Shipbuilders in England, in: Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xiii., Part ii., Appendix A, p.725) अयस्--कान्त [p= 85,1] m. (g. कस्का*दि) , " iron-lover " , the loadstone (cf. कान्ता*यस) Ragh. xvii , 63 , &c कान्ता* यस [p= 270,3]n. the iron-stone , loadstone , magnet L. (cf. -पाषाण , -लोह , and अयस्-कान्त.)A lodestone is a naturally magnetized piece of the mineral magnetite.Magnetite is signified on Indus Script as poLa 'zebu' Rebus: 'magnetite'. Mohenjo-daro Seals m1118 and Kalibangan 032 पोळ [pōḷa] 'zebu' m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large; पोळा(p. 305) A festive day for cattle,--the day of new moon of श्रावण or of भाद्रपद. Bullocks are exempted from labor; variously daubed and decorated; and paraded about in worship. (Marathi) Rebus: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore' Inscription text: ayo 'fish' PLUS kaNDa 'arrow' rebus: ayaskANDa 'metal implements'. This could also be read as ayaskAnta. If so, there is a possibility that the ancient Mariners of Sarasvati civilization were aware of the properties of magnetite (poLa) to orient itself to magnetic north-south direction. The metalwork catalogue conveyed by the two seals may thus also be a reference to the ayas yanta 'fish machine' used for navigation by seafaring merchants and helmsmen of the civilization. kāˊṇḍa (kāṇḍá -- TS.) m.n. ʻ single joint of a plant ʼ AV., ʻ arrow ʼ MBh., ʻ cluster, heap ʼ (in tr̥ṇa -- kāṇḍa -- Pāṇ. Kāś.). [Poss. connexion with gaṇḍa -- 2 makes prob. non -- Aryan origin (not with P. Tedesco Language 22, 190 < kr̥ntáti). Prob. ← Drav., cf. Tam. kaṇ ʻ joint of bamboo or sugarcane ʼ EWA i 197] Pa. kaṇḍa -- m.n. ʻ joint of stalk, stalk, arrow, lump ʼ; Pk. kaṁḍa -- , °aya -- m.n. ʻ knot of bough, bough, stick ʼ; Ash. kaṇ ʻ arrow ʼ, Kt. kåṇ, Wg. kāṇ,kŕãdotdot;, Pr. kə̃, Dm. kā̆n; Paš. lauṛ. kāṇḍ, kāṇ, ar. kōṇ, kuṛ. kō̃, dar. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, kã̄ṛī ʻ torch ʼ; Shum. kō̃ṛ, kō̃ ʻ arrow ʼ, Gaw. kāṇḍ, kāṇ; Kho. kan ʻ tree, large bush ʼ; Bshk. kāˋ'n ʻ arrow ʼ, Tor. kan m., Sv. kã̄ṛa, Phal. kōṇ, Sh. gil. kōn f. (→ Ḍ. kōn, pl. kāna f.), pales. kōṇ; K. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ stalk of a reed, straw ʼ (kān m. ʻ arrow ʼ ← Sh.?); S. kānu m. ʻ arrow ʼ, °no m. ʻ reed ʼ, °nī f. ʻ topmost joint of the reed Sara, reed pen, stalk, straw, porcupine's quill ʼ; L. kānã̄ m. ʻ stalk of the reed Sara ʼ, °nī˜ f. ʻ pen, small spear ʼ; P. kānnā m. ʻ the reed Saccharum munja, reed in a weaver's warp ʼ, kānī f. ʻ arrow ʼ; WPah. bhal. kānn. ʻ arrow ʼ, jaun. kã̄ḍ; N. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, °ṛo ʻ rafter ʼ; A. kã̄r ʻ arrow ʼ; B. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, °ṛā ʻ oil vessel made of bamboo joint, needle of bamboo for netting ʼ, kẽṛiyā ʻ wooden or earthen vessel for oil &c. ʼ; Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻ stalk, arrow ʼ; Bi. kã̄ṛā ʻ stem of muñja grass (used for thatching) ʼ; Mth. kã̄ṛ ʻ stack of stalks of large millet ʼ, kã̄ṛī ʻ wooden milkpail ʼ; Bhoj. kaṇḍā ʻ reeds ʼ; H. kã̄ṛī f. ʻ rafter, yoke ʼ, kaṇḍā m. ʻ reed, bush ʼ (← EP.?); G. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ joint, bough, arrow ʼ, °ḍũ n. ʻ wrist ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ joint, bough, arrow, lucifer match ʼ; M. kã̄ḍ n. ʻ trunk, stem ʼ, °ḍẽ n. ʻ joint, knot, stem, straw ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ joint of sugarcane, shoot of root (of ginger, &c.) ʼ; Si. kaḍaya ʻ arrow ʼ. -- Deriv. A. kāriyāiba ʻ to shoot with an arrow ʼ.(CDIAL 3023) Ta. kaṇai arrow, wooden handle (of a hoe, a pickaxe, or other tool), curved pole of a palanquin, shin; kaṇai-kkāl shin, main stem of a flower; kaṇai-kkai forearm; kaṇaiyam club, post; kaṇicci battle-axe, pickaxe, goad. Ma. kaṇa small stick, shaft, hilt, handle, arrow, small bamboo branch, bamboo;kaṇayam spear, club; kaṇicci battle-axe, hatchet; kaṇaṅkāl, kaṇakkāl shinbone, calf of leg; kaṇaṅkai forearm. Ko. kaṇkeyt, kaṇki·t sickle (i.e. handle + katy knife). To. kaṇ koty dagger-shaped knife burned with corpse (cf. 1204); kaṇ ob knife used in child's hair-cutting ceremony (cf. 178). Ka. kaṇe, kaṇa, gaṇa stick, arrow; kaṇakāl, gaṇakāl shinbone. Tu. kaṇe a slender bamboo branch, quill of a porcupine; kaṇelů small branch of a tree, thick end of grass or straw; gaṇè pole, staff, arrow. Go. (L) kaṇī arrow. Konḍa (BB 1972) kaṇsi spade. / Cf. Skt., Pali kaṇaya- a kind of spear or lance.(DEDR 1166) SR Rao, A navigational instrumentof the Harappan sailors, in: Marine Archaeology, Vol.3, July 1992 http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/handle/2264/3082/J_Mar_Archaeol_3_61.pdf;jsessionid=7DFBB23937B6CF005E4371526D0C6DF2?sequence=2 Kalidasa Kumarasambhavam II.59 “Siva’s mind has been fixed steadily because of penance. And therefore, now try to distract his attention just like an iron piece is attracted or drawn towards a magnet (ayaskAntena lohavat AkraSTum)…“ Milindapanho mentions about an instrument used by the pilot of a ship for steering the ship. (Milindapanho VII.2.16). This could have been the ayaskAnta referred to by Kalidasa. "And again, O King, as the pilot put a seal on the steering apparatus, lest any one should touch it" -- Rhys Davis translates the term as "steering apparatus". It is possible that this was the maccha-yanta of magnetite ferrite metal, used as a compass. (Note: magnetite signified on Indus Script by poLa 'zebu'). This could also be the 'iron fish' mentioned in ancient Chinese texts. (http://www.messagetoeagle.com/magnetic-compass-was-invented-in-ancient-china/) Ancient compass on ancient and very old map. Compass is over India ocean. Maccha yantra engraved on metal. India. Inscriptions in Telugu (modern). Chinese magnetic compass of 1100 CE, compares with ayaskAnta mentioned by Kalidasa.

That the hieroglyph of pot/vase overflowing with water is a recurring theme can be seen from other cylinder seals, including Ibni-Sharrum cylinder seal. Such an imagery also occurs on a fragment of a stele, showing part of a lion and vases. காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < காண்டம்² kāṇṭam n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16).. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16) (Tamil) Rebus: khāṇḍa 'tools, weapons, vessels' (Marathi) [Note: On some of the Ancient Near East cylinder seal representations, the flowing water, overflowing pot are augmented by swimming fish, suggesting that 'fish' hieroglyph should also be taken as part of the message: ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'] m1656 Mohenjodro Pectoral. Carnelian. kanda kanka 'rim of pot' (Santali) rebus: kanda 'fire-altar'khaNDa 'implements' PLUS karNaka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNi 'Supercargo, scribe' PLUS semantic determinant: kANDa 'water' rebus: khaNDa 'implements'. In the context of semantics of karNi 'supercargo', it is possible to decipher the standard device sangaDa 'lathe' rebus: jangada 'double-canoe' as a seafaring merchant vessel. The suffix -karnika signifies a 'maker'. Kāraṇika [der. fr. prec.] the meaning ought to be "one who is under a certain obligation" or "one who dispenses certain obligations." In usu˚ S ii.257 however used simply in the sense of making: arrow -- maker, fletcher (Pali). kāraṇika m. ʻ teacher ʼ MBh., ʻ judge ʼ Pañcat. [kā- raṇa -- ]Pa. usu -- kāraṇika -- m. ʻ arrow -- maker ʼ; Pk. kāraṇiya -- m. ʻ teacher of Nyāya ʼ; S. kāriṇī m. ʻ guardian, heir ʼ; N. kārani ʻ abettor in crime ʼ; M. kārṇī m. ʻ prime minister, supercargo of a ship ʼ, kul -- karṇī m. ʻ village accountant ʼ.(CDIAL 3058) "Fletching (also known as a flight or feather) is the aerodynamic stabilization of arrows or darts with materials such as feathers, each piece of which is referred to as a fletch. A fletcher is a person who attaches the fletching.The word is related to the French word flèche, meaning "arrow", via Old French; the ultimate root is Frankish fliukka." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletching Perhaps the reading should be ˚kāraka. (Pali) Similarly, khaNDa Kāraṇika can be semantically explained as 'implements maker'. The pectoral thus signifies the profession of an implements-maker and a supercargo, merchant's representative on the merchant vessel taking charge of the cargo and the trade of the cargo. Hieroglyph: sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'.(Gujarati).Rebus: Vajra Sanghāta 'binding together' (Varahamihira) *saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ. [*gaḍha -- ]L. sãgaṛh m. ʻ line of entrenchments, stone walls for defence ʼ.(CDIAL 12845). సంగడము (p. 1279) [ saṅgaḍamu ] A raft or boat made of two canoes fastened side by side. రెండుతాటి. బొండులు జతగాకట్టినతెప్ప சங்கடம்² caṅkaṭam, n. < Port. jangada. Ferry-boat of two canoes with a platform thereon; இரட்டைத்தோணி. (J.) G. sãghāṛɔ m. ʻ lathe ʼ; M. sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus ʼ, m.f. ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼsaṁghāṭa m. ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R. [√ghaṭ] LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ),sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ lathe ʼ; Si. san̆gaḷa ʻ pair ʼ, han̆guḷa, an̆g° ʻ double canoe, raft ʼ.(CDIAL 12859) Cangavāra [cp. Tamil canguvaḍa a dhoney, Anglo-- Ind. ḍoni, a canoe hollowed from a log, see also doṇi] a hollow vessel, a bowl, cask M i.142; J v.186 (Pali) Hieroglyph: खोंड (p. 216) [khōṇḍa] m A young bull, a bullcalf; खोंडा [ khōṇḍā ] m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. खोंडरूं [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form of खोंडा in the sense of कांबळा-cowl (Marathi. Molesworth); kōḍe dūḍa bull calf (Telugu); kōṛe 'young bullock' (Konda)Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali) Rebus: kundaṇa pure gold (Tulu) kāṇḍam காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16). Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘metal tools, pots and pans’ (Marathi) (B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. @B24310. #20851. Re(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See`to be left over'. (Munda ) Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi) The hieroglyph clearly refers to the metal tools, pots and pans of copper. Some examples of 'overflowing pot' metaphors on Ancient Near East artifacts, cylinder seals: I suggest that together with the adaptation of Egyptian hieroglyphs, the Indus Script hypertexts were also adapted and absorbed into Ancient Near East glyptics to signify wealth creation by metalwork of Meluhha artisans.

കുട്ടിkuṭṭi small & moveable, as pupil of eye, അമ്മിക്കുട്ടി, കട്ടാക്കുട്ടി etc. (Malayalam), 'young animal' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' (of) ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloymetal'; thus, alloymetal smelter. Dot-incircle is pota 'perforation' rebus signifier: పోత pōta Molten, cast in metal + vitti 'circumference, circle' rebus: vitti 'business'; thus, together, Meluhha rebus: pōta vitti 'metal infusion business' Thus, alloymetal smelter metal infusion products are ‘fish-eye’ maritime export cargo from Meluhha-Dilmun to Ur by pota ‘ships’ ; सांगडणें sāṅgaḍaṇēm v t To join together rebus: सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f A link of two pompions, &c. to swim or float by (Marathi) śaṅgāḍam, Tu. jaṅgala 'double-canoe’) jangaḍ id. (Portuguese)ಸಾಂಗಡ sāṅgaḍa ಸಾಂಗಡೈ sāṅgaḍe. = ಜಂಗಾಲ್ 1, q. v. a platform with railings placed on two boats, used at ferries (My.) (Kannada)

This is an extraordinary inscribed object and credit goes to both Asko Parpola and Iravatham Mahadevan who have diligently captured the full text and hieroglyphs which compose the hypertext of the Indus Script inscription. The field symbol is a cobrahood reclining on a low platform; the hieroglyphs are: cobrahood, low platform. The text of the message is on two lines from two sides of the tablet transcribed in Mahadevan concordance. The second line of Side B (two hieroglyphs/hyprtext) has the field symbol. Side A has 6 signs which constitute hieroglyphs/hypertexts. . Line 1: ḍato 'claws or pincers of crab' (Santali) rebus: dhatu 'ore' (Santali). badhi 'to ligature, to bandage, to splice' Rebus: badhi 'worker in iron and wood' badiga 'artificer' (Kannada) Variants of Sign 123 orthography Sign 387 is a hypertext of two hieroglyphs: lozenge shape; rice plant; the Meluhha rebus readings are: mũh 'lozenge-shape' rebus: mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end (Santali) PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, smithy/forge of ingots. Sign 342 karṇaka कर्णक m. 'rim of jar' Rebus:karaṇa, scribes were recording accounting ledgers of wealth created by artisans; kanahār ʻhelmsman'; कारणीक kāraṇīka 'supercargo' (a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale). Sign 9 is hypertext composed of two hieroglyphs: 1. pair; 2. curved lines; 3. standing person with quivers (warrior) dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kuṭi 'curve' Rebus 1: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) PLUS bhaṭā 'warrior' Rebus: bhaṭā 'furnace. Thus, bronze furnace'. The standing person with spread legs: कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 'spread legs'; (semantic determinant) Rebus: kanahār 'helmsman', कारणीक kāraṇīka 'supercargo'; karaṇa 'scribe' Hieroglyph of 'kneeling adorant' or 'worshipper' with pot offering: baṭa 'rimless pot' Rebus bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS బత్తుడు battuḍu, பத்தர் pattar 'worshipper' Rebus: பத்தர்⁵ pattar , n. perh. vartaka. Merchants; வியாபாரிகள்; பத்தர்² pattar , n. < T. battuḍu. A caste title of goldsmiths; தட்டார் பட்டப்பெயருள் ஒன்று.Thus, goldsmith merchant guild furnace. Thus, Line 1 is a catalogue of maritime merchants' metalwok catalogue or ledger of mineral ores, bronze metal castings wealth resources and maritime cargo of wealth products. Line 2: Hypertext composed of Sign 383 hypertext of 3 hieroglyphs and Sign 341 hieroglyph: hoof Sign 383 is hypertext of three hieroglyphs: 1. lozenge shape, 2. oval sign (seed), 3. currycomb. The rebus readings are: 1. Lozenge shape: mũh 'lozenge-shape' rebus: mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end (Santali) 2. Hieroglyph: small ball or seed: *gōṭṭa ʻ something round ʼ. [Cf. guḍá -- 1. -- In sense ʻ fruit, kernel ʼ cert. ← Drav., cf. Tam. koṭṭai ʻ nut, kernel ʼ, Kan. goṟaṭe &c. listed DED 1722]K. goṭh f., dat. °ṭi f. ʻ chequer or chess or dice board ʼ; S. g̠oṭu m. ʻ large ball of tobacco ready for hookah ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ small do. ʼ; P. goṭ f. ʻ spool on which gold or silver wire is wound, piece on a chequer board ʼ; N. goṭo ʻ piece ʼ, goṭi ʻ chess piece ʼ; A. goṭ ʻ a fruit, whole piece ʼ, °ṭā ʻ globular, solid ʼ, guṭi ʻ small ball, seed, kernel ʼ; B. goṭā ʻ seed, bean, whole ʼ; Or. goṭā ʻ whole, undivided ʼ, goṭi ʻ small ball, cocoon ʼ, goṭāli ʻ small round piece of chalk ʼ; Bi. goṭā ʻ seed ʼ; Mth. goṭa ʻ numerative particle ʼ; H. goṭ f. ʻ piece (at chess &c.) ʼ; G. goṭ m. ʻ cloud of smoke ʼ, °ṭɔm. ʻ kernel of coconut, nosegay ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ lump of silver, clot of blood ʼ, °ṭilɔ m. ʻ hard ball of cloth ʼ; M. goṭā m. ʻ roundish stone ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ a marble ʼ, goṭuḷā ʻ spherical ʼ; Si. guṭiya ʻ lump, ball ʼ; -- prob. also P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ, H. goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); M. goṭ ʻ hem of a garment, metal wristlet ʼ.*gōḍḍ -- ʻ dig ʼ see *khōdd -- .Addenda: *gōṭṭa -- : also Ko. gōṭu ʻ silver or gold braid ʼ.(CDIAL 4271) Rebus: L. khoṭ f. ʻ alloyʼ,°ṭā ʻ alloyed ʼ, awāṇ. khoṭā ʻ forged ʼ; P. khoṭ m. ʻ base, alloy ʼG. khoṭũ ʻ alloyedʼ; M. khoṭā ʻ alloyed ʼ(CDIAL 3931) 3. Hieroglyph: currycomb: khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) Rebus: 1. karaḍā खरडें 'daybook'; 2. karaḍā 'hard alloy of iron, silver etc.)(Marathi) Rebus 1: खरडा kharaḍā m (खरडणें) Scrapings (as from a culinary utensil). 2 Bruised or coarsely broken peppercorns &c.: a mass of bruised मेथ्या &c. 3 also खरडें n A scrawl; a memorandum-scrap; a foul, blotted, interlined piece of writing. 4 also खरडें n A rude sketch; a rough draught; a foul copy; a waste-book; a day-book; a note-book. खरडनिशी kharaḍaniśī f Scrawling, scribbling, bad writing. खरडनीस kharaḍanīsa c खरडनिशा a (खरड & P) A scrawler or bad writer. Rebus 2: करडा karaḍā Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) Thus, the hypertext Sign 383 with three hieroglyphs, signifies daybook of alloy ingots from furnace. The 'hoof' hieroglyph has 63 orthographic variants in Indus Script Corpora. Sign 341 variants List of 63 inscriptions (ASI 1977 Mahadevan Concordance) which contain Sign 341 variants is provided in Sixty-three Indus Script inscriptions, wealth-account ledgers of ṭãksāḷ, ṭaksāḷī 'mint-master' repertoire of metalwork https://tinyurl.com/ups26mt Sign 341 of the inscription m481 signifies, 'ṭāṅka ‘hoof' read Meluhha rebus as ṭaṁka, 'stamped coin', mint': Kui tāŋgu (pl. tākaka) hoof. tāka (tāki-) id.; n. act of walking; ? (K.) Kuwi (F.) tākali, (S.) tākinai, (Isr.) tāk- (-it-) to walk. ? (DEDR 3151) ṭaṅka3 (a) ʻ *rod, spike ʼ, (b) m. ʻ leg ʼ lex. 2. ṭaṅga -- 3 m. ʻ leg ʼ lex. [Orig. ʻ stick ʼ? Cf. list s.v. *ḍakka -- 2]1. (a) K. ṭang m. ʻ projecting spike which acts as a bolt at one corner of a door ʼ; N. ṭāṅo ʻ rod, fishing rod ʼ, ˚ṅi ʻ measuring rod ʼ; H. ṭã̄k f. ʻ iron pin, rivet ʼ (→ Ku. ṭã̄ki ʻ thin iron bar ʼ).(b) Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., ˚kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, ˚ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ.2. B. ṭāṅ, ṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄g, ṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅ, ṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., ˚gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ.*uṭṭaṅka -- 2, *uṭṭaṅga -- .ṭaṅka -- 4 ʻ peak, crag ʼ see *ṭakka -- 3.Addenda: ṭaṅka -- 3. 1(b): S.kcch. ṭaṅg(h) f. ʻ leg ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ṭāṅg f. (obl. -- a) ʻ leg (from knee to foot) ʼ.(CDIAL 5428) Rebus: ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś˚ f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ]N. ṭaksāl, ˚ār, B. ṭāksāl, ṭã̄k˚, ṭek˚, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl, ˚ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksāl, ṭāk˚, ṭãk˚, ṭak˚. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m. Addenda: ṭaṅkaśālā -- : Brj. ṭaksāḷī, ˚sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ.ṭaṅga -- 3 ʻ leg ʼ(CDIAL 5434) ṭaṅka1 m.n. ʻ weight of 4 māṣas ʼ ŚārṅgS., ʻ a stamped coin ʼ Hit., ˚aka -- m. ʻ a silver coin ʼ lex. 2. ṭaṅga -- 1 m.n. ʻ weight of 4 māṣas ʼ lex. 3. *ṭakka -- 1. [Bloch IA 59 ←Tatar tanka (Khot. tanka= kārṣāpaṇa S. Konow Saka Studies 184)]1. Pk. ṭaṁka -- m. ʻ a stamped coin ʼ; N. ṭã̄k ʻ button ʼ (lw. with k); Or. ṭaṅkā ʻ rupee ʼ; H. ṭã̄k m. ʻ a partic. weight ʼ; G. ṭã̄k f. ʻ a partic. weight equivalent to 1/72 ser ʼ; M. ṭã̄k m. ʻ a partic. weight ʼ.2. H. ṭaṅgā m. ʻ a coin worth 2 paisā ʼ.3. Sh. ṭăk m. ʻ button ʼ; S. ṭako m. ʻ two paisā ʼ, pl. ʻ money in general ʼ, ṭrakaku ʻ worth two paisā ʼ, m. ʻ coin of that value ʼ; P. ṭakā m. ʻ a copper coin ʼ; Ku. ṭākā ʻ two paisā ʼ; N. ṭako ʻ money ʼ; A. ṭakā ʻ rupee ʼ, B. ṭākā; Mth. ṭakā, ṭakkā, ṭakwā ʻ money ʼ, Bhoj. ṭākā; H. ṭakā m. ʻ two paisā coin ʼ, G. ṭakɔ m., M. ṭakā m.*uṭṭaṅka -- , *ṣaṭṭaṅka -- , ṭaṅkaśālā -- .Addenda: ṭaṅka -- 1 [H. W. Bailey in letter of 6.11.66: Khot. tanka is not = kārṣāpaṇa -- but is older Khot. ttandäka ʻ so much ʼ < *tantika -- ](CDIAL 5426) Thus, Line 2 of the inscription reads: metals mint PLUS daybook of alloy ingots from furnace. That the reference is to the metals mint is reinforced by the semantic determinative of the field symbol of cobra hood on a low platform which signifies Meluhha rebus: फड phaḍa 'metals manufactory'. Thus, Line 2 of the inscription together with the field symbol of cobrahood on low platform signifies: metals manufactory of metals mint PLUS daybook of alloy ingots from furnace. I suggest that the partly reclining serpent on a low platform under a tree is vividly portrayed with the cobra-hood.pāṭa 'low seat' PLUS फड phaḍa 'cobrahood' rebus: फड phaḍa 'metals manufactory'.

A characteristic feature of Tin-Bronze Age is the use of ox-hide-shaped large copper and tin metal ingots as cargo for transport by seafaring merchants. Such cargo has been identified in shipwrecks of Gelidonya and Uluburn. The ox-hide-shape of ingots was evidenced for both copper and tin ingots. Surprise!!! Such a pair of ingots was shown as cargo on a boat on a Mohenjo-daro tablet. m1429 Prism tablet with Indus inscriptions on 3 sides. Since Indus Script writing is most pronounced in the Mature phase of Sarasvati Civilization, the tablet can be dated to between ca. 2500 -1900 BCE. It is surmised that the ingots shown on the boat were produced by Meluhha merchants because the language used in the script is Meluhha rebur renderings of metalwork. Slide 24. harappa.com Moulded tablet, Mohenjo-daro.Three sided molded tablet. One side shows a flat bottomed boat with a central hut that has leafy fronds at the top of two poles. Two birds sit on the deck and a large double rudder extends from the rear of the boat. On the second side is a snout nosed gharial with a fish in its mouth. The third side has eight symbols of the Indus script. Material: terra cotta.Dimensions: 4.6 cm length, 1.2 x 1.5 cm width Mohenjo-daro, MD 602.Islamabad Museum, NMP 1384.Dales 1965a: 147, 1968: 39 The pair of ox-hide ingots which flank doorways on Bharhut scultpural friezes also occur on an Indus Script inscription on Mohenjo-daro prism tablet m1429. The two ox-hide ingots are shown as cargo on a boat flanked by two palm trees and twwo auatic birds. Bharhut sculptural frieze showing ox-hide-shape ingots flanking both sides of the doorway. Elephant signifies karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'. Hieroglyph: కారండవము [kāraṇḍavamu] n. A sort of duck. కారండవము [ kāraṇḍavamu ] kāraṇḍavamu. [Skt.] n. A sort of duck. कारंडव [kāraṇḍava ] m S A drake or sort of duck. कारंडवी f S The female. karandava [ kârandava ] m. kind of duck. कारण्ड a sort of duck R. vii , 31 , 21 கரண்டம் karaṇṭam, n. Rebus: karaḍā ‘hard alloy’ (Marathi) karaṇḍa ‘duck’ (Sanskrit) karaṛa ‘a very large aquatic bird’ (Sindhi) Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi)A pair of birds కారండవము [kāraṇḍavamu] n. A sort of duck. కారండవము[ kāraṇḍavamu ] kāraṇḍavamu. [Skt.] n. A sort of duck. कारंडव [kāraṇḍava ] m S A drake or sort of duck. कारंडवी f S The female. karandava [ kârandava ] m. kind of duck. कारण्ड a sort of duck R. vii , 31 , 21 கரண்டம் karaṇṭam, n. Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy (metal)'. tamar ‘palm’ (Hebrew) Rebus: tam(b)ra ‘copper’ (Santali) dula ‘pair’ Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ (Santali) bagalo = an Arabian merchant vessel (Gujarati) bagala = an Arab boat of a particular description (Ka.); bagalā (M.); bagarige, bagarage = a kind of vessel (Kannada) Rebus: bangala = kumpaṭi = angāra śakaṭī = a chafing dish a portable stove a goldsmith’s portable furnace (Telugu) cf. bangāru bangāramu = gold (Telugu). Ox-hide ingot is so-called because of its shape https://www.andywhiteanthropology.com/blog/the-oxhide-ingot-from-lake-gogebic-michigan " of Turkey (source in text). For those of you unfamiliar with the term, an oxhide ingot is an ingot of copper cast into a quadrilateral shape with concave sides and four "handles" (apparently its called an “oxhide” because it resembles a stretched animal hide in shape). During the Bronze Age in the Mediterranean (ca. 3200-1000 BC), copper was smelted and cast into ingots of this shape weighing about 60-70 pounds (~30 kg) for transport." (tamar) -- palm tree, date palm (Hebrew) rebus: tāmra 'copper' (Skt.) Thus, hard alloy ingot (ox-hide shape) are signified as supercargo on the boat. They signify ox-hide-shaped large ingots of copper and tin carried as cargo by Meluhha seafaring merchant and helmsman. Source of tin in AFE powering the Tin-Bronze Revolution of 4th millennium BCS.https://tinyurl.com/y5rbl2ap The provenance analyses by Begemanna et al is conclusive evidence for the source of copper which powered the Tin-Bronze Revolution in ANE. The stunning finding is that the copper came from Khetri mines, not far from Rakhigarhi. One reason why Rakhigarhi was the capital, the key river port town of the maritime riverint-waterway civilization. Similar provenance studies should continue to firmly anchor the source of tin. The largest source was in AFE. See map. Enormous quantities were used to progress the revolution. What is the largest tin belt of the globe? It is in AFE. I have posited this for further detailed analyses and testing. (So have Muhly and Potts,, archaeometallurgists).Tin ore is accumulated as placer deposits by Himalayan rivers grinding down granite rocks creating cassiterite ore. See cylinder seal showing tin and copper merchants from Meluhha. https://tinyurl.com/y2lpc55b Shu-ilishu cylinder seal with Indus Script hieroglyphs, Akkadian cuneiform inscription confirms Meluhha trade in copper and tin (Hieroglyphs on the hands of Meluhha merchants signity that they are traders in copper and tin: mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu 'copper'; ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore') Begemann, Friedrich & SCHMITT-STRECKER, S. (2009). Über das frühe Kupfer Mesopotamiens. Iranica Antiqua. 44. 1-45. 10.2143/IA.44.0.2034374. A lead isotope study »On the Early copper of Mesopotamia« reports on copper-base artefacts ranging in age from the 4 th millennium BC (Uruk period) to the Akkadian at the end of the 3 rd millennium BC. Arguments are presented that, in the (tin)bronzes, the lead associated with the tin used for alloying did not contribute to the total in any detectable way. Hence, the lead isotopy traces the copper and cannot address the problem of the provenance of tin. The data suggest as possible source region of the copper a variety of ore occurrences in Anatolia, Iran, Oman, Palestine and, rather unexpectedly (by us), from India. During the earliest period the isotopic signature of ores from Central and North Anatolia is dominant; during the next millennium this region loses its importance and is hardly present any more at all. Instead, southeast Anatolia, central Iran, Oman, Feinan-Timna in the rift valley between Dead Sea and Red Sea, and sources in the Caucasus are now potential suppliers of the copper. Generally, an unambiguous assignment of an artefact to any of the ores is not possible because the isotopic fingerprints of ore occurrences are not unique. In our suite of samples bronze objects become important during ED III (middle of the 3 rd millennium BC) but they never make up more than 50% of the total. They are distinguished in their lead isotopy by very high 206 Pb-normalized abundance ratios. As source of such copper we suggest Gujarat/ Southern Rajasthan which, on general grounds, has been proposed before to have been the most important supplier of copper in Ancient India. We propose this Indian copper to have been arsenic-poor and to be the urudu-luh-ha variety which is one of the two sorts of purified copper mentioned in contemporaneous written texts from Mesopotamia to have been in circulation there concurrently. Indus Script: Supercargo of copper-/tin- smithy work ingots The pair of ox-hide ingots which flank doorways on Bharhut scultpural friezes also occur on an Indus Script inscription on Mohenjo-daro prism tablet m1429. The two ox-hide ingots are shown as cargo on a boat flanked by two palm trees and twwo auatic birds. The other two sides of the tablet also contain Indus Script inscriptions. ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS karA 'crocodile' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' Together, Side 2: kāru ‘crocodile’ Rebus: kāru ‘artisan’. Thus, together read rebus: ayakara ‘metalsmith’. Side A: kāru a wild crocodile or alligator (Telugu) ghariyal id. (Hindi) kāru 'crocodile' (Telugu) கராம் karām, n. prob. grāha. 1. A species of alligator; முதலைவகை. முதலையு மிடங்கருங் கராமும் (குறிஞ்சிப். 257). 2. Male alligator; ஆண் முதலை. (திவா.) కారుమొసలి a wild crocodile or alligator. (Telugu) Rebus: kāru ‘artisan’ (Marathi) kāruvu 'artisan' (Telugu) khār 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) [fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Telugu)] Rebus: ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali) The shape of he boat on the moulded tablet is comparable to the Bronze Age Uluburn ship which had a shipwreck.I suggest that this boat was in charge of a supercargo (rebus: karNi Most frequently-occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora: 'rim-of-jar') of copper and tin ingots, based on a rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet, including a text in Indus writing, apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is read ayakara 'blacksmith'; cf. khar 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri); khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.) Side C: karavu'crocodile' (Telugu); ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'metal (tin+ copper alloy)'. Text 3246 on the third side of the prism. kāḍ काड् ‘, the stature of a man’ Rebus: खडा [ khaḍā ] m A small stone, a pebble (Marathi) dula ‘pair’ Rebus: dul ‘cast (metal)’shapes objects on a lathe’ (Gujarati) kanka, karṇaka ‘rim of jar’ Rebus: karṇaka ‘account scribe’. kārṇī m. ʻsuper cargo of a ship ʼ(Marathi) A pair of ingots with notches in-fixed as ligatures.