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1991, The North Pacific to 1600, Procedings of the Great Ocean Conferences vol. I .- Portland : The Oregon Historical Society Press, 1991, pp. 365-375.
The desire to find a passage to the Orient that would be shorter than that used by the Portuguese around Africa led Columbus to the discovery of America. The search for a passage toward the Pacific through the recently discovered territories was very important thrust for the travels of the sixteenth century. The voyage of Magellan and Elcano had already established a passage around the southem end of the American continent; therefore, the interest of the navigators focused on the northem part of the continent.
The story of Christopher Columbus reads, for me, something like the Book of Jonah writ large (geographically speaking). The muddle-headed navigator, Columbus (meaning “dove”), intending one direction, but, instead, heading the other way. Jonah (also meaning “dove”), expected to go NE to Nineveh, but chose, instead, to go westwards (to “Tarshish”).
Here is a book written by Antonio Pigafetta, voyage historian, and the eyewitness of Ferdinand Magellan's Navigation to the Far-east by way of the West Route, that discovered the Philippines for Spain in March 16, 1521. Although, this is not the exact journal that he wrote during that Circumnavigation travel of the world, which journal he handed down to the King of Spain when Magellan's survivors finally arrived at the court of Valladolid, Spain, yet we can give full credence to the testimonies written by the author in this present work. This is my final endorsement work, after some editing, of Antonio Pigafetta’s FIRST NAVIGATION AROUND THE GLOBE. (Milan, 1800).Transliteration and English translation from the Italian original language started 8 May 2020, and ended on 18 May 2020....
SYNOPSIS The Search for the Northwest Passage . The search for shorter sea passage than around the Capes Good Hope and Horn and much later the Canals Suez and Panama . However this was attempted at each end of the time frame was the " Little Ice Age". This was a climate period first identified by Francois Metthes in 1939. In his estimation it lasted from the 16th Century to the 19th Century. Drake looked in 1579 and Franklin in 1845. Amundsen was successful in 1903-6 most of the time frame the Arctic Ice rim was much further south than previously and later experienced . Drake's ship was ". Pelican " renamed "Golden Hinde " . Franklin' s ships "Erebus " and " Terror " . "Golden Hind" was of 300 tons displacement . "Erebus" and "Terror" each 715 tons displacement . After the latter two ship's Antarctic expedition completed in 1842 the ships returned to England . There they were further strengthened with steel plating on the hulls. Also with steam propulsion engines to assist passage though the ice independent of their main propulsion sails. Much has been written about the Franklin expedition and its failure . Forensic Scientists have exhumed some of Franklin's crew . They have concluded that they died from lead poisoning caused by eating badly prepared canned food . Amundsen was successful but took three years to complete the passage. Drake and Frobisher were secretly commissioned by Queen Elizabeth I to find the western and eastern entrance to the Strait of Anian later named the Northwest passage . Frobisher in 1576 claimed he had found the eastern entrance at latitude 50 north and about longitude 50 west. He was actually 600 miles south and east of the entrance . Drake based his exploration on a similar latitude but well to the westward . After looking as far north as Drake could get ,48 north , he decided that there was no possibility of finding the western entrance . He now had to get back to England . He chose to go west about . Drake's original journals have never been found . It is thought they were destroyed in a house fire where they had been lodged for safe keeping . All commentary is based on second hand records . The journals of Drake's Chaplain the Rev. Francis Fletcher , a Gentleman at Arms to Drake Francis Pretty , interrogations by the Spaniards of Drake's younger brother Thomas Drake and others . The essay discusses the explorations of Frobisher Drake Franklin and Amundsen. Tony Fletcher Master Mariner UK 1957 BA Murdoch University 1990 BA hons Curtin University 1992 Phd Curtin University 1999
The northwest continental landmass depicted on Waldseemüller’s World Map of 1507 is most often identified as North America. This is not surprising, as its size, position and outline all mimic that continent. This assumption is accepted despite the fact that no designated explorer has been acknowledged as the discoverer of this landmass. Additionally, there is a large body of evidence suggesting this assumption is in error. This article will present a review of that evidence and propose an alternative explanation of this landmass’s origin and identity. Ample evidence suggests that this landmass represents Christopher Columbus’s discoveries of the north coast of Cuba on his first voyage and the south coast of Cuba on his second voyage, voyages on which he claims to have discovered Asia.
This presentation suggests an alternative to current theories regarding Columbus's voyage through the Bahama Islands on his first voyage. Parts of this paper were first presented in October, 1988, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, at the annual meeting of the Society for the History of Discoveries.
A PASSAGE TO THE WORLD
A PASSAGE TO THE WORLD The Strait of Magellan during the Age of its Discovery, Santiago, Centro de Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 2020, 100 p.2020 •
In the year 1492, Columbus sailed the Ocean blue......" So goes the educational rhyme for American children. Christopher Columbus, or Cristoferens Colon according to his signature, was, by popular consensus, the discoverer of a continent once unknown to Europeans. After years of virtual exile, side-lined by the Castilian state with which he entered into dispute, surpassed as an admired discoverer by Magalhães and Elcano, Vespucci, Verazzano and Cabot, his notoriety as the first European to arrive in the Americas was restored in the 19th century for North Americans and, by osmosis, for the rest of the world, emphasised by the popular writer Walt Whitman. (1) Noble David Cook, Emeritus Professor of History at Florida International University in his essay "The Columbian Exchange" acknowledged that there were transatlantic voyages before 1492. (2) Mark Kurlansky, in his fascinating book "Cod." writes, referring to Basque fishermen in Cape Breton "During the fifteenth century, most Atlantic fishing communities believed that they had (visited North American waters). But without physical proof, many historians are sceptical, just as they were about the Viking travels to North America". (3) We will examine this issue in the following headings: 1. Ocean currents 2. The Irish and Scots 3. The Norse 4. The Merchants of Bristol (Chapter 1) 5. The Knights of Infante Dom Henrique 6. The Luso-Scandinavian initiative 7. The Flemish and Germans 8. The Merchants of Bristol (Chapter 2) The Italians 9. The Merchants of Bristol (Chapter 3) The Anglo-Azorean Consortium 10. The French 11. A puzzle still unsolved 1. Ocean currents
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in «Studia Borromaica», numero monografico «L’Inquisizione in età moderna e il caso milanese», a cura di Claudia di Filippo e Gianvittorio Signorotto, XXIII, 2009, pp. 227-240.
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