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Space Architecture and abitability An Asset in Aerospace
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Abstract.
Space Architecture is interdisciplinary it connects diverse fields such as aerospace
engineering, architecture and design, human factors design, space sciences, medicine, psychology,
and art. Space Architecture combines the accuracy
of technical systems, human needs for working and
living, the interface design for the relationship between humans, and the built and natural environments. t is simultaneously technical, humanistic,
and artistic and deals – most importantly - with
the design process from a “big picture” perspective down to every detail of each component. n
addition to traditional knowledge of planning and
building processes, special knowledge is needed regarding how to design for humans in extreme environments and how to do so creatively. Many
universities around the world offer aerospace engineering undergraduate and graduate programs, but
only a few relate to the field of Space Architecture.
is paper presents examples of educational practices illustrated with student projects from uropean and US academic institutions that offer space
architecture as a mainstream or major component
in their curriculum. t further explores the necessity of incorporating the discipline of Space Architecture and abitability into aerospace engineering
and architectural curricula [].
* orresponding
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author. -mail haeuplikhb.tuwien.ac.at
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, TX, USA
1 Introduction and Historical Precedents
Space Architecture, as a discipline, is not new. When
NASA and the former Soviet Union turned their views
towards long-term human missions in the 0s, space architects and designers were involved.
n , architect Maynard alton was among eight
people from the ‘Advanced Spacecraft Technology ivision’ who received an award for “Preliminary Technical ata for arth Orbit in Space Stations” []. n ,
alton and Raymond Loewy, a world-renowned industrial designer, worked on the Saturn-Apollo and Skylab
projects. Loewy is well known for his improvements
to the existing layout, such as the implementation of a
wardroom, where the crew could eat and work together,
the wardroom window, the dining table, and the color
design among other additions []. alton prepared the
Skylab xperience ulletins and became project engineer for the Space Station module (). At about the
same time, from to the 0’s the Soviet Union’s
space systems ‘armin esign ureau’ produced a complex research and planning project designing structures
and mobile systems for a long-term lunar base. Architectural and structural design aspects were recognized as
key elements of the project and thoroughly defined. e
Lunar base ‘Zvezda’ was part of that work (0-0).
alina Andrejewna alaschowa can be considered
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the first female space architect. She started working at
the xperimental Office OK- as an architect in
and moved a few years later to a space architecture department, where she worked closely with the founder
of the Soviet space program Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.
She contributed to the design of the Sojuz spacecraft,
and Salyut and Mir stations.
Until today, many designs of space habitats have been
created, but only a few were implemented in space programs around the world. urrently, only the nternational Space Station and hinese Space Station are orbiting the arth.
oth space stations are grand achievements, from an
engineering and scientific point of view. owever, important human factors and habitability design components seem to be sacrificed first, mainly because of budget cutoffs. As a result, the ‘abitation Module’ for the
SS was suspended during the construction phase and
only since 00, all six crewmembers are provided with
a personal sleep compartment.
n 00 several members (including the authors) of
the Technical Aerospace Architecture ommittee of
the American nstitute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
(AAA) organized the first Space Architecture Symposium during the ‘World Space ongress’ in ouston in
00. ere, the following mission statement was developed “Space Architecture is the theory and practice of designing and building inhabited environments in outer space”
[].
ollowing this quotation, Space Architecture as a discipline comprises the design of living and working environments in space and on planetary bodies, such as
the Moon and Mars, and other celestial bodies. is
includes space vehicles and space stations, planetary
habitats, and associated infrastructure. arth analogs
for space applications, simulation and test facilities belong to the extended field of Space Architecture. arth
analogs include Antarctic, airborne, desert, high altitude, underground, and undersea environments, as well
as closed ecological systems.
2 Space Exploration Goals and Challenges
n contrast to early space missions, spacecraft design
concepts for future space exploration cannot be based
mainly upon engineering and structural requirements
[]. umans in future long-duration spaceflight and
exploration endeavors will play key roles within the mission. onsequently, human needs and requirements
0
äuplik-Meusburger et al.
must be addressed in overall mission architecture and
spacecraft design. uman factors need to be taken into
account at every stage of the design process — considering people to be more than an ‘element’ of the system
but its modifier and innovator.
Planning and building future long-term space missions will challenge both technology and human endurance. According to several space agencies including
SA, current road maps with planetary exploration missions’ scenarios include short expeditions to the Moon,
cis-lunar locations, asteroids, and long-term manned
missions to Mars.
A human mission to Mars will include long travel
times (- months) each direction and a stay on the
planet’s surface between months to years [, , ].
t is obvious that all mission aspects influence each other
and have to be addressed beforehand - at planning and
design phases. specially design considerations related
to missions’ lengths and destinations change significantly []
• e longer and more isolated the mission, the more
important will be the qualitative design of the habitat, including layout and integration of its structures, systems, and utilities.
• e longer and farther away from arth, the more
sustainable the habitat has to be and the more facilities will be needed for personalized activities, etc.
n order to meet challenges associated with space exploration, a new generation of professionals has to be
educated []. Today’s students and future spacecraft designers need to be prepared for the planning of human
missions and designing appropriate artifacts. t is important that future mission planners, engineers and architects, as well as other professionals involved in the
design for manned spaceflight are educated in order to
[]
• Learn about space systems and human factors as
equal elements of a spacecraft and mission design
• Understanding connectivity and relationships between all design elements and overall mission planning
• Operate at all scales from the ‘overall picture’ down
to smallest details
• Provide directed intention and judgment – not just
analysis – towards design opportunities
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Space Architecture and abitability An Asset in Aerospace ngineering and Architectural urricula
• Address relationships between human behavior
and built environment
• nteract successfully with diverse fields and disciplines throughout the project’s lifecycle.
• And last but not least critical thinking.
urrent problems of academic training for example include lack of understanding requirements derived from expertise in human factors that students and
professionals trained in space engineering frequently
demonstrate. On the other hand, students and professionals in the fields of architecture and design often are
not adequately prepared with respect to engineering requirements and evaluation criteria. n addition, interdisciplinary interaction is challenged by dissimilar research and working methods, different glossary used for
identification of design problems and requirements, and
evaluation criteria that are often inconsistent. All those
factors make teamwork and planning for future manned
space missions even more difficult.
3 Habitability Principles
health, safety and well-being to enable productive and reliable mission operation and success” [].
istorically it has been considered a low priority in
the space mission planning process. Architects and engineers still discuss the degree of its importance, but
when the effects of impaired habitability are understood
as critical [] and potentially life threatening, then understanding habitability and uman actors “will make
mission success more likely” [].
Another definition refers to the abitation Readiness
Levels (RLs) described by onolly, aues, oward
and Toups [] in relation to well-known Technology
Readiness Levels (TRLs). or them a (Lunar Surface)
abitation System is “the integrated set of habitation assets
to support a crewed mission and ensure a safe, productive,
pressurized environment for human habitation.” orrelations between RLs and TRLs are a good example how
a human-centered design approach can be integrated
into already established technical methodology.
All these definitions imply that the job of a space architect is to create an environment that is safe and comfortable for people to live and work, and return back
home in a good physical and psychological state.
Knowledge of basic design requirements for a human 4 Current Educational Practices in
mission is required already at an early stage of the design
Aerospace Design
process. Several key requirements for human missions
drive habitation design, examples include
Space-architecture and aerospace engineering practices
have different approaches for identifying a problem and
• Life Support (Atmosphere ermal nvironment solution finding. Architecture and engineering disciand umidity ood ygiene and Waste ollec- plines also have different educational approaches with
tion etc.)
different tasks assigned. e same can be observed in
• azards (Micrometeoroids Microgravity Radia- other disciplines such as medicine, industrial design,
physical sciences, etc. To achieve better integration of
tion Safety azards etc.)
space architecture’ objectives into engineering and ar• ehavioral mplications (Personal Space and Pri- chitectural curricula both approaches need to be examined and assessed.
vacy Social nteraction versus solation etc.)
nterdisciplinary design processes add complexity
Although various definitions for the term ‘habitabil- when the goal is to create an optimized design that is
ity’ exist, it can be understood as “a general term that con- compatible with mission goals, technological, scientific,
notes a level of environmental acceptability” [0] as stated design, and human factors requirements.. esigning a
by onnors, arrison, Akins and aren in their book crew habitat for outer space, surface of Mars, or any
‘Living Aloft – uman Requirements for xtended other extra-terrestrial body is one of the biggest chalspaceflight. abitability can be used as a “a general term lenges for space architects and engineers. nterdiscito describe the suitability and value of a built habitat (house plinary communication is vital for successful and efor spacecraft) for its inhabitants in a specific environment ficient design and interactions between all parties in(Earth or Space) and over a certain period of time. Set into volved in design and planning activities.
the space context, habitability can be understood as the meaowever, often disciplines and practices use different
sure of how well the (built) environment supports human terminology and acronyms identifying entities, objects,
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Task
Problem efinition
Approach
Workflow
Solution
äuplik-Meusburger et al.
Engineering Approach
Product-oriented
Linear(analysis)
Start at the beginning of the process
Workflow from the start to the end
one with numbers (quantitative
methodology)
ere is one ideal solution
Most decisions are quantifiable
Architectural Approach
Process-oriented
Nonlinear and iterative (synthesis)
Start at critical points, then adjust
Workflow anywhere in the project
one with models (qualitative methodology)
ere are many solutions
Some decisions are quantifiable
T . Engineering and architectural approaches throughout processes. (Adapted from Brand N. Griffin)
F . Example of a common engineering design approach
and functions. or example, even the meaning of a term
‘design’ differs between engineers and architects.
Misuse of terms and definitions can create confusion
and misunderstanding, which may lead to significant
design flaws and errors affecting overall planning and
mission success. Table shows examples of how different tasks can be understood by architects and engineers.
n general ways of identifying a problem, perceiving it,
and finding design solutions can be quite different [].
ngineering classes focus on learning about systems,
subsystems, elements, and parts. Students understand
connections between them in order design a system that
performs a particular function for which those systems
or units are designed. e engineering approach, illustrated in ig. uses system and sub-system requirements as constraints for the system. ach function is
determined by a trade-off process. e organizational
stage includes function determination and prerequisites.
t is followed by generalized requirements, and the integration stage usually becomes a part of the process in
professional system engineering practice. System engineering is dealing with a system as a whole and connects
the traditional engineering disciplines. t also includes
the evolutionary process of maturity levels [, 0, ].
A drawback of this approach may be the neglected
human factor when it is not treated as an equal system
element. e nternational Space Station is an example
of an engineering design approach.mportant human
factors and habitability elements have been discarded
in an early stage (eg. habitation module) or have been
added very lately to the station (eg. personal crewquarters).
5 Space Architecture Educational
Approach
“Engineers think architects make things prettier, difficult to
build, and more expensive. Some can, but space architects
are different. ey analyze like an engineer and synthesize
like an architect” [].
e space architecture approach combines engineering thinking with criteria related to habitability and human factors, such as considered in architecture and industrial design, plus including other disciplines such as
medicine and sciences.
When introducing architecture students to a design
studio in Space Architecture, Marc M. ohen states
that “[…] it is always a challenge to orient them to
the unique and peculiar characteristics of designing human
habitation in vacuum and reduced gravity regimes.[…] e
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Space Architecture and abitability An Asset in Aerospace ngineering and Architectural urricula
• Availability of resources (physical and intellectual
• Timeframe
• Societal and political support
• conomic and environmental impacts. (Testing
and feedback)
nterrelationships between design stages and involvement of different disciplines should be established
throughout the design and production development
(ig. ). Other diagrams address similar reciprocal design processes but depict it from different perspectives
the spiral process reflects an architectural synthetically
enhanced approach and is based on a system engineerF . Cyclical Design Process. (Original model by Donna P.
ing process. e multi-linear diagram reflects engineerDuerk, adapted by the authors)
ing and architectural team efforts in pursuing integrated
design solutions.
challenge is a difficult one, given the shortness of time for a
quarter or semester, and the variety of the students’ backgrounds, with some stronger or weaker in engineering, human factors, materials science, and physics.[…] Also, the students often start from differing levels of professional preparation and training, so it is inevitable that each one interprets the information differently and takes an individual
and often idiosyncratic approach” [].
epending upon the overall topic (manned systems
design, space structures and applications, lunar and
planetary exploration, and terrestrial analogues) students usually start with extended research of relevant
topics that include mission architecture, human factors, ergonomic influences, extreme environments, constraints and influences, and psycho-social factors. ey
will attain a good understanding of the system and associated structures through design, research, and analysis
of specific projects.
ertain creativity and the development of ‘out-ofthe-box options’ can be helpful at the beginning. e architectural approach to project development is basically
non-linear and based on the synthesis of inputs from
multiple disciplines. esign process cycles will evolve
through time and levels of development. ig. shows
an example diagram of a cyclical design process.
urthermore, the design process is interdisciplinary
(ig. ) and related to
6 Educational Examples
ere is still a need for an appropriate educational approach to enumerate space architectural objectives in related disciplines. is section of the paper shows examples of academic courses and workshops that demonstrate the importance of multidisciplinary work in order
to expand the potential of design scenarios towards future space exploration mission planning and spacecraft
and structures design.
6.1 ESA Habitat Design Workshop
n 00, a number of students and young professionals
formed an initiative to promote interdisciplinary design
processes. e initiative was triggered by the lack of academic options and to follow up several personal meetings at different conferences. n 00 this multidisciplinary highly motivated team of young architects, engineers, industrial designers and physicists from Austria,
taly, the Netherlands, ngland and anada, known as
the ‘MoonMars Working roup’ , began working on
the idea of a habitat workshop. ese efforts led to the
abitat esign Workshop, held on – April 00 at
SA/ST.
With the support of Piero Messina at SA’s irectorate for uman Spaceflight, Microgravity and xplo• Systems’ and elements’ Technology Readiness ration and ernard oeing, SA AURORA Program,
Levels (TRLs) and abitability Readiness Levels the Moon- Mars abitat esign roup put together
(RLs)
an intense one-week programme based on lectures and
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F . Scheme of a disciplines relationships synthesized approach diagram
F . Design process diagram. (Position paper on the role of space architecture [4])
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F . e Elysium base presented a Mars outpost using soil
and sand to make glass segments to be added to a pre-existing lander structure. (Team: B. Lansdorp, O. Clark, E. Sønneland, M.
Gunter, G. Murph, K. von Bengtson)
F . e workshop and presentations of the ESA Habitat
Design Workshop took place in ESTEC’s ERASMUS facility
grated into the existing curricula of architecture. e
design studio ‘estination Moon’ took part in the
frame of the Master of Architecture program at the Vienna University of Technology (TU Vienna) in 0.
students selected this one-semester program (March
– une) and worked on their vision of a future research
base on the Moon. All projects have been published and
are available online for further information [].
n the first phase of the studio a settlement strategy,
based on a hypothetical scenario, had to be developed
by the students. e emphasis of the second phase of
the studio was on the actual design and implementation
details of a lunar research station.
As most of the students had no previous knowledge in
the field of Space Architecture, this course was accompanied by theme-specific lectures and workshops with
space experts.
One of the biggest challenges for the students was
that they could not rely on conventional architectural
role models due to the total different physical and social environment. is mind shift and ‘forced’ critical
thinking on basic questions like What is it for? What is
happening there and why? can lead to real innovation – not
only in the field of space architecture.
n order to assess how well the students developed
solutions, two kinds of reviews were provided an internal one in the sense of a traditional studio review and
an external one from the perspective of the larger world
of human spaceflight. Space Architect Marc M. ohen was invited to assess the feasibility of the projects
6.2 Space Architecture Design Studio
in the professional practice of Space Architecture. e
e TU Vienna is one of a few universities worldwide criteria encompassed three broad domains of evaluation
offering courses in Space Architecture that are inte- oncept, Representation, and Space Architecture eagroup work, aimed not only at generating innovative designs but also at studying the group dynamics of a stressful, cross-disciplinary work environment.
e participants, 0 students and post-graduates
were drawn from disciplines of engineering, medicine,
physics, architecture and industrial design with the task
to develop and design human habitation concepts. ey
could apply for one of the three scenarios a base on
Mars (an example is shown in ig. ), a base on the
Moon, or an interplanetary transit vehicle that could
land or “dock” on the Martian moon Phobos [].
ollowing an extensive preparation of the participants
via internet, the weeklong event was hosted in ST’s
rasmus entre during the first week of April 00
(ig. ).
e purpose of this work¬shop was to demonstrate
the advantages of bringing together people from various
disciplines at the very beginning of the design process.
uring that week, professionals from SA and various
space industries provided advisory for postgraduate students. e tight schedule foresaw an extensive lecture
program in the mornings and working sessions in the
afternoons and evenings.
At the end of the week, five final designs were presented to a final jury composed of SA staff, industry
representatives, and external experts and MoonMars organizers [].
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Evaluation emes
Analogy, including ackstory
ormal oncept
mported Philosophy
Structural oncept
eometric onstruct
Science of Physics oncept
äuplik-Meusburger et al.
Explanation
e use of analogy is a time-honored and widespread practice in architecture. Some students use analogy, but that is not a requirement in any
sense. owever it can add a story line and a degree of richness to the
narrative.
eveloping such a concept as a discrete physical and visual form is an
essential step in architecture.
t has become fashionable in recent decades to start an architecture
project from a philosophical – instead of a formal – parti (Point of eparture). Although the use of imported and possibly irrelevant philosophy sometimes provokes controversy, the recording here addresses only
whether it is present in the project.
ecause Space Architecture occurs in the extreme environment of vacuum and reduced or microgravity, the structure must not only support
conventional live and dead loads, but also the pneumatic pressure of the
atmosphere.
As part of the structural concept or the formal concept, a geometric
concomitant often becomes a prominent organizing principle.
Some Space Architecture concepts invoke innovative applications of science, most often physics, in developing a habitat project. owever, often as much peril can accrue to the project as benefit unless the architect
brings a solid grasp of the science to the effort.
T . Evaluation emes for the Criteria CONCEPT for the Design Studio ‘Destination Moon’. (Marc M. Cohen), as published
in Destination Moon (TU Vienna, 2012) and Space Architecture Education for Engineers and Architects (Springer, 2016)
tures, each divided into subthemes []. Table gives
an overview of the criteria definitions for the domain
oncept.
ig. shows a visualization of the student project titled ‘Twist’. e project ‘Twist’ creates a linear array of
units that begins at the upper edge of a crater wall and
follows the slope down towards the center. e form of
these habitation units derives from the structure, which
consist of a spiral spring. e crew will deploy this spiral
inside the inflatable, giving it a form that provides volumes of varying shapes and sizes that can accommodate
the living and working environment functions. e spiral will initially be flexible but its foam filling will harden
into a rigid shape. is project got a good score in the
domain oncept. Areas that needed further attention
include the construction of the spiral to be further articulated, particularly the outer inflatable layer that would
be filled with rigidized foam [].
e domain Space Architecture eatures encompassed a specific knowledge that students gained and
applied in the studio. valuation themes for Space Architecture included multiple access, dual remote egress,
multiple circulation loops, private quarters, work or lab
area, plant growth area, life support, surface mobility,
robotics and VA access airlock [, ].
e ‘alloon in a bowl’ habitat, featured in ig. consists of a deployable, hexagonal plan inflatable structure.
t has an inner deployable / expandable framework.
e functional modules include the abitat, reenhouses, and Regolith Processing. e Resistance / Residence pursues a philosophy of “environmental adaptation”. e concept for an integrated inflatable and rigid
structure that all deploys simultaneously is quite ingenious and the model explains it very well [].
6.3
Prototyping, 1:1 Building and Field Simulation
n 0, the design studio ‘eployable mergency
Shelter on Mars’ at the TU Vienna challenged the students to develop, build, and simulate an emergency shelter for Mars surface. e design brief requested an additional crew support element, with regards to potential
VA / science activities to be performed on Mars and
related safety issues.
e primary feature had to be a portable and deployable shelter that can be employed in the event of an
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Space Architecture and abitability An Asset in Aerospace ngineering and Architectural urricula
F . Rendering of the project Twist by Daniela Siedler. Design Studio Destination Moon 2012 at the University of Technology,
Institute for Architecture and Design, Department Hochbau 2. (TU Vienna, HB2, Siedler)
F . Scale model showing the deployment process of the lunar base project Resistance / Residence undercover by Stefan Kristoffer.
Design Studio Destination Moon 2012 at the University of Technology, Institute for Architecture and Design, Department Hochbau 2
(TU Vienna, HB2, Kristoffer)
emergency requiring immediate action and where return
to the base / rover is not possible in time.
ollowing the selection of prospective emergency scenarios and the definition of design criteria, a series of
preliminary designs for an emergency shelter was developed within the academic design studio. n total three prototypes were developed, built and revised (ig. and 0). e final prototype was tested
during the Morocco Mars Analog ield Simulation in
ebruary 0 as part of an operational evaluation of
this deployable and portable multipurpose shelter. All
design projects and the eventual prototypes have been
published and are available online for further research
[].
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e team at the TU Vienna chose a design-orientated
approach along with a literature research of the state
of the art and potential applications. Students were
asked to work on emergency scenarios likely to happen
on Mars and to develop the design criteria for the first
models. ased on the most promising design, the first
full scale prototype was developed and built. e second
prototype was tested with the suit tester during a ress
Rehearsal Meeting in nnsbruck. e third mock-up
was then tested during a field simulation in the Sahara,
dealing with the three pre-defined contingency scenarios (ig. 0).
etween the st and th of ebruary 0, the Austrian Space orum (OW) conducted an integrated
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Mars analogue field simulation in the northern Sahara
near rfoud, Morocco in the framework of the PolAres
programme [, ]. e emergency deployable shelter
was among the experiments preparing for future human
Mars missions, conducted by a small field crew. e
emergency scenarios were tested by a student team and
the OW analogue astronauts during the analogue
simulation mission (ig. ).A prototype was made to
fit a number of human activities based on the most likely
emergency scenarios during an VA on Mars. ree selected emergency scenarios were tested during the simulation One astronaut loses consciousness but is still
breathing Astronauts get exhausted and have to rest
for a while one astronaut falls down and suffers from
a traumatic injury and/or space suit malfunction.
e evaluation was based upon a comparison between
the shelter deployment behavior under controlled (laboratory) conditions versus the deployment in the field (to
account for the influence of dust), as well as a subjective
assessment of the developers, the on-site team including
the analog astronauts and a post-mission inspection of
the wear-and-tear patterns of the hardware. e evaluation demonstrated the expected good functionality of
the mock-up. e deployment (pop up) worked as expected and took less than minute. Opening (unzipping) the shelter was tested a number of times. Some
difficulties were detected due to the small size of the zip
pull tabs. Additional ribbons were then connected to the
pull tabs allowing easier use with the space suit gloves.
e deployment on a slope and rocky surface worked
well.
e prototype was designed to allow functional
adaptability including the adaption of the sitting and
lying positions for the astronauts. e change between
the two positions is achieved through air shifting between two supporting pneumatic cushions, one in front
and one in the back of the shelter. e change between
the two positions was tested with two astronauts inside
the shelter. e mechanism worked well and efficiently.
e analogue astronauts reported that sitting in the shelter was very comfortable and allowed them to fully relax. e sitting height was sufficient. e measurements
of the astronauts O levels (carried out by the ÖW)
support this finding.
äuplik-Meusburger et al.
F . Students simulate several procedures in order to adjust
suitable body positions and to get a feeling for spatial and functional requirements. Design Studio Destination Moon 2012 at
the University of Technology, Institute for Architecture and Design, Department Hochbau 2. (TU Vienna, HB2)
different focus for the students. Architects and industrial designers from Lund have been participating in
the NASA educational outreach program STAR esign
since its beginning. Lund professors Per Liljeqvist (ndustrial esign) and Tina-enriette Kristiansen (Architecture) and their students worked on the development of innovative crew habitation systems and elements that could help in realizing ambitious plans of
deep space exploration.
As part of the program, the students spend two weeks
during fall semester at NASA ohnson Space enter in
ouston working with professionals from NASA, its
xploration Systems ngineering Office and the Advanced xtravehicular Activity Team. ey also acquired space architecture design approaches by visiting
SSA (Sasakawa nternational enter for Space Architecture at the University of ouston). ere, students learned about the human spaceflight program and
developed their design concepts, with an emphasis on
human needs, space environment, and its challenges for
people and spacecraft design.
Larry Toups, from the xploration Systems ngineering Office, oversees the program at S. According to
him, the students’ work could help NASA in agency’s
preparation for future missions to the Moon and Mars.
6.4 European – American Academic Collaboration
Similar to the nternational Space Station and earlier
STAR esign is a cooperative program between NASA US and Russian stations, the habitable volume of a
ohnson Space enter and the Lund nstitute of Tech- structure on the Moon or Mars will be limited and much
nology, Sweden that began in . ach year is a planning must take place in order to use that space as ef
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Space Architecture and abitability An Asset in Aerospace ngineering and Architectural urricula
F . Last pre-test with the analog astronauts at the Austrian Space Forum. (OEWF, Zanella-Kux)
F . Last pre-test with the analog astronauts at the Austrian Space Forum. (OEWF, Zanella-Kux)
tecture students from Lund teamed up with aerospace,
electrical, and robotic engineering students in several
summer sessions developing creative design solutions
for long-term manned space missions. ig. presents
examples of their work. e students presented their
results of the two-week team project to an external jury
comprised of cosmonauts, MSTU professors, and industry professionals. Projects usually achieved a detailed
schematic design stage.
7 Conclusion
F . Last pre-test with the analog astronauts at the Austrian Space Forum. (OEWF, Zanella-Kux)
ficiently as possible. (ig. )
6.5
European – Russian Academic Collaboration
e annual nternational Youth Science School ‘Space
evelopment eory and Practice’ has been running
since at the auman Moscow State Technical University (MSTU) with support from Ministry of ducation and Science, and Russia’s ederal Space Agency.
Since then more than 000 Russian and international
students participated in the program. Many of them are
already working on space projects in leading aerospace
corporations and agencies of the world. Main educational element of the program is a group scientific
project. Although participants of the school mostly
come from engineering disciplines, it is open for all interested students.
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e uropean-wide interdisciplinary approach has already proven its validity through the SA abitat esign Workshop in 00 [] and other academic programs in urope and the US [, ]. e examples
shown highlight how cross- fertilization among different disciplines can bring original solutions.
As a possible next step and with reference to current
SA plans of building a village on the Moon, the momentum can be used to continue and reinforce educational activities and networks with the goal to deliver
innovative concepts for an international Moon village
(and its associated technical, organizational, and social
challenges).
or such a delicate international program, the inclusion of interdisciplinary educational activities is even
more relevant as the same (old) difficulties and challenges of academic training still exist
• Students and professionals are trained in space engineering but lack expertise in human factor derived requirements
• Students and professionals in the fields of architecture and design are (often) not adequately prepared
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äuplik-Meusburger et al.
F . Mission to Mars: a – using an asteroid as a vehicle to Mars, habitat is docked to an asteroid; b – Mars surface habitat
located in a lava tube
0
O 0./zenodo.0
Space Architecture and abitability An Asset in Aerospace ngineering and Architectural urricula
with respect to engineering requirements and evaluation criteria
• nterdisciplinary interaction is challenged by different research and working methods
• ifferent vocabulary is used for the identification
of design problems and requirements, and evaluation criteria that are often inconsistent.
A multidisciplinary working approach within a workshop, design studio and alike can ignite to overcome
many of these challenges that are so vital for every day
work processes and results. n addition, the whole space
community would benefit from new ideas derived in the
workshop and through network building. e experience of such an interdisciplinary program – as part of
the curricula - would help to train aerospace engineers
with an understanding for the requirements related to
human factors, as well as architects with the knowledge
in aerospace engineering. urthermore both professions
will be introduced to the ‘art of critical thinking and decision making’.
e authors have recently published a book to prepare
students quickly to overcome first challenges in their
learning experience. e book ‘Space Architecture ducation for ngineers and Architects’ (Springer, 0)
takes on the mission of teaching students to design a
space habitat and evaluate it at an RL level . is
means that the book should furnish lessons that will enable the student/reader to research, do task analysis, develop an operational concept and mission timeline, decide on areas, volumes, and adjacencies for activities and
equipment, and to design lighting and other habitation
systems using A, scale models, and drawings as appropriate.
As the former NASA astronaut r. onnie unbar put it, space exploration “is no longer science fiction,
but is science and engineering fact. We have also learned
that space exploration is complex and very unforgiving of
error. Designing spacecraft and space and planetary habitats for humans requires knowledge spanning a range of
disciplines: engineering, medical sciences, psychology, human factors, life support systems, radiation protection/space
weather, and other extreme space environments, at a minimum. ese disciplines must result in an integrated human
centered system, which should also be reliable, safe, and sustainable. is is space architecture” (oreword of the ook
Space Architecture ducation for ngineers and Architects, 0, by the authors).
O 0./zenodo.0
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olga bannova