Treasure of the Paṇis

This is an addendum to: Wealth of Metals India of the Buddha's time is a continuum of wealth created from days of Sarasvati Civilization (Indus Script) https://tinyurl.com/y8arm7gh This provided evidence of: 1. Cunda, kammāraputta, son of the village smith, metalworker who served the last meal to the Buddha. 2. Anathapindika covers Jetavana with gold coins. The continuum of wealth creation activities in ancient India documented in Indus Script Corpora is a continuum of Indus Script tradition to document these activities. Examples of this continuum of Indus Script tradition of documenting wealth are collated and presented in this monograph. Section 1. Kalibangan cylinder seal is an Indus Script metalwork catalogue, evidence of terracotta cake, fire-altar with yupa (Somayaga) Section 2. Khāravela Hathigumpha inscription with Indus Script Hypertexts celebrating Bhāratavasa Section 3. Metaphors & Indus Script hypertexts of mākṣikā ‘pyrites’, śyená श्येन, mərəγō saēnō, āhangar, 'blacksmith' Section 4. Metaphors of aya khambhaṛā rebus: aya kammaṭa 'alloy metal mint, coiner, coinage' on toraṇa of Bharhut and Sanchi. Epigraphia Indus Script -- Hypertexts and Meanings (3 vols.) posits that the entire set of over 8000 inscriptions of Indus Script Corpora are wealth accounting ledgers, metalwork catalogues.

This monograph demonstrates that the nine treasures of Kubera in Hindu tradition are traceable to Indus Script inscriptions which are wealth-accounting ledgers of metalwork and lapidary products of artisans. Rakhigarhi cylinder seal. Field symbol: karā , 'crocodile', rebus: khār 'blacksmith'. 1. (dh)mākara, makara is a composite animal with elephant trunk, crocodile face, body of fish, feline paws, Rebus reading is dhmākara 'bellows blower,blacksmith'. kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron', kolhe 'smelter' Makara with fish-tails and emergence of a smith, ivory-carver, artificer. Plaque from Casket V. Begram. Site 2, Chamber 10. Ivory. Inv. no.: MG 1901. 2. kunda, mukunda 'treasure'.: खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull' kō̃da कोँद 'furnace' 3. nanda or కుంద, குந்தம்6 kuntam, n. < kunda 'lathe' Hieroglyph: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kō̃da कोँद 'furnace' kundaṇa 'fine gold'. 4. Meluhha synonym of kharva is karba: kharva 'dwarf'; Elephant: karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karb, ib 'iron'. Worship of Śiva Linga by Gandharvas - Shunga Period - Bhuteshwar - ACCN 3625 This is worship by kharva 'dwarfs' gaNa of Siva, celebrating Kubera's nidhi also called kharva Rebus: karb 'iron' (Tulu) On this sculptural frieze of Mathura, Śivalinga is shown atop a smelter. Relief with Ekamukha linga. Mathura. 1st cent. CE. On this sculptural frieze of Bhutesvar, Śivalinga ekamukhalinga is shown atop a smelter associated with the kharva, 'dwarfs' gaṇa, 'artisan guilds', engaged in processing karba 'iron'.. 5. Meluhha synonym of mahāpadma is sattva (Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa). sattva 'svastika hieroglyph' rebus: jasta, sattva 'zinc, pewter'.Rebus:sattu, satavu, satuvu 'pewter' (Kannada) సత్తుతపెల a vessel made of pewter ज&above;स्ति&below; । त्रपुधातुविशेषनिर्मितम् jasth जस्थ । त्रपु m. (sg. dat. jastas जस्तस्), zinc, spelter; pewter. trápu n. ʻ tin ʼ AV. Pa. tipu -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; Pk. taü -- , taüa -- n. ʻ lead ʼ; P. tū̃ m. ʻ tin ʼ; Or. ṭaü ʻ zinc, pewter ʼ; OG. tarūaüṁ n. ʻ lead ʼ, G. tarvũ n. -- Si. tum̆ba ʻ lead ʼ GS74, but rather X tam̆ba < tāmrá -- .(CDIAL 5992) Svastika seals.Indus Script Corpora. 5. Meluhha synonym of kacchapa is kamaṭha 'turtle, tortoise' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. kassa 'turtle' rebus: kãsā 'bell-metal' (Oriya), kamaṭha 'turtle' rebus: kãsā kammaṭa 'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace'. dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, metal casting mint. Pictorial motif 69 Indus Script. Two giant turtles, Meiolania, back-to-back. Meiolania is an extinct genus of stem-turtle from the Middle Miocene to Holocene, with the last relict populations at New Caledonia which survived until 3,000 years ago. 7. Meluhha synonym of śankha is Ta. ippi pearl-oyster, shell; cippi shell, shellfish, coconut shell for measuring out curds. Ma. ippi, cippi oyster shell. Ka.cippu, sippu, cimpi, cimpe, simpi, simpu, simpe oyster shell, mussel, cockle, a portion of the shell of a coconut, skull, a pearl oyster; (Gowda) cippi coconut shell. Tu. cippi coconut shell, oyster shell, pearl; tippi, sippi coconut shell. Te. cippa a shell; (kobbari cᵒ) coconut shell; (mōkāli cᵒ) knee-pan, patella; (tala cᵒ) skull; (muttepu cᵒ) mother-of-pearl. Go. (Ma.) ipi shell, conch (Voc. 174). / Cf. Turner, CDIAL, no. 13417, *sippī-; Pali sippī- pearl oyster, Pkt. sippī- id., etc(DEDR 2535) sippi 'snail' rebus: s'ilpi,sippi 'sculptor, artificer, artisan'.. A synonym of śankha is kangu: kāṅga 'comb' Rebus: kanga 'brazier, fireplace'. 8. Meluhha synonym of padma is tāmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tāmra 'copper'. Torana from Mathura and Mathura lion capital which incorporates many hieroglyph elements later to be found in Bharhut-Sanchi: Pair of tigers (lions?), molluscs, śrivatsa, i.e. ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish fin' rebus: kampaṭṭa 'mint' PLUS sippi 'shell' rebus: sippi 'artisan, sculptor, architect' meḍhā 'curl' rebus mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’. kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. (ariye 'lion' rebus: āra 'brass'). Rebus 1: కమ్మటము (p. 0247) [ kammaṭamu ] Same as కమటము. కమ్మటీడు kammaṭīḍu. [Tel.] A man of the goldsmith caste. కామాటము (p. 0272) [ kāmāṭamu ] kāmāṭamu. [Tel.] n. Rough work. మోటుపని. R. viii. కామాటి kāmāṭi. n. A labourer, a pioneer.adj.Rustic. Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner(DEDR 1236). Story of Serpent King Erapata, with Erapata worshipping empty throne, on Prasenajit pillar, from Bharhut, Madhya Pradesh, India, Sunga period, c. 100-80 B.C.E., reddish brown sandstone (Indian Museum, Kolkata) (photo: Anandajoti Bhikkhu. tāmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tāmra 'copper'; phaḍā 'cobra hood' rebus:phaḍā, 'metals manufactory'; paṭṭaḍi 'metal anvil workshop'. Hieroglyph: फडा (p. 313) phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága &c स्फट [p= 1269,3] m. a snake's expanded hood L. phaṭa n. ʻ expanded hood of snake ʼ MBh. 2. *phēṭṭa -- 2. [Cf. phuṭa -- m., °ṭā -- f., sphuṭa -- m. lex., °ṭā -- f. Pañcat. (Pk. phuḍā -- f.), sphaṭa -- m., °ṭā -- f., sphōṭā -- f. lex. andphaṇa -- 1. Conn. words in Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xii 386] 1. Pk. phaḍa -- m.n. ʻ snake's hood ʼ, °ḍā -- f., M. phaḍā m., °ḍī f. 2. A. pheṭ, phẽṭ. (CDIAL 9040) పటము (p. 695) paṭamu paṭamu. [Skt.] n. A cloth, వస్త్రము. A picture. గెరిపటము a paper kite, పతంగి. The hood of a serpent, (See hoods of cobra adorning the worshipping naga-s). 9. The ninth treasure is nīlamaṇi m. ʻ sapphire ʼ Dhūrt. [nīˊla -- , maṇí -- 1] Pa. nīlamaṇi -- m. sapphire ʼ, Pk. ṇīlamaṇi -- m.f., Si. nilmiṇa.(CDIAL 7565). The word also signifies S. nīru m. ʻ blue colour, indigo ʼ; L. nīl m. ʻ indigo ʼ, P. nīl, līl m., Or. nīḷā, (Sambhalpur) nirā. (CDIAL 7563). In the 8000+ Indus Script inscriptions deciphered, no evidence has been found of any inscription which signifies this wealth of sapphire gem or indigo colouring dye, as a treasure. If a hieroglyph signifies this treasure, it is likely to be a hieroglyph which signifies a 'standing' posutre as on Sign 1 . Ka. nil (nilt-/ nind-), nilu, nillu to stand still, stand, stand up, stop, stay, wait, remain, be left, last, remain fixed, cease, rest, endure; nila, nilu standing, that stands upright, remainder, balance, arrears;(DEDR 3675).But this sign together with over 40 ligatured variants, seems to relate to the semantics: meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron',med 'copper' (Slavic). There is a possibility that the ninth category of treasure may be signified by the semantics of śrēṣṭha श्रेष्ठः as a name of Kubera; if so, there is an Indus Script hieroglyph which signifies this word providing the meaning 'guild-master': khāra 'squirrel', šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄ 'squirrel' Indus Script hypertext is khār 'blacksmith' śrēṣṭhin 'guild-master' (Aitareya Brāhmaṇa). *śrēṣṭrī1 ʻ clinger ʼ. [√śriṣ1]Phal. šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄ ʻ flying squirrel ʼ?(CDIAL 12723) Hieroglyph: squirrel: *śrēṣṭrī1 ʻ clinger ʼ. [√śriṣ1]Phal. šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄ ʻ flying squirrel ʼ?(CDIAL 12723) Rebus: guild master khāra, 'squirrel', rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri). *śrēṣṭrī1 ʻ clinger ʼ. [√śriṣ1] Phal. šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄ ʻ flying squirrel ʼ? (CDIAL 12723) Rebus: śrēṣṭhin m. ʻ distinguished man ʼ AitBr., ʻ foreman of a guild ʼ, °nī -- f. ʻ his wife ʼ Hariv. [śrḗṣṭha -- ] Pa. seṭṭhin -- m. ʻ guild -- master ʼ, Dhp. śeṭhi, Pk. seṭṭhi -- , siṭṭhi -- m., °iṇī -- f.; S. seṭhi m. ʻ wholesale merchant ʼ; P. seṭh m. ʻ head of a guild, banker ʼ,seṭhaṇ, °ṇī f.; Ku.gng. śēṭh ʻ rich man ʼ; N. seṭh ʻ banker ʼ; B. seṭh ʻ head of a guild, merchant ʼ; Or. seṭhi ʻ caste of washermen ʼ; Bhoj. Aw.lakh. sēṭhi ʻ merchant, banker ʼ, H. seṭh m., °ṭhan f.; G. śeṭh, śeṭhiyɔ m. ʻ wholesale merchant, employer, master ʼ; M. śeṭh, °ṭhī, śeṭ, °ṭī m. ʻ respectful term for banker or merchant ʼ; Si. siṭu, hi° ʻ banker, nobleman ʼ H. Smith JA 1950, 208 (or < śiṣṭá -- 2?) (CDIAL 12726) I suggest that the šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄ ʻ flying squirrel ʼ? is read rebus: śeṭhī, śeṭī m. ʻ respectful term for banker or merchant ʼ (Marathi) or eṭṭhin -- m. ʻ guild -- master ʼ(Prakrtam) The guild-master signs off on a long inscription by affixing his hieroglyph: palm squirrel,Sciurus palmarum' m0314 Seal impression, Text 1400 Dimension: 1.4 sq. in. (3.6 cm) Marshall 1931 (Vol. II, p. 402). śrēṣṭha श्रेष्ठ a. Best, most excellent, pre-eminent (with gen. or loc.). -2 Most happy or prosperous. -3 Most beloved, dearest. -4 Oldest, senior. -ष्ठः 1 A Brāh- maṇa. -2 A king. -3 N. of Kubera. -4 N. of Viṣṇu. -ष्ठम् 1 Cow's milk. -2 Copper. -Comp. .,. (-ष्ठम्) the main pillar of a house. -वाच् a.eloquent. This is an addendum to: Surprising validation of Indus Script Decipherment as 'wealth-acccounting ledgers' in Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa https://tinyurl.com/y4mtv9g2 Synonyms for Kubera used in Mahābhārata. Alakādhipa, Dhanada, Dhanadeśvara, Dhanagoptā, Dhanādhipa, Dhanādhipati, Dhanādhyakṣa, Dhaneśvara, Dhanapati, Dhaneśa, Draviṇapati, Gadādhara, Guhyakādhipa, Guhyakādhipati, Kailāsanilaya, Naravāhana, Nidhipa, Paulastya, Rājarāja, Rājarāṭ, Rākṣasādhipati, Rākṣaseśvara, Vaiśravaṇa, Vittagoptā, Vittapati, Vitteśa, Yakṣādhipa, Yakṣādhipati, Yakṣapati, Yakṣapravara, Yakṣarāṭ, Yakṣarāja, Yakṣarākṣasabhartā, Yakṣarakṣodhipa. https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241714.html

This monograph presents a decipherment of 16 Harappa tablets selected by RPN Rao, 45+ colourful Indus Script inscriptions selected by Dennnys Frenez and demonstrates how Indus Script inscriptions are composed -- in stages -- from metalwork processes in a guild -- from mineral ore stage to smelting stage to casting stage and forging stage in smithy/forge of a guild. The monograph posits, based on this decipherment of select inscriptions that Indus Script is a wealth-accounting ledger of metalwork catalogues. The accounting ledgers are written by karaṇa 'scribe'. Such a scribe can be signified by a gold anthropomorph showing a person in a dance posture or dance step. See: Golden Anthropomorph of Sanauli is Indus Script karaṇa 'dance step, dance posture' rebus karaṇa 'scribe' validated by Baudhāyana Śrautasūtra, and genetic Sarasvati-Balto-Slavic & Indo-Iranian connection. https://tinyurl.com/ya3e5fvj The golden anthropomorph discovered in Sanauli in 2006-7 excavations, compares with four types of bronze anthropomorphs found in many parts of Sarasvati Civilization, including Lothal. The gold anthropomorph dated to ca. 2000 BCE signifies a standing person with spread legs. He signifies a dance-posture. This golden anthropomorph is an Indus Script hypertext: karaṇa 'dance step, dance posture' rebus: karaṇa 'scribe'. meṭṭu 'step' meḍ iron, मेधा, धन, मेधः' yajna. 16 tiny Harappa tiny steatite tablets (discovered by HARP Team) point to their function as tokens to construct an inscription describing the metalwork processed in the guild workshops of artisans. See: Harappa tiny steatite tablets with Indus script are works in process documentation from smelter, smithy http://tinyurl.com/jqohhuo Thus, the accountiong ledger process is a two-step process in the production-line of a guild operations: step 1: create tiny steatite tablets as tokens of processes done; step 2: compose the message (say, on a seal) using the partial messages of processes conveyed by tiny steatite tablets. A Bronze Age revolution necessitated organization of metalwork in workshops with specific functional assignments.This is clearly seeni in the documentation of tiny steatite tablets of Harappa which indicate guild sub-organizations within smithy-forge workshops for 1. smelter work, 2.smithy or furnace work, 3. alloy (bronze) work. Such a functional organization also resulted in a writing system which could detail works in process at different stages of production in workshops before the supercargo consignments are readied, packed and sealed for shipment handed over to seafaring merchants or trade caravans. This decipherment of 22 tiny steatite tablets discovered in Harappa 1991-1995 (HARP), demonstates how a sequence of hieroglyphs shown on such tablets is used as a hypertext, message string on a seal h1682. (Meadow, Richard H. and Jonathan Kenoyer, 1997, The ‘tinysteatite seals’ (incised steatitetablets) of Harappa: Some observations ontheir context and dating in: Taddei, Maurizio and Giuseppe de Marco, 2000, South Asian Archaeology, 1997, Rome, Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente. This is a string of hieroglyphs on 22 tiny steatite tablets of Harappa. Rebus readings: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy' PLUS kuṭhi kaṇḍa kanka 'smelting furnace account (scribe), karNI, supercargo'. In short, String 1: 'smelter-smithy supercargo'. This hieorlgyph-string is entered on the seal which technically documents the shipment with product catalogues included in a shipment. h1682A (color) The messages of two strings are r. to l.: String 1: The smelter-smithy supercargo (taken from the product descriptions on tiny steate tablets) PLUS String 2: smithy cast implements. “Of great interest in this regard is a unicorn seal (Fig. 4.1) that was found inside the perimeter wall in the approximate location marked…The last two signs of this seal are the same as those on one side of the 22 tablets (taking the three strokes as a single sign). These are preceded by three additional signs (reading left to right on the seal as opposed to on the tablets which we assume are meant to be read right to left because they were not meant to be uimpressed…) It is rare to find the same sign sequence on a seal and on tablets, and the situation is that much more compelling because the street deposits from which the seal comes contain the same ceramic corpus as the dump deposits from which the tablets come, suggesting that both were originally formed at about the same time.” (Meadow and Kenoyer, 1997, p.16) This shows that tiny steatite tablets were documentation of work in process (say, from smelters, furnaces, circular platforms) which are brought into the storeroom (documentatin centre) to create a consolidated technical consignment note or metalwork catalogue on a seal. The supercargo is ready for despatch after the cargo is packed and the package sealed with the seal impression. For deciphered hieroglyphs of one-horned young bull PLUS standard device on the seal, see: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/04/one-horned-young-bull-seal-standard.html Three groups of tablets discovered at Harappa in 1997. 22 tablets were clustered in 3 groups to show styles of writing/incision indicating three distinct scribes at work. "Group of incised baked steatite tablets. A group of 16 three-sided incised baked steatite tablets, all with the same inscriptions, were uncovered in mid- to late Period 3B debris outside of the curtain wall. (See 146). These tablets may originally been enclosed in a perishable container such as a small bag of cloth or leather." . Harappa 1995-7: MoundE, HARP Trench 11: steatite seal and incised steatite tablets (After Fig. 4. Harappa 1995-1997: Mounds E and ET; Trench 11: steatite seal H96-2796/6874-01 and incised steatite tablets (22) with the same inscriptions). "The last 2 signs of this seal are the same as those on one side of the 22 tablets (taking three strokes as a single sign)...Each tablet is three-sided with the inscription on each side comprising a single more complex sign accompanied by three or four simple strokes." The tablets are "incised with script that was to be read directly from the tablet." (Note by J. Mark Kenoyer & Richard H. meadow on Inscribed objects from Harappa excavations: 1986-2007 in: Asko Parpola, BM ande and Petteri Koskikallio eds., 2010, CISI, Vol.3: New material, untraced objects, and collections outside India and Pakistan, Part 1: Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, Helsinki, Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, (pp.xliv to lviii), p. xliv http://www.harappa.com/indus/Kenoyer-Meadow-2010-HARP.pdf) Indus script tablets are workshop product account tokens. Seals are technical aggregation of supercargo for shipment (caravan). Mirror: https://www.academia.edu/11290484/Indus_script_tablets_are_workshop_product_account_tokens._Seals_are_technical_aggregation_of_supercargo_for_shipment_caravan_ Tablets are account tokens of products produced in workshops. Seals consolidate or aggregate the information provided on tablets to prepare technical details for bills of lading. The Indus Script inscriptions on tiny tablets are linked to an identical segment of inscription on a Harappa seal (h1682A) with hieroglyphs of young bull + lathe. See the next section on "The discovery thanks to HARP (Kenoyer and Meadow)". The tablets with inscriptions denote consignments coming out of furnace, smelter or smithy. These inscriptions are aggregated to signify as inscriptions on a seal (particularly the seals with hieroglyphs of young bull + lathe), an aggregation of supercargo metalwork, lapidary work (tools, implements, etc.) to be assigned to a sea-faring Meluhha merchant caravan. This process of 'collection of consignments' to constitute 'supercargo' shipment. This completes the technical specifications in a bill of lading process coming out of the fortification metalcaster, turner workshop. Thus, the purport of tablets and seals is explained as an accounting process to provide information to prepare a bill of lading, handed over to the caravan leader by sealing the packages with the seal inscription as a technical recor of contents of the packages or shipment. The discovery thanks to HARP (Kenoyer and Meadow) A remarkable accounting process was indicated by the archaeologists Kenoyer and Meadow who unearthed a set of 22+6 tablets with identical inscriptions and a seal recording a part of this inscription. This seal (h1682A) also had hieroglyphs of young bull + lathe, together with five 'signs' composed of two signs from the tablets and three other signs. The first two signs on the seal (read from right) are taken from the inscriptions on one side of the 22+6 tablets (which had three sides with three inscriptions). h1682A (color) h1682A (Black and white) Three additionals signs on Seal h1682A, in addition to the two signs taken from 22+6 tiny tablets are read rebus: खांडा [khāṇḍā] A division of a field. (Marathi) खंडणें (p. 192) [ khaṇḍaṇēṃ ] v c (खंडन S) To break; to reduce into parts (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘metal tools, pots and pans’ (Marathi) Ku. lokhaṛ ʻiron tools ʼ; H. lokhaṇḍ m. ʻ iron tools, pots and pans ʼ; G. lokhãḍ n. ʻtools, iron, ironwareʼ; M. lokhãḍ n. ʻ iron ʼ(CDIAL 11171). dula 'two' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'. Thus, the two divisions of field denoted by two rectangles with divisions are read together: dul khāṇḍā ‘castings, metal tools, pots and pans’ kolmo 'three' Rebus: kolami 'smithy'. The first two signs read from right are explained as follows, since they are taken from the inscriptions on one side of 22+6 tiny tablets:kuṭhi kaṇḍa kanka 'smelting furnace account (scribe), supercargo' PLUS kolami 'smithy' Together, the five signs on the seal read: dul khāṇḍā kolami 'castings, metal tools, pots and pans -- smithy' PLUS kuṭhi kaṇḍa kanka kolami 'smelting furnace account (scribe) supercargo -- smithy'.

Steven Bonta (2010) has presented a semiologic approach on the Indus Valley Script and offers some insights: “What is beyond reasonable dispute is that the Harappan signary is a sophisticated system of signs that represent, possibly quite elliptically, the language or languages employed by the Harappans…Whatever the irretrievable details of their culture and history, the preliminary evidence from their inscriptions appears to suggest that their voice may have been Indo-Aryan.” https://www.academia.edu/8691466/The_Indus_Valley_Script_A_New_Interpretation This remarkable insight of Steven CD Bonta stands validated by the Indus Script hypertexts presented in 3 volumes with meanings of Meluhha expressions. A number of Indus Script hypertexts and meanings are presented in this monograph, based on evidences from Ancient Near East artifacts. Source: http://www.bibleorigins.net/AdapaAdamPicturesFishmen.html dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS ayo, ayu 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. A fish-apkallu drawn by A.H. Layard from a stone relief, one of a pair flanking a doorway in the Temple of Ninurta at Kalhu. British Museum. Reproduced in Schlomo Izre'el, Adapa and the South Wind: Language Has the Power of Life and Death, Eisenbrauns, 2001. https://books.google.co.th/books?id=MbwwROVGl7UC&pg=PA3&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false Fish-garbed priest bas-relief on temple of the god Ninurta (Saturn) at Kalhu (biblical Calah), ca. 883-859 BCE Assurnasirpal II (p. 83. fig. 65.) Fish-men figurines, the so-called "seven sages" (apkallu), sun-dried clay, from the foundations of a priest's house in Asshur ca. 721-705 BCE (p. 18.) Fish-man in a sea from a bas-relief in the palace of the Assyrian king Sargon II, ca. 721-705 BCE at Dur-Sharken, modern Khorsabad. (p. 131. fig. 107. "merman and mermaid." Jeremy Black and Anthony Green. Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum, in association with the University of Texas Press. Austin. 1992. The wristlets worn are safflower hieroglyphs: karaḍā 'safflower'.करडी [ karaḍī ] f (See करडई) Safflower: also its seed. Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy' of arka 'copper'. Rebus: fire-god: @B27990. #16671. Remo <karandi>E155 {N} ``^fire-^god''.(Munda). کرئِي kar-aʿī, s.f. (6th) A ring, an ox muzzle, or halter for a horse. Sing. and Pl. (Pashto) S. karāī f. 'wrist'; karã̄ n. pl. ʻ wristlets, bangles ʼ.(Gujarati) (CDIAL 2779). Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri). Akkadian head made by lost-wax cassting (cire perdue) method found at Nineveh 2300-2159 BCE (from Iraq 3 pl.6 British School of Archaeology in Iraq) The pegs/rivets shown on the crown of Nihal Mishmar signify cire perdue alloy hoard of metal artifacts; kabha, 'peg' together with hieroglyphs of aquatic bird adorn the cire perdue crown found in Nahal Mishmar :

Production of textiles of cotton, silk, jute, domestication of farming, metalwork constitute principal sources of wealth of Sarasvati Civilization Gy. eur. sendo, sindo (usu. pl. °de) m. ʻ a Gypsy ʼ (GWZS 2916)?(CDIAL 14837) Cotton was called sindon in Greek. Just as a ukku steel sword was called a hallmark product hindwani, cotton from Sarasvati civilization was also named after the country: sindhu, indon named after Greek Indos (Ἰνδός). There is a distinct possibility that the reference to Meluhha in ancient Cuneiform records (3rd millennium BCE, Ur III dynasty) may be a reference to the region aroud Straits of Malaka (Malacca). Tracing ancient roots of Kirāta, Meluhha speakers of Shu-ilishu cylinder seal, links with आमलक fruit, malaka people, authors of Indus Script Cipherhttps://tinyurl.com/yde89yyl Perhaps, the seafaring merchants of Meluhha (Sarasvati Civiliazation) were intermediaries with the producers of tin ore from the largest belt of the globe on Himalayan river basins of Mekong, Irrawaddy, Salween, resulting in the discovery of three pure tin ingots with Indus Script inscriptions describing the ingots in Meluhha, found in a shipwreck in Haifa, Israel port. The rollout of Shu-ilishu's Cylinder seal. Courtesy of the Department des Antiquites Orientales, Musee du Louvre, Paris. The cuneiform text reads: Shu-Ilishu EME.BAL.ME.LUH.HA.KI (interpreter of Meluhha language). Apparently, the Meluhhan is the person carrying the antelope on his arms. A challenge for researchers and students of civilization studies is to narrate the economic history of Bharat of R̥gveda times because the nation was the richest among all nations of the globe ca.0 CE. It is an emphatic fact that R̥gveda has been composed on the banks of River Sarasvati. Archaeological attestation comes from sites such as Bhirrana, Kunal which take the roote of Hindu civilization to ca. 8th millennium BCE and sites such as Binjor and Kalibangan which evidence performance of Soma Yajña; and Bhirrana/Kunal dated from ca. 8th millennium BCE with continuous, unbroken settlement history. A famous potsherd of Bhirrana shows the Indus Script hypertext of a dance step of a dancing girl shown on a cire perdue bronze image of Mohenjo-daro, establishing the essential unity of over 2000 sites on the basin of Vedic River Sarasvati. meḍ 'dance step' rebus; meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic) kola 'woman' rebus:kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron' There are over 8000 Indus Script inscriptions which constitute the documentary evidence from ca. 4th millennium BCE (Earliest potsherd with writing is dated to ca. 3300 BCE from Harappa, HARP). For significance of akṣa, the spoked wheel hypertext of Bhirrana (ca. 2500 BCE), see: the key word akṣa 'wheel' rebus: akṣa 'gold' a measure of wealth. Hence, अक्ष--पटल means 'weight called कर्ष , equal to 16 माषs'; 'depository of legal document; court of law'. akṣaracaṇa 'scribe' (Kannada) signified by the Mehrgarh & Shahi Tump artifacts, cire perdue spoked wheel, leopard weight https://tinyurl.com/y86cbhdx IRS P3 WiFS True Color Composite image: palaeo-drainage of Vedic Sarasvati river basin. 4 to 10 kms. wide channels. ISRO, Jodhpur The octagonal brick/pillar found in this fire-altar of Binjor (Anupgarh) on the banks of River Sarasvati is aṣṭāśri yupa ('octagonal pillar')which is an octagonal pillar, declared in R̥gveda as yajñasya ketu (RV 3.8.8), i.e., a proclamation emblem of performance of a Soma Samsthā yajña (elaborated in detail in a Veda text: Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa). Soma Samsthā yajña are detailed as caṣāla with dhumaketu (godhuma, wheat chaff is caṣāla ring atop the yupa, pillar -- to infuse carbon into the molten metal to harden and produce a strong alloy of ayas, 'iron'). Soma Samsthā yajña yield बहुसुवर्णक bahusuvarṇaka, many golden products of wealth as evidenced on a Mulavarman's yupa inscription of Borneo, Indonesia; the expression is repeated in the epic Rāmāyaṇa. 19 Yupa inscriptions have been found comparable to the Indus Script seal found in Binjor which is a metalwork wealth catalogue accounting ledger. The Binjor Yupa is अष्टा* श्रि [p= 117,1] mfn. having eight corners S'Br. The octagonal shape provides for श्री [p= 1098,2] (= √1. श्रि) , to burn , flame , diffuse light RV. i , 68 , 1; f. (prob. to be connected with √1. श्रि and also with √1. श्री in the sense of " diffusing light or radiance " ; nom. श्र्/ईस् accord. to some also श्री) light , lustre , radiance , splendour , glory , beauty , grace , loveliness (श्रिय्/ए and श्रिय्/ऐ , " for splendour or beauty " , " beauteously " , " gloriously " cf. श्रिय्/असे ; du. श्रियौ , " beauty and prosperity " ; श्रिय आत्मजाः , " sons of beauty "i.e. horses [cf. श्री-पुत्र] ; श्रियः पुत्राः , " goats with auspicious marks ") RV. &c; prosperity , welfare , good fortune , success , auspiciousness , wealth , treasure , riches (श्रिया , " according to fortune or wealth ") , high rank , power , might , majesty , royal dignity (or " Royal dignity " personified ; श्रियो भाजः , " possessors of dignity " , " people of high rank ") AV. &c; N. of लक्ष्मी (as goddess of prosperity or beauty and wife of विष्णु , produced at the churning of the ocean , also as daughter of भृगु and as mother of दर्प) S3Br. &c; mfn. diffusing light or radiance , splendid , radiant , beautifying , adorning (ifc. ; » अग्नि- , अध्वर- , क्षत्र- , गण- , जन-श्री &c ) RV. iv , 41 , 8. [The word श्री is frequently used as an honorific prefix (= " sacred " , " holy ") to the names of deities (e.g. श्री-दुर्गा , श्री-राम) , and may be repeated two , three , or even four times to express excessive veneration. (e.g. श्री-श्री-दुर्गा &c ) ; it is also used as a respectful title (like " Reverend ") to the names of eminent persons as well as of celebrated works and sacred objects (e.g. श्री-जयदेव , श्रीभागवत) , and is often placed at the beginning or back of letters , manuscripts , important documents &c ; also before the words चरण and पाद " feet " , and even the end of personal names.] Binjor seal. Decipherment: Fish + scales, aya ã̄s (amśu) cognate ancu 'iron' (Tocharian) ‘metallic stalks of stone ore’. ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal alloy (Rgveda) Vikalpa 1: khambhaṛā 'fish fin' rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236) Vikalpa 2: badhoṛ ‘a species of fish with many bones’ (Santali) Rebus: baḍhoe ‘a carpenter, worker in wood’; badhoria ‘expert in working in wood’(Santali) gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: khaṇḍa 'metal implements' Together with cognate ancu 'iron' the message is: native metal implements. Thus, the hieroglyph multiplex reads: aya ancu khaṇḍa 'metallic iron alloy implements'. koḍi ‘flag’ (Ta.)(DEDR 2049). Rebus 1: koḍ ‘workshop’ (Kuwi) Rebus 2: khŏḍ m. ‘pit’, khö̆ḍü f. ‘small pit’ (Kashmiri. CDIAL 3947) pōlaḍu 'black drongo' rebus: polad 'steel. See painted Nausharo pot with zebu + black drongo: Parallels from other examples of Indus Script Corpora A zebu bullA zebu bull tied to a post; a bird above. Large painted storage jar discovered in burned rooms at Nausharo, ca. 2600 to 2500 BCE. See Susa pot with zebu + fish + black drongo: Below the rim of the storage pot, the contents are described in Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs/hypertexts: 1. Flowing water; 2. fish with fin; 3. aquatic bird tied to a rope Rebus readings of these hieroglyphs/hypertexts signify metal implements from the Meluhha mint. Clay storage pot discovered in Susa (Acropole mound), ca. 2500-2400 BCE (h. 20 ¼ in. or 51 cm). Musee du Louvre. Sb 2723 bis (vers 2450 avant J.C.) The hieroglyphs and Meluhha rebus readings on this pot from Meluhha are: 1. kāṇḍa 'water' rebus: khāṇḍā 'metal equipment'; 2. aya, ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy'; khambhaṛā 'fish fin' rebus: kammaṭ a 'mint, coiner, coinage' 3. pōlaḍu 'black drongo' rebus: polad 'steel. Vikalpa: करड m. a sort of duck -- f. a partic. kind of bird ; S. karaṛa -ḍhī˜gu m. a very large aquatic bird (CDIAL 2787) karaṇḍa‘duck’ (Samskrtam) rebus: karaḍā 'hard alloy'; PLUS 4. meṛh 'rope tying to post, pillar’ rebus meḍ‘iron’ med ‘copper’ (Slavic) Thus, the text of Indus Script inscription on the Binjor Seal reads: 'metallic iron alloy implements, hard alloy workshop' PLUS the hieroglyphs of one-horned young bull PLUS standard device in front read rebus: kõda 'young bull, bull-calf' rebus: kõdā 'to turn in a lathe'; kōnda 'engraver, lapidary'; kundār 'turner'. kundana 'fine gold'. Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu.kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725) Hieroglyph: sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'.(Gujarati) Rebus: sangara 'proclamation' sangara 'trade'. Together, the message of the Binjor Seal with inscribed text is a proclamation, a metalwork catalogue (of) 'metallic iron alloy implements, hard alloy workshop'. Three characteristic hieroglyphs -- bos indicus (zebu), black drongo, and fish PLUS fish-fins' constitute a Hypertext expression to signify a mint working with cast iron and alloy metal. Three hieroglyph components of the expression are: 1. पोळ pōḷa, 'Zebu, bos indicus' pōlaḍu, 'black drongo' rebus: pōlaḍ 'steel' 2 मेढा mēḍhā A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl rebus: med 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) medhā 'dhana, yajna'. This is a semantic determinant of the hieroglyph पोळ pōḷa, 'Zebu, bos indicus' rebus: पोळ pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrite ore' 3. ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfish-finʼ rebus: kammaṭi a coiner (Ka.); kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint (Ta.) kammaṭa = mint, gold furnace (Te.)

śreṇi, 'guilds' of merchants and artisans of Sarasvati Civilization, 4th millennium BCE are posited based on the archaeological evidence discussed in this monograph based on the new light which bursts forth with Indus Script Decipherment of over 8000 inscriptions śreṇi is a corporate form of commonwealth polity of large manufactories and the key dharma or action framework is that the wealth is shared equitably among the stakeholders. This is evidenced in the continuum of Balutedar system of sharing farm produce among artisans of a janapada or of a gold-silver-metals mint or phaḍa, metals manufactory. The phaḍa is signified by Indus Script hieroglyph of cobrahood. Evidence set 1. A guild-master is signified by Sign 51 'squirrel' hieroglyph on inscriptions of Indus Script Corpora which detail metalwork wealth accounting ledgers. śeṣṭrī khār 'palm squirrel' rebs: śeṣṭrī 'guild-master' khār 'blacksmith'. This Sign 51 hypertext appears on one long inscription and also on Nindowari seal. Nindowari (Urdu: نندارہ‎) , also known as Nindo Damb, is a Kulli archaeological site, dating back to chalcolithic period, in Kalat District of Balochistan, Pakistan. Śreṇi pramukha is a guild-master. He is called śrḗṣṭha ʻ most splendid, best ʼ RV. [śrīˊ -- ]Pa. seṭṭha -- ʻ best ʼ, Aś.shah. man. sreṭha -- , gir. sesṭa -- , kāl. seṭha -- , Dhp. śeṭha -- , Pk. seṭṭha -- , siṭṭha -- ; N. seṭh ʻ great, noble, superior ʼ; Or. seṭha ʻ chief, principal ʼ; Si. seṭa, ˚ṭu ʻ noble, excellent ʼ. śrēṣṭhin m. ʻ distinguished man ʼ AitBr., ʻ foreman of a guild ʼ, ˚nī -- f. ʻ his wife ʼ Hariv. [śrḗṣṭha -- ] Pa. seṭṭhin -- m. ʻ guild -- master ʼ, Dhp. śeṭhi, Pk. seṭṭhi -- , siṭṭhi -- m., ˚iṇī -- f.; S. seṭhi m. ʻ wholesale merchant ʼ; P. seṭh m. ʻ head of a guild, banker ʼ, seṭhaṇ, ˚ṇī f.; Ku.gng. śēṭh ʻ rich man ʼ; N. seṭh ʻ banker ʼ; B. seṭh ʻ head of a guild, merchant ʼ; Or. seṭhi ʻ caste of washermen ʼ; Bhoj. Aw.lakh. sēṭhi ʻ merchant, banker ʼ, H. seṭh m., ˚ṭhan f.; G. śeṭh, śeṭhiyɔ m. ʻ wholesale merchant, employer, master ʼ; M. śeṭh, ˚ṭhī, śeṭ, ˚ṭī m. ʻ respectful term for banker or merchant ʼ; Si. siṭu, hi˚ ʻ banker, nobleman ʼ H. Smith JA 1950, 208 (or < śiṣṭá -- 2?)(CDIAL 12725, 12726). The hieroglyph on Indus Script which signifies a seṭṭhin (Pali), śeṭh, śeṭhiyɔ 'guild-master' (Gujarati) is a squirrel: *śrēṣṭrī1 ʻ clinger ʼ. [√śriṣ1] Phal. šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄ ʻ flying squirrel ʼ? (CDIAL 12723) Nindowari seal Evidence set 2. Hieroglyphs signifying 'maritime' resources & trade See ear hieroglyph; forward-thrusting spiny-horned bovine hieroglyphs; face of goat hieroglyph; tail hieroglyph karā 'ear' rebus: khār 'blacksmith'; kāru 'artisan' (Santali) rebus: शृङ्गी śṛṅgīGold used for ornaments.(Apte. Samskrtam) mlekh, mr̤eka 'goat' (Br.Telugu); rebus: milakkhu 'copper', Meluhha speaker. Kur. xolā tail. Malt. qoli id.(DEDR 2135) rebus kol 'working in iron'; kolhe 'smelter' Seal.Material: white fired glazed steatite Dimensions: 5.08 x 5.08 cm Mohenjo-daro, HR 743 National Museum, Karachi, NMP 50.192 Marshall 1931: pl. CIII, 8 https://www.harappa.com/indus/25.html See: bottom churning vessel (of standard device hypertext) and pannier hieroglyph on shoulder of 'unicorn'; कण्ठालः kaṇṭhālaḥ 'churning vessel' (bottom register of standard device) rebus kaṇṭhālaḥ 'maritime, boat' kunda 'lathe' rebus: kũderā 'lapidary, turner' (Hindi)(CDIAL3297) Ta. kaṇṭāḷam travelling sack placed on a bullock, pack-saddle. Ka. kaṇṭale, kaṇṭāḷa, kaṇṭāḷe, kaṇṭle double bag carried across a beast. Te. kaṇṭalamu, kaṇṭlamu bullock-load consisting of two bags filled with goods. / Cf. Mar. kaṇṭhāḷī a bag having opening in the middle. (DEDR 1174) Evidence set 3. Indus Script Cipher, a method of combining hieroglyphs to form a hypertext to signify jangad system of ancient wealth accounting, trade transactions. Top part of standard device is a lathe: san:ghāḍo, saghaḍī (G.) = firepan; saghaḍī, śaghaḍi = a pot for holding fire (G.) sãghāṛɔ m. ‘lathe’ (G.) This hieroglyph is combined with 'churning vessel' hieroglyph. सांगड sāṅgaḍa A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together; सांगडणें sāṅgaḍaṇēm v c (सांगड) To link, join, or unite together (boats, fruits, animals)(Marathi. Moleworth); [Sk. saṅghāta/cf. saṅghāṭa; saṅghāta; sāṅghāta] समुदाय; a combination; a collection. शिळा धोंडी प्रचंडा तरु गिरिज सडा सांगडा उपमा ना GR. 216; सांगड sāṅgaḍa adj. [Sk. sam √ghaṭ] साखरे; समान; like; equal. आणि इछिलेया सांगडें । इंद्रियां आमिष न जोडे Jñā. 13.126 (Tulpule & Feldhaus Old Marathi) rebus: jangad 'entrust receipt', 'method of invoicing trade on approval basis'; jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’. The term sanghāḍiyo 'a worker on a lathe' (Gujarati); ചങ്ങാതം caṅṅātam čaṇṇāδam (Tdbh.; സംഘാതം) 1. Convoy, guard; responsible Nāyar guide through foreign territories. ച. പോരുക to accompany as such. ച. പോന്ന വാരിയര്‍, എന്നെ ച'വും കൂട്ടി അയച്ചു TR. 2. income of Rājas from granting such guides; grant of land to persons liable to such service ച. കൊടുക്ക. 3. companion പന്നിയും കാട്ടിയും ച'മായി CG.—met. കംസനെ കൊന്ന ഗോപാലനെ കംസനു ച'മാ ക്കുവാന്‍ CG. to send him along, to kill likewise. ചങ്ങാതി (C. Te. സ —) companion, തുണക്കാ രന്‍; friend വീണാല്‍ ചിരിക്കാത്ത ച. ഇല്ല, ച. നന്നെങ്കില്‍ കണ്ണാടി വേണ്ട prov. ച. യായുള്ളു പണ്ടുപണ്ടേ CC.—also fem. ച ങ്ങാതിമാരായുള്ള അംഗനമാര്‍ CG.; vu. എ ന്‍റെ ചങ്ങായിച്ചീ TP. (Voc.) ചങ്ങാതിക്കുറി an entertainment to receive contributions from friends, who repay themselves by similar invitations, = പയററു. ചങ്ങാതിത്വം, ചങ്ങായ്ത്തം friendship കുലമല്ലാ ത്തോന്‍റെ ച. കെട്ടി prov. ച. പിടിക്ക to separate & reconcile disputants. ചങ്ങാളന്‍ V1. & ചങ്ങാള്‍ V2. a friend. See: jangaḍ Bhāratīya accounting, a well-settled system in jurisprudence, for mercantile transactions evidenced on Indus Script hypertexts https://tinyurl.com/ya8t7wyw Evidence set 4. Peg, pin hieroglyph Sign 242 occurs on Dholavira Signboard and other inscriptions of Indus Script Corora khuṇṭ 'pin, peg' rebus khũṭ 'guild, community' Standard device सांगड sāṅgaḍa Maritime canoe-float signifies कण्ठालः kaṇṭhālaḥ ചങ്ങാതം caṅṅātam, jangaḍiyo 'maritme military treasure guard' https://tinyurl.com/tzyy3e97 --Standard device on thousands of inscriptions of Indus Script Corpora is rebus 1: कण्ठालः kaṇṭhālaḥ सांगड sāṅgaḍa 'Maritime canoe-float'; rebus 2: कण्ठालः kaṇṭhālaḥ ചങ്ങാതം caṅṅātam, jangaḍiyo 'maritme military treasure guard' This is an addendum to: RV 9.16 to RV 9.50 यज्ञ सुतिः sutiḥ Extraction of Soma juice by सोतार Sotāra, Soma pressers https://tinyurl.com/55phan2k jangaḍ Bhāratīya accounting, a well-settled system in jurisprudence, for mercantile transactions evidenced on Indus Script hypertexts https://tinyurl.com/ya8t7wyw There is a remarkable statement in Tolkappiyam an ancient text of Sangam period: பொய்யும் வழுவும் தோன்றியபின்னர் அய்யர் யாத்தனர் கரணம் என்ப (தொல் காப்பியம் பொருள் அதிகாரம்)When falsehood and deception came into vogue, the Brahmin scholars codified the accounting system. Ancient Jangad system of invoicing trade transactionsjangaḍ Bhāratīya accounting, a well-settled system in jurisprudence, for mercantile transactions evidenced on Indus Script hypertexts https://tinyurl.com/ya8t7wywhttp://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/39008/

The proof for reading the 'unicorn' is given below. The etyma are from Marathi language. खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. खोंड khōṇḍa खोंडा khōṇḍā m A variety of जोंधळा. खोंडें khōṇḍēṃ n A description of जोंधळा. It is grown in the hot weather on garden-land. There are varieties of जोंधळा jōndhaḷā m A cereal plant or its grain, Holcus sorghum. Eight varieties are reckoned, viz. उता- वळी, निळवा, शाळू, रातडी, पिवळा जोंधळा, खुंडी, काळबोंडी जोंधळा, दूध मोगरा. There are however many others as केळी, अरगडी, डुकरी, बेंदरी, मडगूप &c. The list includes खुंडी (variant pronunciation of खोंड khōṇḍa खोंडा khōṇḍā खोंडा khōṇḍā m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. The young bull is often shown with a खोंडा khōṇḍā m A कांबळा On this pectoral the pannier ofr कांबळा is vividly shown on the shoulder of the young bull. Mohenjo-daro pectoral The Mari procession shows the young bull carried on a flagpost which is a खोंड khōṇḍa खोंडा khōṇḍā m A variety of जोंधळा. See the picture. Location of Mari on Euphrates river, Mesopotamia Procession in Mari palace Zimri-Lim in the 18th century BCE. Marble plaque from Louvre Museum So, the young bull which is shown on thousands of inscriptions is खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull' read rebus: kunda 'fine gold' (Marathi); kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 1033); a lime-kiln.(Kashmiri) Thus, the young horned bull signifies a furnace. The young bull is horned. Santali gloss. शृङ्गिन्् sriṅg-ín horned (V., C.); m. (C.) horned animal (Monier-Williams) शिंग śiṅga n (शृंग S) A horn. Pr. म्हशीचीं शिंगें म्हशीस जड नाहींत (Marathi) Rebus: singi 'ornament gold' Singī & singi (f.) [cp. Sk. śṛngī] 1. gold Vin i.38; S ii.234; J i.84.(Pali) शृङ्गिः śṛṅgiḥ शृङ्गिः Gold for ornaments (Skt. Apte) Thus, the horned young bull is a composite signifier fine gold, ornament gold. The pictorial motif is deciphered as a cargo fine gold and ornament gold by seafaring merchants of Meluhha (mleccha). Almost all Indus Script inscriptions document wealth cargo of seafaring merchants of Meluhha (Bharat). Bharat itself is a word derived from and associated with metalwork. भरती bharatī a Composed of the metal भरत. भरत bharata n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c.भरताचें भांडें bharatācē mbhāṇḍēṃ n A vessel made of the metal भरत. The word which signifies an accounting ledger is खरडा kharaḍā This is signified by Sign 176 Sign 176 is like a currycomb. The sign signifies daybook of कुळकरणी kuḷakaraṇī m (कुल & कारणी S) An officer of a village under the पांटील. His business is to keep the accounts of the cultivators with Government and all the public records. The word karaṇī is the most frequently used word in the script. The sign is Sign 342 This sign reads: कर्णक m. (ifc. f(आ).) a prominence or handle or projection on the side or sides (of a vessel &c ) , a tendril S3Br. Ka1tyS3r. Rebus: कर्णिक a steersman (Skt.) कारणी or कारणीक kāraṇī or kāraṇīka a (कारण S) That causes, conducts, carries on, manages. Applied to the prime minister of a state, the supercargo of a ship &38;c. 2 Useful, serviceable, answering calls or occasions.(Marathi). Artisans and seafaring merchants of Bharat created the Hindu civilization which evolved under śreṇi dharma of guilds to contribute 33% of world GDP in 1 Common Era. śreṇi dharma is a restatement of the dictum of ईशोपनिषद शावास्यं इदं सर्वं यत्किञ्च जगत्यां जगत् । तेन त्यक्तेन भुञ्जीथा मा गृधः कस्यस्विद्धनम् ॥ १ ॥ Meaning of ईशोपनिषद statement governed wealth-creation activities of Sarasvati Sindhu Civilization: All this is for habitation by the Supreme Divinity. Whatsoever is individual universe of movement is the universal motion. S. Kalyanaraman, Ph.D., D.Litt., Sarasvati Research Centre https://srinikalyanaraman.academia.edu/research#papers https://sites.google.com/site/kalyan97/national-water-grid https://sites.google.com/site/indianoceancommunity1/

I submit that आहन् in Rgveda (RV 2.13.1) meaning 'worthy of preparation' and आहनस् in Pashto and Kashmiri meaning 'iron' are inquiries into the materiial phenomenon of formation of Soma from the sacred waters. Griffith RV 2.131. The Season was the parent, and when born therefrom it entered rapidly the floods wherein it grows. Thence was it full of sap, streaming with milky juice: the milk of the plants' stalk is chief and meet for lauds. Wilson: 2.013.01 The season (of the rains) is the parent (of the Soma), which, as soon meet for lauds.as born of her, enters into the waters in which it grows; thence it is fit for expression, as concentrating (the essence of the) water, and the juice of the Soma is especially to be praised (as the libation proper for Indra). आहनस् त्रि० आ + हन--असुन् । १ आहननीये २ निष्पीड्ये सौमादौ । “तदाहना अभवत् पिप्युषी” ऋ० २, २३,१ । आहनाः आहननीयः सोमादिः” भा० आहनसे साधुयत् । “आहनस्यं तत्साधने त्रि० । “आहनस्याद्वै रेतःसिच्यते” ऐत० व्रा० । https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/वाचस्पत्यम् आहतः, त्रि, (आ + हन् + क्तः ।) गुणितः । ता-डितः । इति मेदिनी ॥ (“प्रति दिवसं याति लयंवसन्तवाताहतेव शिशिरश्रीः” । इति पञ्चतन्त्रम् ।ज्ञातः । मिथ्योक्तः । इत्यजयः ॥ निहतः । “द्व्यूना विं-शतिराहताक्षौहिणीनाम्” । इति महाभारतम् ।) https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/शब्दकल्पद्रुमः It is remarkable that Vacaspatyam renders the semantics of ahanas as related to ‘concentration’ (of the essence of the water). It is an inquiry to the formation of Soma by transmutation processes from the sacred waters. Apte Skt dictionary explains the expression āhananīya आहननीय a. Making oneself known by beating a drum. Thus, Soma is declared 'worth preparing' in RV 2.13.1 with the expression āhanā. I submit that the Meluhha semantics of āhan 'iron' (Pashto. Kashmiri) is elucidated in RV 2.13.1 as a material manifestation of Soma from the waters. Wealth Accounting for a Nation n Indus Writing Table of Contents Positing Rakhigarhi as the capital of the civilization linking maritime riverine waterways of Ancient India Water-divide (close to Rakhigarhi) caused by Aravalli mountain ranges jutting into Śimla, south of the Himalayas explains eastward flow of Yamuna and westward flow of Sutlej and Sarasvati Rivers Hypertext Category 1: Most frequently displayed Indus Script hieroglyph (which is a hypertext) signifies pure gold, gold for ornaments Hypertext Category 2: Most frequently displayed standard device signifies gold mint treasure of smelter Hypertext Category 3: Most frequently used Indus Script expression in hypertext signifies wealth-accounting ledger of blacksmith, supercargo Pragmatics of the expression in Devī Sūktam (RV 10.125): अहं सोममाहनसं Section A. Ancient Economic History of Hindu Rāṣṭram on Sarasvati-Sindhu River Basins Section B. Indicators of Maritime trade by seafaring Meluhha merchants -- Copper from Khetri mines, tin from the Tin Belt of the globe, Mekong delta -- Source of tin from the Tin belt of the globe, the Himalayan river Mekong delta Section C. Hypothesis of an eastern source for tin; epic tale of Enmerkar and Lord of Aratta Section D. Rakhigarhi on the Ancient Maritime Tin Route through linked navigable Himalayan waterways from Ancient Far East to Ancient Near East Section E. Indus Script hieroglyphs on Karen Bronze Drum of Ancient Far East Section F. Advances in metallurgy during the Tin-Bronze Revolution from 5th m BCE Section G. Indus Script decipherment -- Shalamaneser III Black Obelisk is a Rosetta Stone for Indus Script, displays animals (as tributes); these animals are documented as Meluhha wealth-categories on Indus Script inscriptions -- Evidence of Meluhha Indus Script animals on Shalamaneser III Black Obelisk (858-824 BCE) and displayed by Assyrian King Ashur-bel-kala (1074-1056 BCE) Section H. Ivory tags with Egyptian hieroglyphs have been found in Abydos compare with miniature metalwork wealth-accounting tablets of Harappa Section I. Domestication of farming, cotton and silk, 7th, 6th m BCE Section J. Makkan and meluhha in early Mesopotamian sources --IJ Gelb Section K. Literary evidence about Sarasvati river in the Veda, Epics and wealth-accounting in ancient epigraphs Section K1. आ-हनस्, त्वष्टृ, पूषन्, भग Section K2. वसु, रुद्र, ऋभु Section K3. Descriptors which are perceptions in awe of the might of a river Section K4. Indian sprachbund n Semantic clusters in Indian Lexicon (1242 English words and Botanical species Latin) Section K5. Evidence related to proto-Indian or proto-Indic or Indus language Section K6. Evidence from Valmiki RāmāyaṇaSe Section K7. Evidence from Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa for mleccha vācas Section K8. Evidence from Ancient Near East, cuneiform texts Section K9. bhāratam janam (R̥gveda) Section K10. Notes on Indian linguistic area: pre-aryan,pre-Munda and pre-dravidian in India Section K11. Mleccha and Bharatiya languages Section K12. Nahali, Meluhhan, Language ‘X’ Section K13. Melakkha, island-dwellers, lapidaries Section K14. Meluhha, Mleccha areas: Sarasvati River Basin and Coastal Regions of Gujarat, Baluchistan Section K15.Tanana mleccha Section K16. Sea-faring merchants/artisans of Meluhha Section K17. Further researches, identification of location of Araṭṭa Section K18. Polished beads found in the tomb of Queen Puabi Section K19. Substrate words of Sumerian Section K20. Design principles of pictographic Indus Script, gleaned from 'unicorn', 'rim-of-jar' Section K21. Tigers, with and without horns, in front of trough, standard device are smelter's Indus Script daybooks, wealth-accounting ledgers Section K22. Pragmatic renderings of Meluhha hypertexts on Indus script inscriptions, e.g. loh-karaṇīya, څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, maid Section K23. Daimabad chariot is an Indus Script hypertext Section K24. Six protomes arranged in a whorl m417, signify metalwork specialists of śrēṣṭhin 'guild-master' Section K25. Master of animals or Paśupati seal m0304 Section K26. Metaphors of R̥gveda and Indus Script hypertexts falcon, overflow pot, mirrored in Ancient Near East Section K27. Functions of Kanmer tokens to control documentation of metalwork processes in furnace, alloying, smithy-forge Section K28. Cire perdue (lost-wax casting) Mehrgarh bronze wheels and Shahi Tump lead weight read in Indus Script Cipher Section K29. Evidence from Kharaputta-Jātaka and Kanmer seal for khara as equus hemionus which draws a royal chariot; rebus khār 'blacksmith' Section K30. Gems collection trade proclaimed as Meluhha Indus Script tribute on Shalamaneser Obelisk Section K31. Largest Ever Treasure Trove of Iron Age Weapons Retrieved in Oman -- Theodoros Karasavvas Section K32. Indus Script Cipher chooses tiria, 'Meluhha animals as hieroglyphs' to design Wealth accounting classification system to document tiṟ(u) 'trade' Section K33. Ganweriwala archaeology, tablets with inscriptions Section K34. Chanhiyun Jo Daro Jar Painted, Karen bronze drums cire perdue casting with maraka 'peacocks' rebus marakaka 'copper alloy, calcining metal' Section K35. Keeping track of stuff. Evolution of Indus Script Writing System as wealth-accounting ledgers in Bronze Age workshops of Harappa prior to or in parallel with Egyptian hieroglyph tags Section K36. Indus Script Cipher frames rebus Meluhha semantics and pragmatics of trade documentation wealth accounting, while Egyptian Hieroglyphics evolve into syllabic phonetics read rebus Section K37. Arguments for Indus Script as a logo-semantic-pragmatic writing system Section K38. Mohenjo-daro priest performs purification as पोतृ 'Purifier Veda priest' Section K39. Storage pots of Susa and Nausharo with Indus Script inscriptions Section K40. Indus Script is the world’s first wealth accounting classification system and Wealth of a Nation Arthaśāstra 101 Section K41. The Indus Script hypertext message of the sculptural frieze Neo-Elamite Lady Spinning is: copper alloy metal mintwork of Meluhha wheelwright, smelter (kiln, furnace), ironsmith Section K42. Unique design of Indus Script hypertexts to cluster categories of wealth-accounting ledgers 1. khātā 'labour sphere account book' 2. kharaḍa 'daybook' Section K43.Decipherment of Ur Indus Script hypertexts, metalwork wealth accounting ledgers. Ur excavationx Full texts of reports. Section K44. Hypertext of hare in front of thorny bush: Meluhha signifiers of a pragmatic, semantic cluster Equipment making black-smithy/-forge Section K45. Brāhmī inscription on Indus Script anthropomorph reads: symbol of मांझीथा Majhīthā sadya 'member of mã̄jhī boatpeople assembly (community)' Section K46. As wealth-accounting system for barter trade transactions matured into a monetary system, ca. 7th cent BCE, Indus Script hieroglyphs continued to be used on ancient mint coins together with Brāhmī, Kharoṣṭhī, Greek syllabic scripts Index

The most frequent inscription of the 9000+ Inscription, Epigraphia Indus Script Corpora aka kalyāna karana kośa कणा kaṇā, काना kānā ‘The spine or back-bone’ Rebus: kāṇā 'wealth, goods, possessions’ karaṇa ‘rim of jar’ Rebus: karaṇam கரணம் ‘accounting system’ related to work of artificers, seafaring merchants of the civilization. khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati).

Indus Script pottige, 'books' are delivered on போதிகை pōtikai 'architraves' of doorways, pillarsand on friezes of processions for pilgrims to see, read, understand meanings and enjoy the documented, written details of heritage of wealth shared and handed down. போதிகை pōtikai 'architraves' rebus: pottage, pottige 'books'. Some examples of architraves and friezes with Indus Script meaningful messages are presented in this monograph. Classic examples are 1.Mari marble frieze 2.Shalamaneser III Black Obelisk 3.Sanchi torana 1. Mari Marble frieze 2500 to 2400 BCE (Source: Louvre Museum https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/frieze-mosaic-panel Related imageRelated image The hieroglyphs on the flagstaff carried by the priest are: karba 'stalk of millet' rebus; karba 'iron' PLUS khonda 'holcus sorghum' rebus: khoD 'alloy metal, wedge'; kã̄s ʼrein, whip' rebus:kã̄so ʻ bronze, pewter, white metal ʼPLUS khonda 'young bull' rebus: khoD 'alloy metal, wedge'; konda 'furnace' PLUS singhin 's[piny-horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'. 2. Shalamaneser III Black Obelisk: one of four friezes (859 to 824 BCE) Image result for mari procession priest unicorn marble friezeOne frieze on Shalamaneser III Black Obelisk of Nimrud.. Monkeys led as tribute offerings from the land of Musri The offerings are devji and ratni, monkey dressed as male; monkey dressed as female. Rebus readings are: देवजी or देवजीधसाडा dēvajī or dēvajīdhasāḍā or ड्या m A name given to the male monkey (in monkey-sports) which is accoutred as a man. The female is termed रत्नी. Rebus readings:(Probably) देवधूप dēvadhūpa m (S) A fragrant resin used in incense, Bdellium.AND रत्निन् possessing or receiving gifts RV. रत्न a gift , present , goods , wealth , riches RV. AV. S3Br.a jewel , gem , treasure , precious stone (the nine jewel are pearl , ruby , topaz , diamond , emerald , lapis lazuli , coral , sapphire , गोमेद ; hence रत्न is a N. for the number 9 ; but accord. to some 14) Mn. MBh. &c 3. Sanchi torana (2nd cent. BCE) aya 'fish' PLUS dAma 'rope, tied' rebus: ayodhamma 'Arya dharma' Hieroglyphs read rebus in Meluhha: silpi 'mollusc' rebus: s'ilpin 'architect' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus; aya 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint'. tAmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tAmra 'copper'. PLUS karNika 'percarp of lotus' rebus: karNika 'helmsman, karana 'scribe'. Thus, together, ayo kammata (attested in Mahavamsa). Thus,the entrance message on the doorway of Sanchi proclaims an alloy metal, copper mint. "In Classical architecture an architrave (/ˈɑːrkɪtreɪv/; from Italian: architrave "chief beam", also called an epistyle; from Greek ἐπίστυλον epistylon "door frame") is the lintel or beam that rests on the capitals of the columns.The term can also apply to all sides, including the vertical members, of a frame with mouldings around a door or window. The word "architrave" is also used to refer more generally to a style of mouldings (or other elements) framing the top of a door, window or other rectangular opening, where the horizontal "head" casing extends across the tops of the vertical side casings where the elements join (forming a butt joint, as opposed to a miter joint)." (Ching, Francis D.K. (1995). A Visual Dictionary of Architecture. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 179, 186) "In mathematics, a frieze or frieze pattern is a design on a two-dimensional surface that is repetitive in one direction. Such patterns occur frequently in architecture and decorative art. A frieze group is the set of symmetries of a frieze pattern, specifically the set of isometries of the pattern, that is geometric transformations built from rigid motions and reflections that preserve the pattern. The mathematical study of frieze patterns reveals that they can be classified into seven types according to their symmetries." (Coxeter, H. S. M. (1969). Introduction to Geometry. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 47–49. loc.cit. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze_group) -- Ancient Indian friezes are architectural niches or architraves, போதிகை pōtikai with Indus Script pottige, 'books' Hieroglyphs on ancient Indian architraves or friezes sippi 'mollusc' rebus: sippi 'architect' pōtikai 'capital of a pillar, stake' rebus: pottage, pottige 'book' *pōstaka ʻ book ʼ. [pusta -- m.n., ˚tā -- f. ʻ book ʼ VarBr̥S., ˚taka -- m.n., ˚tikā -- f. Hariv. -- ← Ir., e.g. Sogd. pwstk ʻ book ʼ ~ Pers. pōst ʻ skin ʼ (< OPers. pavastā -- → pavásta -- : see also *pōstikā -- ) EWA ii 319 with lit.] Pa. potthaka -- m. ʻ book ʼ, Pk. puttha -- , ˚thaya -- n., ˚thiyā -- f., K. pūthi, dat. pōthĕ f.; S. pothu m. ʻ large book ʼ, ˚thī f. ʻ smaller do. ʼ, P. po(t)thā m., ˚thī f., Ku. pothī f., N. pothi, A. puthi, B. pothā, ˚thi, puthi, pũthi, Or. pothā, ˚thi, puthi, Mth. pothā, ˚thī, Bhoj. pōthī, Aw.lakh. H. pothā m., ˚thī f., G. pothũ n., ˚thī f., M. pothī f., Si. pota.*paustaka -- .Addenda: *pōstaka -- : WPah.kṭg. pótthi f. ʻ (small) book ʼ, pótthu m. ʻ small book ʼ, J. pothī f., Garh. pōthī, Md. fot.(CDIAL 8413) *paustaka ʻ keeper of books ʼ. [*pōstaka -- ]Si. pota ʻ keeper of books ʼ SigGr ii 449?(CDIAL 8427) पुस् pus पुस् 1 U. (पोसयति-ते) 1 To rub. पुस्त् pust पुस्त् 1 U. (पुस्तयति-ते) 1 To bind, tie. पुस्तम् pustam पुस्तम् 1 Plastering, painting, anointing. -2 Working in clay, modelling. -3 Anything made of clay, wood or metal. -4 A book, manuscript; also पुस्ता-स्ती. -Comp. -कर्मन् n. plastering, painting. -पालः Keeper of land records; EI.XV.13;XX.61.पुस्तकः कम् pustakḥ kam पुस्तकः कम् 1 A book, manuscript. -2 A protuberant ornament, boss. -आगारम् a library. -आस्तरणम् The wrapper of a manuscript; Hch. -मुद्रा a kind of mudrā mentioned in Tantraśāstra; वाममुष्टिं स्वाभिमुखीं कृत्वा पुस्तकमुद्रिका. -पुस्तिकापूलिकः a collection of manu- scripts; Hch.3.(Apte) tAmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tAmra 'copper' In Ancient Indian architectural tradition, architraves or friezes போதிகை pōtikai -- convey messages through Indus Script hieroglyphs inscribed on them. Thus, they constitute போதிகை pōtikai rebus: pottage, pottige 'books'. Ta. pōtikai capital of a pillar, stake. Ma. pōtika capital of a pillar, prop, support of a king-post. Ka. bōdige, bōduge capital of a pillar. Koḍ. po·ti niche over a door. Tu. bōdigè id., architrave. Te. bōdiya, bōde trunk of a tree, cornice (DEDR 4585) போதிகை pōtikai , n. [T. bodhia, K. bōdiga.] See போதிகைக்கட்டை. போதிகைத் தலத்து (கம்பரா. நகரப். 25). போதிகைக்கட்டை pōtikai-k-kaṭṭai , n. < போதிகை +. 1. Capital of a pillar; cap of a wooden post; தூண்மேல் வைக்கும் தாங்குகட்டை. 2. Stake; குறுந்தறி. (பிங்.) போதிகைத்தூண் pōtikai-t-tūṇ , n. < id. +. A short, stout pillar; குறுந்தூண். (யாழ். அக.) போதிகை pōtikai is a frieze. "In architecture, the frieze /friːz/ is the wide central section part of an entablature and may be plain in the Ionic or Doric order, or decorated with bas-reliefs. Paterae are also usually used to decorate friezes. Even when neither columns nor pilasters are expressed, on an astylar wall it lies upon the architrave ("main beam") and is capped by the moldings of the cornice. A frieze can be found on many Greek and Roman buildings, the Parthenon Frieze being the most famous, and perhaps the most elaborate. This style is typical for the Persians." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze Sankissa elephant abacus detail.jpg Frieze of the Sankissa elephant, 3rd BCE Elephant capital Sankasya.jpgSankissa pillar Rampurva bull capital, detail of the abacus, with two "flame palmettes" framing a lotus surrounded by small rosette flowers, 3rd BCE Rampurva bull in Presidential Palace high closeup.jpgRampurva capital Frieze of the lost capital of the Allahabad pillar, with two lotuses framing a "flame palmette" surrounded by small rosette flowers, 3rd BCE Frieze of the lost capital of the Allahabad pillar, with two lotuses framing a "flame palmette" surrounded by small rosette flowers. Bodhi1 (f.) [fr. budh, cp. Vedic bodhin -- manas having an attentive mind; RV v.75, 5; viii.82, 18] (supreme) knowledge, enlightenment, the knowledge possessed by a Buddha Rampurva copper bolt of Aśoka pillar, has Indus Script hypertexts signify metalwork catalogue, पोळ pōḷa 'zebu, bos indicus' rebus 'magnetite, ferrite ore', पोलाद pōlāda, 'crucible steel cake' https://tinyurl.com/y9dgckgl