Well-walled Wilusa. Troy during the Late Bronze Age

IN THIS ISSUE: COLONIZATION, CONQUEST, AND COEXISTENCE IN WESTERN ANATOLIA (CA. 1450 – 1200 BC) ANCIENT HISTORY NO. 44 US $12.75 6 095922 670619 CAD $14.99 WWW.ANCIENTHISTORYMAGAZINE.COM THE WORLD OF WILUSA LATE BRONZE AGE ANATOLIA EARLY COLONISTS TALES FROM TROY ANCIENT REFUGEES VERY VAULTED What we know about Minoan and Mycenaean settlers in western Anatolia. Archaeology shows us that this mythic city was thriving during the Late Bronze Age. Conflict, natural disaster, and poltical turmoil could all push people from their homes. The now ubiquitous arch was the result of a quiet revolution in Greek architecture. TABLE OF CONTENTS ANCIENT HISTORY Editor-in-chief: Jasper Oorthuys Editor: Owain Williams Assistant editor: Lauren van Zoonen Proofreading: Naomi Munts Design & Media: Christianne C. Beall Design © 2017 Karwansaray Publishers Contributors: Christoph Bachhuber, Ciarán Bartlett, Trevor Davis, Manon Henzen, Louise Hitchcock, Jorrit Kelder, Antonis Kotsonas, Jona Lendering, Stephanie M. Matthews, Philip Matyszak, Holger Michiels, Andrei Pogacias, Lindsay Powell ANCIENT ANATOLIA With the Hittites to the East and the Minoans and Mycenaeans to the West, western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age, with its power-grabbing princes, conquering kings, and mighty mercantile centres was a crossroad of cultures. Illustrators: Catalin Draghici, Rocío Espin, Julia Lillo, Seán Ó Brógáin, Angel García Pinto, Richard Thomson Special thanks: Carole Raddato (followinghadrian.com), Gary Todd (worldhistorypics.weebly.com), and Jona Lendering (livius.org) for their photographs Print: Grafi Advies 18 The Indictment of Madduwatta 36 The Luwian question War, diplomacy, and treason Editorial office PO Box 4082, 7200 BB Zutphen, The Netherlands Phone: +31-848-392256 (Europe), +1-740-994-0091 (US) 24 Millawanda E-mail: [email protected] Customer service: [email protected] Website: www.ancienthistorymagazine.com 28 Well-walled Wilusa Contributions in the form of articles, letters, reviews, and news are welcomed. Please send to the above address or use the form on www.ancienthistorymagazine.com SPECIAL FEATURES An Anatolian enigma 40 The Phrygian migration Minoans & Mycenaeans in Anatolia Myths and realities 58 Further reading Troy during the Late Bronze Age Subscriptions Subscriptions can be purchased at www.kp-shop.com, via phone, or by email. For the address, see above. 10 A quiet revolution Distribution Ancient History is sold through retailers, the internet and by subscription. The exclusive distributor for the UK and the Republic of Ireland is Seymour Distribution Ltd, 2 East Poultry Avenue, London, EC1A 9PT, United Kingdom. Phone: +44 (0)207 429 4000. 14 We gotta go now Copyright Karwansaray B.V. All rights reserved. Nothing in this publication may be reproduced in any form without prior written consent of the publishers. Any individual providing material for publication must ensure that the correct permissions have been obtained before submission to us. 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Advertising in Ancient History magazine does not necessarily imply endorsement. 4 More books on ancient Anatolia 44 Roman mass communication Greek stone vaulting Public relations under the Flavians 50 Success by treachery Displaced persons in antiquity Political betrayal in the Peloponnese DEPARTMENTS Preliminaries 54 Roman leisure time What's new in ancient history 8 The forger's tremor Ferus Buelleris' day off 56 Book reviews The bizarre story of Secret Mark Looking at new ancient history titles 48 The lowest of society The people behind Roman food 36 50 Ancient History is published every two months by Karwansaray B.V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands. ISSN: 2451-8700 Printed in the Netherlands. ON THE COVER A Hittite silver drinking cup in the shape of a closed fist, dated to ca. 1400-1380 BC. The Hittites held great influence in western Anatolia in this period, acting as regional hegemon. The arrival of the Mycenaeans in the region in the mid-fifteenth century saw the people of western Anatolia, including the Trojans, caught between two competing cultures. ENIGMATIC ANATOLIANS DANGEROUS AND DUPLICITOUS The Luwian-speaking people of Anatolia are mysterious and misunderstood. Classical Greece was riven by conflicts against enemies both within and without. © Marcus Cyron / Wikimedia Commons Ancient History 44 3 THEME: Ancient Anatolia 1000 BC TROY DURING THE LATE BRONZE AGE THEME WELL-WALLED WILUSA 1500 BC TROY: ca. 1400 – 1180 BC The city of Troy ranks amongst the most famous places in human history. Immortalized in the poems of Homer, its remains have drawn visitors and scholars throughout the ages. More than 150 years of archaeological excavations have uncovered much of the city’s citadel on a hill called Hisarlik and bits of the surrounding area. We know that the hill was inhabited (with some interruptions) for more than 4000 years. By Jorrit Kelder 2500 BC 2000 BC A rchaeologists have traditionally divided the remains of human habitation in Troy into ten main architectural phases, each of which is then subdivided according to minor changes in the city’s architecture, from the late fourth millennium BC to the Roman period. The phases of Troy in the Late Bronze Age are Troy VI (h) and Troy VII (a), spanning the late eighteenth century BC to the early twelfth century BC. Though it is sometimes claimed that Troy VIIa was a culturally similar, but poorer, continuation of VIh, recent excavations have debunked such a notion. Instead, it is now considered that both VIh and VIIa represent the pinnacle of Trojan wealth and (presumably) power, and that changes in, for example, the city’s layout may have been more the result of an increase in the city’s population. Whilst Hittite texts indicate that there may have been political problems, the erection of massive towers for the Trojan citadel-wall and the construction of spacious houses in the lower town suggest that the city continued to be prosperous. Similarly, though Mycenaean pottery is notably rarer in Troy VIIa than in VIh, this may have had less to do with local poverty, and more with increasing problems within the Mycenaean world. The sole divider between Troy VIh and VIIa was an earthquake, after which the city was rebuilt and to some extent changed to fit new demands. As a result of all this, and to emphasize cultural and demographic continuity, some archaeologists have proposed to rename Troy VIIa and call it Troy VIi. The so-called Mykonos Jar, a large pithos, dated to ca. 675 – 650 BC, is decorated with scenes from the Trojan War, including the earliest known depiction of the Trojan Horse. © Zde / Wikimedia Commons The lie of the land Troy lies in the north-western corner of modern Turkey, close to the Dardanelles. The citadel is situated on a rocky outcrop that borders a fertile alluvial plain. Because of this and the steady accumulation of settlement debris, the Late Bronze Age citadel would have towered over the surrounding plain: it is a natural place to build a fortified settlement from which one could control the region – including, importantly, nearby shipping lanes. The deposition of river silt has steadily pushed the seashore to the north, resulting in the large plain that one sees around the site these days. Three thou- x sand years ago, however, a large bay would have extended close to the northern edge of the citadel, and it is inconceivable that this was not used as a natural harbour. Further to the west, a small bay (the Besik Bay) similarly served as an anchorage. Near the bay, amongst an otherwise fairly inconspicuous cluster of cremation graves, archaeologists found a ritually killed (bent) sword that was slung around an urn, with a very large ceramic krater serving as grave marker – a custom that resembles later traditions in ninth- and eighth-century BC Greece. Another cemetery, again consisting only of (at least 182) cremation graves, was found just south of what is now considered the wall of the lower town. Traces of other, usually smaller, cemeteries have been found scattered around the plain. All these graves have been dated to Troy VIh. The plain certainly wasn’t the sole preserve of the dead and must have been pivotal to the local economy. Remains of horses have indeed been found within the city, and it is entirely conceivable that these animals were bred in the plain below. Given the region’s ore deposits, it is possible that raw and processed metals were exported. Perishable materials, including cloth, were certainly produced in the city, and these may well have been A bronze sword of the Naue II type, dated to the twelfth century BC. © Dimitris Kamaras / Flickr (Top) An aerial view of the ruins of Troy's citadel and the plain beyond. © Archaeonavall / Shutterstock (Bottom) The burnt face of a stone idol from Troy, dated to ca. 1290 BC. The city of Troy suffered an earthquake ca. 1300 BC, which may explain the damage to this idol. © Livius.org Ancient History 44 29 FURTHER READING READINGS: ANCIENT ANATOLIA Want to learn more about the peoples and cultures of Bronze Age Anatolia? Here are some books to check out! HITTITE DIPLOMATIC TEXTS THE TROJANS AND THEIR NEIGHBOURS By Gary Beckman The Society of Biblical Literature, 1999 ISBN: 978-0788505515 By Trevor Bryce Routledge, 2006 ISBN: 978-0415349550 A compilation of texts from the Hittite world that deal with matters of diplomacy. From the names of political actors, such as kings, queens, and warlords, to the names of otherwise lost locations, the many treaties, letters, and edicts reveal the world of Late Bronze Age Anatolia in intricate detail, in the words of the people who were active in that period. The Trojan War of the Iliad has captured people’s imagination for centuries, and is one of the events people will first think of when they imagine western Anatolia. Bryce uses the Trojan War as a framing device to explore the region of western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age, from Troy and its role in the Late Bronze Age world, to the city’s many neighbours. WARRIORS OF ANATOLIA: A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE HITTITES THE POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF WESTERN ANATOLIA IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE By Trevor Bryce I.B. Tauris, 2019 ISBN: 978-1788312370 Edited by Ivo Hajnal, Eberhard Zangger, and Jorrit Kelder Archaeolingua, 2022 ISBN: 978-6155766541 The Hittites are intricately connected to western Anatolia – we know most of what we do about the region from Hittite sources. Warriors of Anatolia provides a thorough overview of Anatolia and the people who dominated it, from the Hittite military, to religion, and the position of queens in Hittite society, using modern scholarship and current archaeology. Western Anatolia is becoming more popular in modern academic studies. This collection of essays from the European Association of Archaeologists conference of the same name gives an overview of modern studies of the region in the Late Bronze Age, from archaeology to linguistics, giving a better understanding of the land and the people who lived there. Other books and articles LUWIAN (Christoph Bachhuber) • Bachhuber, Christoph. “In search of a Luwian land.” The Political Geography of Western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age, edited by Ivo Hajnal, Eberhard Zangger, and Jorrit Kelder, 201–223. Archaeolingua: Budapest, 2022. • Gatz, Claudia, and Plourde, Aimée M. “Landscape Monuments and Political Competition in Late Bronze Age Anatolia: An Investigation of Costly Signaling Theory.” The Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 361 (2011): 33–66. • Yakubovich, Ilya. The Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language. Leiden: Brill, 2010. THE PHRYGIAN MIGRATION (Antonis Kotsonas) • Kealhofer, Lisa, Grave, Peter, and Voigt, Mary M. Ancient Gordion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. • Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. “Pre-Hellenistic Phrygia. Some Matters in Debate.” In Phrygia in Antiquity, from the Bronze Age to the Byzantine Period, edited by Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, 1–23. Leuven: Paris, 2019. • Vassileva, Maya. “King Midas: Between the Balkans and Asia Minor.” Dialogues d’histoire ancienne 23 (1997): 9–20. MILLAWANDA (Louise A. Hitchcock) • Blackwell, Nicholas G. “Ahhiyawa, Hatti, and Diplomacy: Implications of Hittite Misperceptions of the Mycenaean World.” Hesperia 90 (2021): 191–231. • Cutler, Joanne. “Fashioning Identity” Beyond Thalassocracies: Understanding Processes of Minoanisation and Myce- 58 Ancient History 44 • • naeanisation in the Aegean, Evi Gorogianni, Peter Pavúk, and Luca Girella (eds.), 172-185. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2016. Kelder, Jorrit. “Mycenaeans in Western Anatolia.” Talanta 36–37 (2004–2005): 49–81. Mountjoy, Penelope Anne. “The East Aegean-West Anatolian Interface in the Late Bronze Age: Mycenaeans and the Kingdom of Ahhiyawa.” Anatolian Studies 48 (1998): 33–67. WELL-WALLED WILUSA (Jorrit Kelder) • Easton, Donald F., Hawkins, John David, Sherratt, Andrew George, and Sherratt, E. Susan. “Troy in Recent Perspective.” Anatolian Studies 52 (2002): 75–109. • Hertel, Dieter and Kolb, Frank. “Troy in Clearer Perspective.” Anatolian Studies 53 (2003): 71–88. • Korfman, Mannfred. “Troia, an Ancient Anatolian Palatial and Trading Center: Archaeological Evidence for the Period of Troia VI/VII.” The Classical World 91 (1998): 369–385. THE INDICTMENT OF MADDUWATTA (Andrei Pogacias) • Bryce, Trevor. “Madduwatta and Hittite Policy in Western Anatolia.” Historia 35 (1986): 1–12. • Cline, Eric H. “Aššuwa and the Achaeans: The 'Mycenaean' Sword at Hattušas and Its Possible Implications.” The Annual of the British School at Athens 91 (1996): 137–151. • Kelder, Jorrit. “The Chariots of Ahhiyawa.” Dacia, Revue d’archéologie et d’histoire ancienne 48–49 (2004– 2005): 151–160. • Mac Sweeney, Naoíse. “Hittites and Arzawans: a view from western Anatolia.” Anatolian Studies 60 (2010): 7–24.