Between 1890 and 1914 the Center party was, in Friedrich Naumann's words, “the measure of all... more Between 1890 and 1914 the Center party was, in Friedrich Naumann's words, “the measure of all things” in German politics. Throughout this period it possessed a quarter of the seats in the Reichstag, and held the balance of power between left and right. Its importance from the standpoint of Bismarck's successors as chancellor stemmed from the electoral and parliamentary decline of the National Liberals and Conservatives, the parties which had formed theKartellthrough which Bismarck governed the Reichstag. After 1890 these no longer commanded a majority, and other parties had to be won over by the government. With the Social Democrats permanently hostile, this narrowed the government's choice down to the Progressives and Center, either of which would give theKartellparties a majority, and both of which were to be used to this effect. However, the Progressives were used only sparingly (above all during the Biilow Bloc of 1907–9) because of their increasing shift to the left...
Abstract This article is concerned with Germans who lived and worked for longer or shorter period... more Abstract This article is concerned with Germans who lived and worked for longer or shorter periods outside their homeland. This includes Germans who served other empires (Portuguese, Spanish or Dutch) as cartographers, soldiers, sailors or officials; the German learned men and scientists who belonged to the Republic of Letters; travellers and explorers; the Pietists and Moravians who built networks across the Atlantic and beyond; and the Germans merchants whose networks stretched across the globe. The article argues that these Germans, who were often sojourners abroad rather than permanent emigrants, should also be considered part of "Germany abroad" alongside the more famous streams of emigrants to the USA and elsewhere. The article concludes by asking why the highly charged category of the Auslandsdeutsche emerged in the way it did and at the moment it did.
1. The German Bourgeoisie - An Introduction, David Blackbourn 2. Arriving in the Upper Class - th... more 1. The German Bourgeoisie - An Introduction, David Blackbourn 2. Arriving in the Upper Class - the Wealthy Business Elite of Wilhelmine Germany, Dolores L. Augustine 3. The Titled Businessman - Prussian Commercial Councillors in the Rhineland and Westphalia during the 19th Century, Karin Kaudelka-Hanischen 4. Family and Class in the Hamburg Grand Bourgeoisie 1815-1914, Richard J. Evans 5. The Industrial Bourgeoisie and Labour Relations in Germany 1871-1933, Dick Geary 6. Betweens in Estate and Profession - Lawyers and the Development of the Legal Profession in 19th-Century Germany, Michael John 7. Bourgeois Values, Doctors, and the State - the Professionalization of Medicine in Germany 1848-1933 8. Localism and the German Bourgeoisie - the `Heimat' Movement in the Rhenish Palatinate Before 1914, Celia Applegate 9. Bourgeois Honour - Middle-Class Duellists in Germany From the Late 18th to the Early 20th Century, Ute Frevert 10. Liberalism, Europe, and the Bourgeoisie 1860-1914, Geoff Eley 11. The Middle Classes and National Socialism, Thomas Childers.
... The Great War ripped the fabric of society for those who lived through it. ... to the moment ... more ... The Great War ripped the fabric of society for those who lived through it. ... to the moment when the German Question was answered on the battlefield - an engage-ment that was no foregone conclusion, and one which pitted Prussia against every other major German state. ...
Abstract This article is concerned with Germans who lived and worked for longer or shorter period... more Abstract This article is concerned with Germans who lived and worked for longer or shorter periods outside their homeland. This includes Germans who served other empires (Portuguese, Spanish or Dutch) as cartographers, soldiers, sailors or officials; the German learned men and scientists who belonged to the Republic of Letters; travellers and explorers; the Pietists and Moravians who built networks across the Atlantic and beyond; and the Germans merchants whose networks stretched across the globe. The article argues that these Germans, who were often sojourners abroad rather than permanent emigrants, should also be considered part of "Germany abroad" alongside the more famous streams of emigrants to the USA and elsewhere. The article concludes by asking why the highly charged category of the Auslandsdeutsche emerged in the way it did and at the moment it did.
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 1987
ALL the world's a stage, as we know, and the concept of atheatrum mundiis a venerable one. So... more ALL the world's a stage, as we know, and the concept of atheatrum mundiis a venerable one. So too is the specific idea of politics as theatre. As an idea it may not seem very remarkable. Politics lives off metaphor, after all, and theatrical metaphor might seem especially appropriate to describe political activity. Do we not refer naturally to the political stage, to politicians assuming roles, to dramatic political scenes? This very naturalness, derived from repeated usage, presents a challenge. For one of the tasks of the historian is to show how what has come to seem natural came to seem so: to restore the novelty of artefacts and institutions we take for granted, to recover the impact of ideas and metaphors worn smooth by repetition. I want to argue below that metaphors of politics as theatre can be more than just a figure of speech: that they had specific and revealing meanings in the period of German history from the revolutions of 1848 to the advent of National Socialism.
Six years ago, Gerhard Haupt wrote that 'the petite bourgeoisie is currently enjoying a boom&... more Six years ago, Gerhard Haupt wrote that 'the petite bourgeoisie is currently enjoying a boom'. The historiographical crash has still not come. Since I978 a series of round tables has been held on this subject, organized by Haupt himself (Bremen), Philippe Vigier (Paris-Nanterre), Geoffrey Crossick (Essex) and Ginette Kurgan-van Hentenryk (Free University of Brussels).2 Several publications have already emerged out of these gatherings: two special issues of Le Mouvement Social (no. io8, July-September 1979; no. I 14, January-March I981), several individual articles, and most recently a volume on Shopkeepers and Master Artisans in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Methuen, i984) edited by Crossick and Haupt. The present report deals with the latest of these round tables on economic crisis and the petite bourgeoisie in nineteenthand twentieth-century Europe. The round table began with a group of three papers on the impact of economic crisis in the late 1840s. The first was Clive Behagg's subtle account of the effect of crisis on small producers in the Birmingham area, especially in the metal trades. The context was provided by recent British work on the labour process and structures of authority in the workshop. Behagg argued that the depression of I847-9 accelerated the move to 'readier methods of working' (a contemporary euphemism for rationalization) in the small workshop. Under the impact of crisis,
This book investigates the role of bourgeoisie society and the political developments of the nine... more This book investigates the role of bourgeoisie society and the political developments of the nineteenth century in the peculiarities of German history. Most historians attribute German exceptionalism to the failure or absence of bourgeois revolution in German history and the failure of the bourgeoisie to conquer the pre-industrial traditions of authoritarianism. However, this study finds that there was a bourgeois revolution in Germany, though not the traditional type. This so-called silent bourgeois revolution brought about the emergence and consolidation of the capitalist system based on the sanctity and disposability of private property and on production to meet individual needs through a system of exchange dominated by the market. In this connection, this book proposes a redefinition of the concept of bourgeois revolution to denote a broader pattern of material, institutional, legal, and intellectual changes whose cumulative effect was all the more powerful for coming to be seen as natural.
A SOCIETY'S ATTITUDE TOWARD NATURE CAN REVEAL MUCH TO THE HISTORIAN. A WONderful example ofth... more A SOCIETY'S ATTITUDE TOWARD NATURE CAN REVEAL MUCH TO THE HISTORIAN. A WONderful example ofthis is David Blackbourn 's latest book, The Conquest ofNature: Water, Landscape, and the Making ofModern Germany (Norton, 2006). Blackbourn, who is the Coolidge Professor ofHistory at Harvard, has written several important books, including The Peculiarities ofGerman History (with G. Eley, 1984); Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Nineteenth-Century Germany (1994); and The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780-1918 (1997). We invited him to write an essay exploring some of the themes ofhis new book, which Historically Speaking editor Donald Yerxa pursues a bitfurther in an interview conducted on October 4, 2006 in Blackbourn s office at Harvard's Minda de Gunzburg Centerfor European Studies.
Between 1890 and 1914 the Center party was, in Friedrich Naumann's words, “the measure of all... more Between 1890 and 1914 the Center party was, in Friedrich Naumann's words, “the measure of all things” in German politics. Throughout this period it possessed a quarter of the seats in the Reichstag, and held the balance of power between left and right. Its importance from the standpoint of Bismarck's successors as chancellor stemmed from the electoral and parliamentary decline of the National Liberals and Conservatives, the parties which had formed theKartellthrough which Bismarck governed the Reichstag. After 1890 these no longer commanded a majority, and other parties had to be won over by the government. With the Social Democrats permanently hostile, this narrowed the government's choice down to the Progressives and Center, either of which would give theKartellparties a majority, and both of which were to be used to this effect. However, the Progressives were used only sparingly (above all during the Biilow Bloc of 1907–9) because of their increasing shift to the left...
Abstract This article is concerned with Germans who lived and worked for longer or shorter period... more Abstract This article is concerned with Germans who lived and worked for longer or shorter periods outside their homeland. This includes Germans who served other empires (Portuguese, Spanish or Dutch) as cartographers, soldiers, sailors or officials; the German learned men and scientists who belonged to the Republic of Letters; travellers and explorers; the Pietists and Moravians who built networks across the Atlantic and beyond; and the Germans merchants whose networks stretched across the globe. The article argues that these Germans, who were often sojourners abroad rather than permanent emigrants, should also be considered part of "Germany abroad" alongside the more famous streams of emigrants to the USA and elsewhere. The article concludes by asking why the highly charged category of the Auslandsdeutsche emerged in the way it did and at the moment it did.
1. The German Bourgeoisie - An Introduction, David Blackbourn 2. Arriving in the Upper Class - th... more 1. The German Bourgeoisie - An Introduction, David Blackbourn 2. Arriving in the Upper Class - the Wealthy Business Elite of Wilhelmine Germany, Dolores L. Augustine 3. The Titled Businessman - Prussian Commercial Councillors in the Rhineland and Westphalia during the 19th Century, Karin Kaudelka-Hanischen 4. Family and Class in the Hamburg Grand Bourgeoisie 1815-1914, Richard J. Evans 5. The Industrial Bourgeoisie and Labour Relations in Germany 1871-1933, Dick Geary 6. Betweens in Estate and Profession - Lawyers and the Development of the Legal Profession in 19th-Century Germany, Michael John 7. Bourgeois Values, Doctors, and the State - the Professionalization of Medicine in Germany 1848-1933 8. Localism and the German Bourgeoisie - the `Heimat' Movement in the Rhenish Palatinate Before 1914, Celia Applegate 9. Bourgeois Honour - Middle-Class Duellists in Germany From the Late 18th to the Early 20th Century, Ute Frevert 10. Liberalism, Europe, and the Bourgeoisie 1860-1914, Geoff Eley 11. The Middle Classes and National Socialism, Thomas Childers.
... The Great War ripped the fabric of society for those who lived through it. ... to the moment ... more ... The Great War ripped the fabric of society for those who lived through it. ... to the moment when the German Question was answered on the battlefield - an engage-ment that was no foregone conclusion, and one which pitted Prussia against every other major German state. ...
Abstract This article is concerned with Germans who lived and worked for longer or shorter period... more Abstract This article is concerned with Germans who lived and worked for longer or shorter periods outside their homeland. This includes Germans who served other empires (Portuguese, Spanish or Dutch) as cartographers, soldiers, sailors or officials; the German learned men and scientists who belonged to the Republic of Letters; travellers and explorers; the Pietists and Moravians who built networks across the Atlantic and beyond; and the Germans merchants whose networks stretched across the globe. The article argues that these Germans, who were often sojourners abroad rather than permanent emigrants, should also be considered part of "Germany abroad" alongside the more famous streams of emigrants to the USA and elsewhere. The article concludes by asking why the highly charged category of the Auslandsdeutsche emerged in the way it did and at the moment it did.
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 1987
ALL the world's a stage, as we know, and the concept of atheatrum mundiis a venerable one. So... more ALL the world's a stage, as we know, and the concept of atheatrum mundiis a venerable one. So too is the specific idea of politics as theatre. As an idea it may not seem very remarkable. Politics lives off metaphor, after all, and theatrical metaphor might seem especially appropriate to describe political activity. Do we not refer naturally to the political stage, to politicians assuming roles, to dramatic political scenes? This very naturalness, derived from repeated usage, presents a challenge. For one of the tasks of the historian is to show how what has come to seem natural came to seem so: to restore the novelty of artefacts and institutions we take for granted, to recover the impact of ideas and metaphors worn smooth by repetition. I want to argue below that metaphors of politics as theatre can be more than just a figure of speech: that they had specific and revealing meanings in the period of German history from the revolutions of 1848 to the advent of National Socialism.
Six years ago, Gerhard Haupt wrote that 'the petite bourgeoisie is currently enjoying a boom&... more Six years ago, Gerhard Haupt wrote that 'the petite bourgeoisie is currently enjoying a boom'. The historiographical crash has still not come. Since I978 a series of round tables has been held on this subject, organized by Haupt himself (Bremen), Philippe Vigier (Paris-Nanterre), Geoffrey Crossick (Essex) and Ginette Kurgan-van Hentenryk (Free University of Brussels).2 Several publications have already emerged out of these gatherings: two special issues of Le Mouvement Social (no. io8, July-September 1979; no. I 14, January-March I981), several individual articles, and most recently a volume on Shopkeepers and Master Artisans in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Methuen, i984) edited by Crossick and Haupt. The present report deals with the latest of these round tables on economic crisis and the petite bourgeoisie in nineteenthand twentieth-century Europe. The round table began with a group of three papers on the impact of economic crisis in the late 1840s. The first was Clive Behagg's subtle account of the effect of crisis on small producers in the Birmingham area, especially in the metal trades. The context was provided by recent British work on the labour process and structures of authority in the workshop. Behagg argued that the depression of I847-9 accelerated the move to 'readier methods of working' (a contemporary euphemism for rationalization) in the small workshop. Under the impact of crisis,
This book investigates the role of bourgeoisie society and the political developments of the nine... more This book investigates the role of bourgeoisie society and the political developments of the nineteenth century in the peculiarities of German history. Most historians attribute German exceptionalism to the failure or absence of bourgeois revolution in German history and the failure of the bourgeoisie to conquer the pre-industrial traditions of authoritarianism. However, this study finds that there was a bourgeois revolution in Germany, though not the traditional type. This so-called silent bourgeois revolution brought about the emergence and consolidation of the capitalist system based on the sanctity and disposability of private property and on production to meet individual needs through a system of exchange dominated by the market. In this connection, this book proposes a redefinition of the concept of bourgeois revolution to denote a broader pattern of material, institutional, legal, and intellectual changes whose cumulative effect was all the more powerful for coming to be seen as natural.
A SOCIETY'S ATTITUDE TOWARD NATURE CAN REVEAL MUCH TO THE HISTORIAN. A WONderful example ofth... more A SOCIETY'S ATTITUDE TOWARD NATURE CAN REVEAL MUCH TO THE HISTORIAN. A WONderful example ofthis is David Blackbourn 's latest book, The Conquest ofNature: Water, Landscape, and the Making ofModern Germany (Norton, 2006). Blackbourn, who is the Coolidge Professor ofHistory at Harvard, has written several important books, including The Peculiarities ofGerman History (with G. Eley, 1984); Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Nineteenth-Century Germany (1994); and The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780-1918 (1997). We invited him to write an essay exploring some of the themes ofhis new book, which Historically Speaking editor Donald Yerxa pursues a bitfurther in an interview conducted on October 4, 2006 in Blackbourn s office at Harvard's Minda de Gunzburg Centerfor European Studies.
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