Tod Browning

Tod Browning
Tavalludi	Charles Albert Browning Jr.; 12-iyul 1880-yil; Louisville, Kentucky, A. Q. Sh.
Vafoti	6-yil 6-oktyabr ; (82 yoshda); Malibu, Kaliforniya, A. Q. Sh.
Fuqaroligi	AQSh
Kasbi	aktyor; rejissyor; qiziqchi;
Faoliyat yillari	1900-1962

Tod Browning (talaffuzi: „Tod Brauning“, 1880-yil 12-iyul — 1962-yil 6-oktyabr) amerikalik kinorejissyor, kinoaktyor, ssenariy muallifi, vodvil ijrochisi, karnaval shousi va sirk tomoshabinlari edi. U 1915-1939-yillarda turli janrdagi bir qancha filmlarni suratga olgan, lekin birinchi navbatda qoʻrqinchli filmlar bilan tanilgan^[1] va koʻpincha savdo matbuotida kinoning Edgar Allan Poe sifatida tilga olingan.

Yoshlik

Charles Albert Browning Kentukki shtatining Luisvil shahrida Charles Albert va Lidia Browningning ikkinchi oʻgʻli sifatida tugʻilgan. Charles Albert Sr, „gʻisht teruvchi, duradgor va mashinist“ oilasini oʻrta sinf va baptistlar uyi bilan taʼminladi. Browningning amakisi, beysbol yulduzi Pete „Luisvill Slugger“ Browning beysbol tayoqchasida oʻzining sobriketini koʻrdi^[2]^[3].

Kino aktyori

1909-yilda, 13 yil davomida karnavallar va vodevillarda ishtirok etganidan soʻng, 29 yoshli Browning kino aktyorligiga oʻtdi^[4].

Browningning komediya aktyori sifatidagi faoliyati 1909-yilda rejissyor va ssenariy muallifi Edward Dillon bilan qisqa metrajli filmlarda ijro etganida boshlangan. Hammasi boʻlib, Browning 50 dan ortiq bir yoki ikki gʻaltakli slapstick spektakllarida rol oʻynagan. Kino tarixchisi Boris Genryning taʼkidlashicha, „Browningning shafqatsiz aktyor sifatidagi tajribasi uning rejissyorlik karerasiga kiritildi“. Keyinchalik Dillon Browning rejissyorlik qiladigan dastlabki filmlar uchun koʻplab ssenariylarni taqdim etdi^[5]^[6]. Browning oʻzining ilk aktyorlik karerasida birga oʻynagan bir qator aktyorlar keyinchalik oʻz suratlarida paydo boʻladi, ularning koʻplari Keystone Cops direktori Max Sennet bilan shogirdlik davrida xizmat qilgan, jumladan Uolles Biri, Ford Sterling, Polly Moran, Wheeler Oakman, Raymond Griffith, Kalla Pasha, Mae Busch, Wallace MacDonald va Laura La Varnie^[7].

Yakuniy yillar va oʻlim

Browningning rafiqasi Alice 1944-yilda pnevmoniya asoratlaridan vafot etdi va uni Malibu sohilidagi dam olish maskanida dafn qildi^[8]^[9]. Oʻsha paytga kelib Browning Gollivud muassasasidan shunchalik ajralgan ediki, Variety oʻsha yili adashib Browning uchun nekroloq eʼlon qildi va turmush oʻrtogʻining oʻlimini sobiq direktorning oʻlimi bilan aralashtirib yubordi^[10].

1949-yilda Amerika Rejissyorlar Gildiyasi Browningga umrbod aʼzolikni taqdim etdi. Vafot etganida bu sharafga Browningning faqat toʻrt nafar hamkasbi ega boʻlgan^[11].

Beva qolgan Browning qariyb 20-yil davomida yolgʻizlikda, „alkogolga berilgan“ holida yashadi^[12]. 1962-yilda unga halqum saratoni tashxisi qoʻyilgan. Vaziyatni toʻgʻirlash uchun qilingan jarrohlik amaliyoti uni soqov qilib qoʻydi^[13].

Tod Browning 1962-yil 6-oktabrda Malibudagi uyida yolg‘iz vafot etdi^[14].

Filmografiya

The Lucky Transfer (1915)
The Slave Girl (1915)
An Image of the Past (1915)
The Highbinders (1915)
The Story of a Story (1915)
The Spell of the Poppy (1915)
The Electric Alarm (1915)
The Living Death (1915)
The Burned Hand (1915)
The Woman from Warren's (1915)
Little Marie (1915)
The Fatal Glass of Beer (1916)
Everybody’s Doing It (1916)
Puppets (1916)
Jim Bludso (1917)
A Love Sublime (1917)
Hands Up! (1917)
Peggy, the Will O' the Wisp (1917)
The Jury of Fate (1917)
The Legion of Death (1918)
The Eyes of Mystery (1918)
Revenge (1918)
Which Woman? (1918)
The Deciding Kiss (1918)
The Brazen Beauty (1918)
Set Free (1918)
The Wicked Darling (1919)
The Exquisite Thief (1919)
The Unpainted Woman (1919)
The Petal on the Current (1919)
Bonnie Bonnie Lassie (1919)
The Virgin of Stamboul (1920)
Outside the Law (1920)
No Woman Knows (1921)
The Wise Kid (1922)
Man Under Cover (1922)
Under Two Flags (1922)
Drifting (1923)
The Day of Faith (1923)
White Tiger (1923)
The Dangerous Flirt (1924)
Silk Stocking Sal (1924)
The Unholy Three (1925)
The Mystic (1925)
Dollar Down (1925)
The Blackbird (1926)
The Road to Mandalay (1926)
The Show (1927)
The Unknown (1927)
London After Midnight (1927)
The Big City (1928)
West of Zanzibar (1928)
Where East Is East (1929)
The Thirteenth Chair (1929)
Outside the Law (1930)
Dracula (1931)
Iron Man (1931)
Freaks (1932)
Fast Workers (1933)
Mark of the Vampire (1935)
The Devil-Doll (1936)
Miracles for Sale (1939)

Manbalar

↑ „Tod Browning“. The New York Times (2007). 2007-yil 13-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
↑ Towlson, 2017 Part 2: „Browning was born in Kentucky in 1889 into a working-class family. His father was a bricklayer, carpenter and machinist. His parents were Baptists. Browning sought to escape early on.“ And: „A non-conformist within his family, Browning seems to have taken after his uncle, the baseball player Pete Browning. Like Pete he was alcoholic from a young age (an affliction that would eventually result in Pete being committed to a mental institution).“
↑ Alford, 1995: „Browningʻs baseball-playing uncle Pete was responsible for the development of the Louisville slugger…“ And: „Unfortunately for his biographers, outside of anecdote, little evidence remains of Tod’s boyhood life and family relations.“
↑ Robinson, 1968 p. 125: "Browning was a vaudeville comic at the time he went into movies as an actor at the Biograph Studios.
↑ Henry, 2006 p. 41
↑ Herzogenrath, 2006 pp. 10-11: „In 1909, Browning made his transition from the carnival to Hollywood (sic) [New York City], where he started as an actor in Edward Dillonʼs slapstick shorts.“ And: „Before becoming a film director, Tod Browning acted in at least 50 short slapstick movies, working with actors he would later direct…“
↑ Henry, 2006 p. 41: „…some of those who played in Tod Browningʻs movies have a slapstick background, in particular, those who acted in Mack Sennett's Keystone films [among them] Wallace Beery, Ford Sterling, Polly Moran, Wheeler Oakman, Raymond Griffith, Kalla Pasha, Mae Busch, Wallace MacDonald and Laura La Varnie…“ And: „Edward Dillion was the author of most of Browningʻs [early] short films…“
↑ Harvey, 2009: "Sadly, soon after, his wife Alice died—also of complications from pneumonia—leaving him something of a Malibu recluse for the two remaining decades of his life.
↑ Herzogenrath, 2006 p. 11: Browningʻs „wife Alice died“ in 1944.
↑ Herzogenrath, 2006 p. 11: „Variety mixed up his wifeʼs death with Browning and published his obituary in 1944.“
↑ Sobchack, 2006 p. 36: „In 1949 Browning was awarded a life membership in the Directors Guild of America dash- an honor afforded to only four other individuals by the time of his death from cancer in 1962.“
↑ Eaker, 2016: „Browningʻs remaining twenty five years were spent as a widower recluse in alcoholic seclusion.“
↑ Alford, 1995: „Browning was diagnosed with cancer of the larynx in 1962, and underwent an operation. Mute and mutilated, he had arrived at, or regressed to, the silent-move state of speechless disfigurement that had been his obsession and his avatar.“
Eaker, 2016: „Like his main star Lon Chaney, Browning developed throat cancer, which rendered him mute.“
↑ Herzogenrath, 2006 p. 11: „On 6 October, 1962, Browning died alone in the bathroom of his house at Malibu Beach.“
Eaker, 2016: „Browning died an obscure, alcoholic recluse in 1962…the perennial outsider, he could [not] have cared less.“

[1] „Tod Browning“. The New York Times (2007). 2007-yil 13-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.

[2] Towlson, 2017 Part 2: „Browning was born in Kentucky in 1889 into a working-class family. His father was a bricklayer, carpenter and machinist. His parents were Baptists. Browning sought to escape early on.“ And: „A non-conformist within his family, Browning seems to have taken after his uncle, the baseball player Pete Browning. Like Pete he was alcoholic from a young age (an affliction that would eventually result in Pete being committed to a mental institution).“

[3] Alford, 1995: „Browningʻs baseball-playing uncle Pete was responsible for the development of the Louisville slugger…“ And: „Unfortunately for his biographers, outside of anecdote, little evidence remains of Tod’s boyhood life and family relations.“

[4] Robinson, 1968 p. 125: "Browning was a vaudeville comic at the time he went into movies as an actor at the Biograph Studios.

[5] Henry, 2006 p. 41

[6] Herzogenrath, 2006 pp. 10-11: „In 1909, Browning made his transition from the carnival to Hollywood (sic) [New York City], where he started as an actor in Edward Dillonʼs slapstick shorts.“ And: „Before becoming a film director, Tod Browning acted in at least 50 short slapstick movies, working with actors he would later direct…“

[7] Henry, 2006 p. 41: „…some of those who played in Tod Browningʻs movies have a slapstick background, in particular, those who acted in Mack Sennett's Keystone films [among them] Wallace Beery, Ford Sterling, Polly Moran, Wheeler Oakman, Raymond Griffith, Kalla Pasha, Mae Busch, Wallace MacDonald and Laura La Varnie…“ And: „Edward Dillion was the author of most of Browningʻs [early] short films…“

[8] Harvey, 2009: "Sadly, soon after, his wife Alice died—also of complications from pneumonia—leaving him something of a Malibu recluse for the two remaining decades of his life.

[9] Herzogenrath, 2006 p. 11: Browningʻs „wife Alice died“ in 1944.

[10] Herzogenrath, 2006 p. 11: „Variety mixed up his wifeʼs death with Browning and published his obituary in 1944.“

[11] Sobchack, 2006 p. 36: „In 1949 Browning was awarded a life membership in the Directors Guild of America dash- an honor afforded to only four other individuals by the time of his death from cancer in 1962.“

[12] Eaker, 2016: „Browningʻs remaining twenty five years were spent as a widower recluse in alcoholic seclusion.“

[13] Alford, 1995: „Browning was diagnosed with cancer of the larynx in 1962, and underwent an operation. Mute and mutilated, he had arrived at, or regressed to, the silent-move state of speechless disfigurement that had been his obsession and his avatar.“
Eaker, 2016: „Like his main star Lon Chaney, Browning developed throat cancer, which rendered him mute.“

[14] Herzogenrath, 2006 p. 11: „On 6 October, 1962, Browning died alone in the bathroom of his house at Malibu Beach.“
Eaker, 2016: „Browning died an obscure, alcoholic recluse in 1962…the perennial outsider, he could [not] have cared less.“

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