Vena jangi

Sanalar	1683-yil 12-sentabr
Urush yeri	Vena, Avstriya
Natija	Xristian koalitsiyasining hal qiluvchi gʻalabasi Vena qamali toʻxtatildi.; Usmonlilar katta yoʻqotishlarga duchor boʻldilar va juda zaiflashdilar.; Saroyevoning Yevgeniy Savoy kuchlari tomonidan egallanishi.; Xristianlar koalitsiyasi Usmoniylarni yanada zaiflashtirish uchun Papa Innosent XI homiyligi ostida Muqaddas Ligani tashkil qiladi;

Vena jangi
	Usmonli-Polsha urushlari.
	; Vena jangi 1683-yil 16-sentabr
Sanalar	1683-yil 12-sentabr
Urush yeri	Vena, Avstriya
Natija	Xristian koalitsiyasining hal qiluvchi gʻalabasi Vena qamali toʻxtatildi.; Usmonlilar katta yoʻqotishlarga duchor boʻldilar va juda zaiflashdilar.; Saroyevoning Yevgeniy Savoy kuchlari tomonidan egallanishi.; Xristianlar koalitsiyasi Usmoniylarni yanada zaiflashtirish uchun Papa Innosent XI homiyligi ostida Muqaddas Ligani tashkil qiladi;
Raqiblar
Usmonli imperiyasi Vassal davlatlar: Qrim xonligi; Moldova (Rasmiy); Vallaxiya(Rasmiy); Transilvaniya; Yuqori Vengriya;	Polsha-Litva Ittifoqi ; Andoza:Country data Holy Roman Empire Avstriya; Bavariya; Bogemiya toji; Franconia; Saksoniya elektorati; Svabiya; Gabsburg Vengriyasi Vallaxiya (Yashirincha);
Qoʻmondonlar
Buyuk vazir Kara Mustafa Pasha; Diyarbakirlik Kara Mehmed; Budalik Ibrahim; Abaza Sari Hüseyin; Karahisarlik Pasha; Murad Giray; George Ducas; Michael I Apafi;	John III Sobieski; (Supreme Commander of the Christian Coalition Army); Hetman Jabłonowski; Hetman Sieniawski; Count Marcin Kątski; (Relief Force); Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg; (Garrison); Charles of Lorraine; John George III of Saxony; Georg Friedrich of Waldeck; Julius Francis, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg; Maximilian II Emanuel of Bavaria; Eugene of Savoy; Livio Odescalchi; Antonio Caraffa; Şerban Cantacuzino;
Kuchlar
Qora Mustafoning chodiridan topilgan jang tartibiga oid hujjatlarga koʻra, 1683-yil 10-sentabrda 150 ming, qamal boshlanganda 170 mingdan kam askar quvvatlari boʻlgan. ; Taxminan 150 ta kema	Vena gornizoni: 11,000 askar+5,000 yordamchi kuch; 312 ta miltiq (lekin 114 tasi ishlatilgan); Qoʻshimcha kuchlar : 47,000 nemis va avtriya askarlari 112 ta miltiq bilan.; 27,000 polyaklar 28 ta miltiq bilan.;
Yoʻqotishlar
jang davomida 8,000-15,000 oʻlgan. 5,000-10,000 asirga olingan.	jang vaqtida 4,500 yaralangan, 3,500 oʻlgan (1,500 polyaklar). Qamal vaqtida 12,000 askar yaralangan.

Vena jangi — Vena yaqinidagi Kahlenberg togʻida, 1683-yil 12-sentabrda, imperiya shahri ikki oy davomida Usmonli imperiyasi tomonidan qamal qilinganidan keyin boʻlib oʻtgan shiddatli jang. Jang Gabsburg monarxiyasi va Polsha-Litva hamdoʻstligi tomonidan boshqarilgan Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi tomonidan, qirol Ioan III Sobieski boshchiligida Usmonlilarga va ularning vassal va qabila davlatlariga qarshi olib borildi. Jang birinchi marta Hamdoʻstlik va Muqaddas Rim imperiyasining Usmonlilarga qarshi harbiy hamkorligini koʻrsatdi va koʻpincha tarixdagi burilish nuqtasi sifatida koʻrildi, shundan soʻng „Usmonli turklari xristian olamiga xavf tugʻdirishni bas qildi“^[16]. 1699-yilgacha boʻlgan janglarning deyarli barchasini yutqazdi^[16].

Tarixchilar bu jang Usmonli-Gabsburg urushlarida, Muqaddas Rim va Usmonli imperiyalari oʻrtasidagi 300 yillik kurashda burilish nuqtasi boʻlganligini taʼkidlashadi. Jangdan keyingi 16 yil ichida Avstriyaning Gabsburglari asta-sekin tiklanib, asosan Usmonli kuchlaridan tozalangan Vengriya va Transilvaniyada hukmronlik qildilar. Jang tarixdagi eng katta otliq qoʻshimchalarini oʻz ichiga olganligi bilan ajralib turadi.

Muqaddima

Vena shahrini qoʻlga olish uzoq vaqt Usmonli imperiyasining strategik maqsadi boʻlgan, chunki u Danubian (Qora dengizdan Gʻarbiy Yevropagacha) janubi Yevropa va quruqlikdagi (Sharqiy Oʻrta yer dengizi Germaniya) savdo yoʻllarini nazorat qilgan. Ushbu ikkinchi qamaldan oldingi yillarda (1529-yildagi Vena qurshovi) nufuzli Koʻprulu oilasining yirik nazoratchilari qoʻl ostida Usmonli imperiyasi muqaddas joyga olib boradigan yoʻllar va koʻpriklarni taʼmirlash va oʻrnatish kabi keng qamrovli logistik tayyorgarlikni amalga oshirdi. Rim imperiyasi va uning logistika markazlari, shuningdek, oʻq-dorilar, toʻplar va boshqa manbalarni imperiyaning barcha qismlaridan ushbu markazlarga va Bolqonga yuborishdi. Agar urush 1566-yilgacha Usmonli imperiyasini vaqtincha toʻxtatib turadigan Siget jangi boʻlmaganda edi, tezroq boʻlar edi.

1681-yil va 1682-yillarda Imre Toqolli va Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi oʻrtasida (oʻsha paytda chegara Vengriya edi) toʻqnashuvlar kuchayib, Gabsburg kuchlarining Vengriya markaziga bostirilishi Buyuk Vazir Kara Mustafo Poshoni Sultonni ishontirishda hal qiluvchi dalil boʻldi. Mehmet IV va uning devoni Usmonli qoʻshinining harakatlanishiga ruxsat berdi. Mehmet IV Mustafo Poshoga Ven (shimoliy gʻarbiy) da joylashgan Gir (keyinchalik Yankkale deb nomlanadi va nemis tilida Raab nomi bilan) va Komamrom (turkcha Komaron, nemischa Komorn) qal’alarigacha yurish va ularni qamal qilishga ruxsat berdi. Usmonli armiyasi 1682-yil 21-yanvarda safarbar qilindi va 1682-yil 6-avgustda urush eʼlon qilindi.

1683-yilda Usmonli imperiyasi

1683-yil 31-martda yana bir deklaratsiya — Katta Vazir Merzifonlu Qora Mustafo Posho tomonidan Mehmet IV nomidan Vena imperatorlik sudiga keldi. Ertasi kuni Usmonli qoʻshinlarining oldinga yurishi Rumeliyadagi Edirnadan boshlandi. Usmonli qoʻshinlari Belgradga may oyining boshlarigacha yetib keldi. Ularga shahzoda Mixali Apafi boshchiligidagi Transvilansiya armiyasi va Imre Thokolly boshchiligidagi vengriyaliklar qoʻshildi; Girni qurshab olishdi va qolgan 150,000 qoʻshin Vena shahriga qarab yoʻl olishdi. Taxminan 40,000 Qrim-tatar qoʻshinlari 7-iyul kuni Vena sharqidan 40 kilometr (25 milya) sharqqa yetib kelishdi, bu mintaqadagi imperator qoʻshinlaridan ikki baravar koʻp edi. Imperator Leopold oʻz sudi bilan Vena shahridan Pasauga qochib ketdi. Asosiy Usmonli armiyasi Vena shahriga 14-iyulda yetib keldi; shaharning yagona mudofaa kuchi hisoblangan Ernst Rüdiger fon Starheembergning qoʻshini 15,000 kishidan iborat edi. Gabsburg hukumati mudofaaga shoshib qoldi, ammo tezda koʻp pul toʻpladi va polyaklar bilan ittifoq shartnomasini imzoladi va mudofaani kuchaytirdi. Turklar tez orada Vena shahri ostonalariga yetib keldi va qamalni boshladi. Gabsburglar rejasi jang natijalariga koʻra oʻzini oqladi va gʻalaba keltirdi.

Qamal paytidagi voqealar

Jangga tayyorlanish

Jang

Natija

Taʼsiri

Madaniy meros

Astronomik meros

Diniy taʼsir

Manbalar

↑ Finkel, Caroline. Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. Basic Books, 13-fevral 2006-yil — 286–87-bet. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7.
↑ „Sarajevo / Bistrik – samostan sv. Ante“, Sarajevo / Bistrik – samostan sv. Ante (xorvat), 2-aprel 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 1-aprel 2015-yil {{citation}}: More than one of |archivedate= va |archive-date= specified (yordam); More than one of |archiveurl= va |archive-url= specified (yordam)CS1 maint: date format ()
↑ A. Popovic „Sarajevo“, . Historic Cities of the Islamic World C. Edmund Bosworth: . Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, 2007 — 164–171-bet. ISBN 9004153888.
↑ Forst de Battaglia, Otto (1982), Jan Sobieski, Mit Habsburg gegen die Türken, Styria Vlg. Graz, 215 of 1983 Polish translated edition-bet
↑ Wimmer, Jan (1983), Wiedeń 1683, MON, 306-bet
↑ Bruce Alan Masters, Gábor Ágoston: Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1438110251, 584.
↑ Harbottle, Thomas (1905), Dictionary of Battles, E.P. Sutton & Co, 262-bet
↑ Clare, Israel (1876), The Centennial Universal History: A Clear and Concise History of All Nations, with a Full History of the United States to the Close of the First 100 Years of Our National Independence., J. C. McCurdy & Co., 252-bet
↑ Drane, Augusta (1858), The Knights of st. John: with The battle of Lepanto and Siege of Vienna., Burns and Lambert, 136-bet
↑ American Architect and Building News. 29.767 (1890): 145. Print.
↑ The lowest estimate is 90,000,^[6] while according to older estimates even up to 300,000^[7]^[8]^[9].^[10]
↑ ^12,0 ^12,1 ^12,2 Podhorodecki, Leszek (2001), Wiedeń 1683, Bellona, 83-bet
↑ Podhorodecki, Leszek (2001), Wiedeń 1683, Bellona, 106-bet
↑ Podhorodecki, Leszek (2001), Wiedeń 1683, Bellona, 105-bet
↑ Podhorodecki, Leszek (2001), Wiedeń 1683, Bellona, 140–41-bet
↑ ^16,0 ^16,1 Leitsch, Walter (July 1983). „1683: The Siege of Vienna“. History Today. 33-jild, № 7. Qaraldi: 19-dekabr 2014-yil. „The defeat of the Ottoman Army outside the gates of Vienna 300 years ago is usually regarded as the beginning of the decline of the Ottoman Empire. But Walter Leitsch asks whether it was such a turning point in the history of Europe? ... However, it marks a turning point: not only was further Ottoman advance on Christian territories stopped, but in the following war that lasted up to 1698 almost all of Hungary was reconquered by the army of Emperor Leopold I. From 1683 the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world. ... The battle of Vienna was a turning point in one further respect: the success was due to the co-operation between the troops of the Emperor, some Imperial princes and the Poles. ... However the co-operation between the two non-maritime neighbours of the Ottoman Empire in Europe, the Emperor and Poland, was something new. ... Walter Leitsch is Professor of East European History and Director of the Institute of East and Southeast European Research at the University of Vienna.“{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()

Havolalar

[Finkel-1] Finkel, Caroline. Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. Basic Books, 13-fevral 2006-yil — 286–87-bet. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7.

[bosnaargentina-2] „Sarajevo / Bistrik – samostan sv. Ante“, Sarajevo / Bistrik – samostan sv. Ante (xorvat), 2-aprel 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 1-aprel 2015-yil {{citation}}: More than one of |archivedate= va |archive-date= specified (yordam); More than one of |archiveurl= va |archive-url= specified (yordam)CS1 maint: date format ()

[Popovic-3] A. Popovic „Sarajevo“, . Historic Cities of the Islamic World C. Edmund Bosworth: . Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, 2007 — 164–171-bet. ISBN 9004153888.

[Forst_de_Battaglia,_Otto_1983-4] Forst de Battaglia, Otto (1982), Jan Sobieski, Mit Habsburg gegen die Türken, Styria Vlg. Graz, 215 of 1983 Polish translated edition-bet

[Wimmer,_Jan_1983-5] Wimmer, Jan (1983), Wiedeń 1683, MON, 306-bet

[masters2009-6] Bruce Alan Masters, Gábor Ágoston: Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1438110251, 584.

[Harbottle,_Thomas_Benfield_1905-7] Harbottle, Thomas (1905), Dictionary of Battles, E.P. Sutton & Co, 262-bet

[Clare,_Israel_Smith_1876-8] Clare, Israel (1876), The Centennial Universal History: A Clear and Concise History of All Nations, with a Full History of the United States to the Close of the First 100 Years of Our National Independence., J. C. McCurdy & Co., 252-bet

[Drane,_Augusta_Theodosia_1858-9] Drane, Augusta (1858), The Knights of st. John: with The battle of Lepanto and Siege of Vienna., Burns and Lambert, 136-bet

[Building_News_1890-10] American Architect and Building News. 29.767 (1890): 145. Print.

[11] The lowest estimate is 90,000,^[6] while according to older estimates even up to 300,000^[7]^[8]^[9].^[10]

[Podhorodecki,_Leszek_2001,_p._83-12] 12,0 ^12,1 ^12,2 Podhorodecki, Leszek (2001), Wiedeń 1683, Bellona, 83-bet

[Podhorodecki,_Leszek_2001,_p._106-13] Podhorodecki, Leszek (2001), Wiedeń 1683, Bellona, 106-bet

[Podhorodecki,_Leszek_2001,_p._105-14] Podhorodecki, Leszek (2001), Wiedeń 1683, Bellona, 105-bet

[Podhorodecki,_Leszek_2001,_pp._140-141-15] Podhorodecki, Leszek (2001), Wiedeń 1683, Bellona, 140–41-bet

[Leitsch01-16] 16,0 ^16,1 Leitsch, Walter (July 1983). „1683: The Siege of Vienna“. History Today. 33-jild, № 7. Qaraldi: 19-dekabr 2014-yil. „The defeat of the Ottoman Army outside the gates of Vienna 300 years ago is usually regarded as the beginning of the decline of the Ottoman Empire. But Walter Leitsch asks whether it was such a turning point in the history of Europe? ... However, it marks a turning point: not only was further Ottoman advance on Christian territories stopped, but in the following war that lasted up to 1698 almost all of Hungary was reconquered by the army of Emperor Leopold I. From 1683 the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world. ... The battle of Vienna was a turning point in one further respect: the success was due to the co-operation between the troops of the Emperor, some Imperial princes and the Poles. ... However the co-operation between the two non-maritime neighbours of the Ottoman Empire in Europe, the Emperor and Poland, was something new. ... Walter Leitsch is Professor of East European History and Director of the Institute of East and Southeast European Research at the University of Vienna.“{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()

[16]

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[11]

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[15]

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