In the Polish tradition the concept of patriotism, traditionally understood as "love of the ... more In the Polish tradition the concept of patriotism, traditionally understood as "love of the fatherland," is inseparably linked with the nation, whereas "fatherland" and "nation" are regarded as "ideological communities joined by a system of attitudes". This chapter seeks to confront the understanding and perception of the patriotic phraseology and conduct of townsmen and soldiers-two groups of people living in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The main aims are: a) to compare the general findings of linguists and the results of historical research; b) to assess the impact of the conflict between townsmen and soldiers during the wars of the seventeenth century and how the antagonism of their basic values reflect their attitude to patriotism; and c) to test the commonly accepted thesis that the political dominance of the nobility meant a lack of alternative beliefs and attitudes, including the patriotic ones. Keywords: fatherland; patriotism; Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
The dietary survey among adolescents (11-15 years old) performed during last decade in Poland are... more The dietary survey among adolescents (11-15 years old) performed during last decade in Poland are not representative for national level. The analysis of data obtained by 24-h recall in different regions showed that contribution of dietary fat to energy intake was too high (37-42%), while contribution of proteins (10-11%) and carbohydrates (47-52%) too low. The intake of proteins, fibre, calcium, magnesium, copper and iron (especially among girls), vitamin C and niacin did not meet the recommended levels. The results suggest that girls are more likely to have risk of nutritional deficiencies than boys as well as adolescents from rural area than from towns. Inadequate intake of nutrients during adolescence can increase risk of dietary related diseases in later life.
The aim of the article is to confront the literary topos of “the old servant” (in both the magnat... more The aim of the article is to confront the literary topos of “the old servant” (in both the magnate’s worthy old friend and the worn-out pauper variants) with the social practice of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The sources were drawn from the Radziwiłł Archives in the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw. The main topics addressed are: 1. the status and number of old servants in the clientele system and in the structure of the magnate court; 2. the relationship between servants and patrons in the courts of old magnates; 3. the postulated and real extent of patrons’ support of old servants and their families. The article explores the legal status of “servants”, who in accordance with the 3rd Lithuanian Statute were treated as a separate social group, less privileged than local gentry in terms of property and judicature, but also as part of the patron’s "family", i.e. clientele. [...] It is concluded that although generally “old servants” enjoyed high status and as a group played an important role in recruiting new court members and clients by co-opting, in raising the patron’s children, managing his estates and the public activity of his political faction, the individual position and status of the old servant dependent primarily on his personal relationship with the magnate. The status of old servants and their relations with the patron were verified in every phase of their lives, especially when they aged and ceased to be at the patron’s disposal in all situations. [...
In the Polish tradition the concept of patriotism, traditionally understood as "love of the ... more In the Polish tradition the concept of patriotism, traditionally understood as "love of the fatherland," is inseparably linked with the nation, whereas "fatherland" and "nation" are regarded as "ideological communities joined by a system of attitudes". This chapter seeks to confront the understanding and perception of the patriotic phraseology and conduct of townsmen and soldiers-two groups of people living in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The main aims are: a) to compare the general findings of linguists and the results of historical research; b) to assess the impact of the conflict between townsmen and soldiers during the wars of the seventeenth century and how the antagonism of their basic values reflect their attitude to patriotism; and c) to test the commonly accepted thesis that the political dominance of the nobility meant a lack of alternative beliefs and attitudes, including the patriotic ones. Keywords: fatherland; patriotism; Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
The dietary survey among adolescents (11-15 years old) performed during last decade in Poland are... more The dietary survey among adolescents (11-15 years old) performed during last decade in Poland are not representative for national level. The analysis of data obtained by 24-h recall in different regions showed that contribution of dietary fat to energy intake was too high (37-42%), while contribution of proteins (10-11%) and carbohydrates (47-52%) too low. The intake of proteins, fibre, calcium, magnesium, copper and iron (especially among girls), vitamin C and niacin did not meet the recommended levels. The results suggest that girls are more likely to have risk of nutritional deficiencies than boys as well as adolescents from rural area than from towns. Inadequate intake of nutrients during adolescence can increase risk of dietary related diseases in later life.
The aim of the article is to confront the literary topos of “the old servant” (in both the magnat... more The aim of the article is to confront the literary topos of “the old servant” (in both the magnate’s worthy old friend and the worn-out pauper variants) with the social practice of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The sources were drawn from the Radziwiłł Archives in the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw. The main topics addressed are: 1. the status and number of old servants in the clientele system and in the structure of the magnate court; 2. the relationship between servants and patrons in the courts of old magnates; 3. the postulated and real extent of patrons’ support of old servants and their families. The article explores the legal status of “servants”, who in accordance with the 3rd Lithuanian Statute were treated as a separate social group, less privileged than local gentry in terms of property and judicature, but also as part of the patron’s "family", i.e. clientele. [...] It is concluded that although generally “old servants” enjoyed high status and as a group played an important role in recruiting new court members and clients by co-opting, in raising the patron’s children, managing his estates and the public activity of his political faction, the individual position and status of the old servant dependent primarily on his personal relationship with the magnate. The status of old servants and their relations with the patron were verified in every phase of their lives, especially when they aged and ceased to be at the patron’s disposal in all situations. [...
Uploads
Papers