Regional Economies in action. Standardization of Transport amphorae in the Roman and Byzantine Mediterranean, Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut, Sonderschriften Band 63, 2023
S o ut h er n S p ai n w a s t h e ar e a of t h e I b eri a n P e ni n s ul a w h er e t h e l a... more S o ut h er n S p ai n w a s t h e ar e a of t h e I b eri a n P e ni n s ul a w h er e t h e l ar g e st q u a ntiti e s of a m p h or a e w er e pr o d u c e d d uri n g
t h e R o m a n a n d L at e A nti q u e p eri o d s. T hi s v a st pr o d u cti o n i s n ot o nl y e vi d e n c e d i n t h e h u g e a m o u nt of s o ut h Hi s p a ni c
or B a eti c a n a m p h or a e f o u n d i n t h eir r e c e pti o n m ar k et s b ut al s o i n t h e ar c h a e ol o gi c al e vi d e n c e r el at e d t o it s pr o d u cti o n
i n B a eti c a it s elf. T h e n u m b er of a m p h or a w or k s h o p s d o c u m e nt e d t o d at e fr o m t h e P u ni c p eri o d t o L at e A nti q uit y i n
t h e i nl a n d a n d c o a st al ar e a s fi n d s n o c o m p ari s o n i n a n y ot h er a n ci e nt r e gi o n. T h o s e w or k s h o p s pr o d u c e d m a n y diff ere
nt a m p h or a t y p e s u s e d f or t h e c o m m o diti e s e x p ort e d b y t h e B a eti c a n t errit ori e s, wit h oli v e oil a n d fl s h s a u c e s b ei n g
t h e m o st i m p ort a nt a m o n g t h e m. I n t hi s p a p er, it i s o ur ai m t o a n al y z e t h e e v ol uti o n of t h eir st a n d ar di zi n g pr o c e s s,
fr o m n e w f or m s a n d t h e f or m al s u c c e s s of s o m e of t h e m, s e e n i n t h e m ai nt e n a n c e of c ert ai n v ol u m etri c, f or m al, a n d
p etr o gr a p hi c c h ar a ct eri sti c s, t o s o m e of t h e m o st i m p ort a nt a m p h or a t y p e s of t h e R o m a n p eri o d, al w a y s h a vi n g i n mi n d
t h e i n fi u e n c e of t h e hi st ori c al, e c o n o mi c, a n d s o ci al c h a n g e s s uff er e d b y t h e R o m a n a n d L at e A nti q u e w orl d. T w o e ss
e nti al m o m e nt s d e s er v e s p e ci al att e nti o n: T h e A u g u st a n- Ti b eri a n er a a s t h e f o u n d ati o n of t h e e arl y i m p eri al B a eti c a n
e c o n o m y, b a s e d o n B a eti c a a s t h e m ai n s u p pli er of t h e st at e, a n d t h e Tetr ar c h y a s a n e arl y st e p t o w ar d a n e w r ol e f or
B a eti c a wit hi n t h e L at e A nti q u e e c o n o mi c s y st e m.
I n t h e f oll o wi n g p a g e s, t h e m o st i m p ort a nt s o ut h Hi s p a ni c a m p h or a t y p e s ar e d e s cri b e d a n d s el e ct e d a s c a s e st u d -
i e s f or t h e d e ci si v e hi st ori c al p eri o d s. Ori gi n a n d c a u s e of c h a n g e s i n f or m al a n d v ol u m etri c c h ar a ct eri sti c s, a s w ell a s
of s c al e of pr o d u cti o n a n d di v er sit y of m ar k et s, ar e a n al y z e d a n d s e e n fr o m t h e p er s p e cti v e of t h e cl o s e r el ati o n s hi p
b et w e e n c o nt e nt a n d c o nt ai n er, wit h b ot h b ei n g n e c e s s aril y tr a n sf or m e d i n hi g hl y st a n d ar di z e d c o m m o diti e s, e a sil y
r e c o g ni z a bl e, a n d a bl e t o p e n etr at e a n y e xt er n al m ar k et.
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In The Ovoid Amphorae in the Central and Western Mediterranean between the last two centuries of the Republic and the early days of the Roman Empire, several series of amphorae created in the Late Republican Roman period (2nd and 1st centuries BC) have been studied – a group of material until now little studied. All of these groups of containers share a common feature in the shape of their bodies which is generally ovoid. The fact that they were conceived and developed in the economic and political context in which Rome expanded throughout the Mediterranean, transferring to its new territories its production and commercialization procedures, bears witness to the almost total integration of the Mediterranean markets.
This publication is based on the proceedings of the workshop held at Seville University in December 2015. The book brings together contributions on the main production areas of these ovoid amphorae from the Atlantic to the Greek mainland / North Peloponnese, analysing in detail the origins, evolution and disappearance of their main series. It also includes case studies that are particularly relevant in relation to their distribution, consumption patterns, contents and relationship with other groups of amphorae manufactured in the Roman Imperial era. The aim of this publication has been to present an updated and complete synthesis of the so-called ovoid amphorae, from an interdisciplinary, international and diachronic standpoint.
Papers
ia y Paleontología PALARQ. National Geographic- RB Ediciones. Barcelona, pp. 111-123.
t h e R o m a n a n d L at e A nti q u e p eri o d s. T hi s v a st pr o d u cti o n i s n ot o nl y e vi d e n c e d i n t h e h u g e a m o u nt of s o ut h Hi s p a ni c
or B a eti c a n a m p h or a e f o u n d i n t h eir r e c e pti o n m ar k et s b ut al s o i n t h e ar c h a e ol o gi c al e vi d e n c e r el at e d t o it s pr o d u cti o n
i n B a eti c a it s elf. T h e n u m b er of a m p h or a w or k s h o p s d o c u m e nt e d t o d at e fr o m t h e P u ni c p eri o d t o L at e A nti q uit y i n
t h e i nl a n d a n d c o a st al ar e a s fi n d s n o c o m p ari s o n i n a n y ot h er a n ci e nt r e gi o n. T h o s e w or k s h o p s pr o d u c e d m a n y diff ere
nt a m p h or a t y p e s u s e d f or t h e c o m m o diti e s e x p ort e d b y t h e B a eti c a n t errit ori e s, wit h oli v e oil a n d fl s h s a u c e s b ei n g
t h e m o st i m p ort a nt a m o n g t h e m. I n t hi s p a p er, it i s o ur ai m t o a n al y z e t h e e v ol uti o n of t h eir st a n d ar di zi n g pr o c e s s,
fr o m n e w f or m s a n d t h e f or m al s u c c e s s of s o m e of t h e m, s e e n i n t h e m ai nt e n a n c e of c ert ai n v ol u m etri c, f or m al, a n d
p etr o gr a p hi c c h ar a ct eri sti c s, t o s o m e of t h e m o st i m p ort a nt a m p h or a t y p e s of t h e R o m a n p eri o d, al w a y s h a vi n g i n mi n d
t h e i n fi u e n c e of t h e hi st ori c al, e c o n o mi c, a n d s o ci al c h a n g e s s uff er e d b y t h e R o m a n a n d L at e A nti q u e w orl d. T w o e ss
e nti al m o m e nt s d e s er v e s p e ci al att e nti o n: T h e A u g u st a n- Ti b eri a n er a a s t h e f o u n d ati o n of t h e e arl y i m p eri al B a eti c a n
e c o n o m y, b a s e d o n B a eti c a a s t h e m ai n s u p pli er of t h e st at e, a n d t h e Tetr ar c h y a s a n e arl y st e p t o w ar d a n e w r ol e f or
B a eti c a wit hi n t h e L at e A nti q u e e c o n o mi c s y st e m.
I n t h e f oll o wi n g p a g e s, t h e m o st i m p ort a nt s o ut h Hi s p a ni c a m p h or a t y p e s ar e d e s cri b e d a n d s el e ct e d a s c a s e st u d -
i e s f or t h e d e ci si v e hi st ori c al p eri o d s. Ori gi n a n d c a u s e of c h a n g e s i n f or m al a n d v ol u m etri c c h ar a ct eri sti c s, a s w ell a s
of s c al e of pr o d u cti o n a n d di v er sit y of m ar k et s, ar e a n al y z e d a n d s e e n fr o m t h e p er s p e cti v e of t h e cl o s e r el ati o n s hi p
b et w e e n c o nt e nt a n d c o nt ai n er, wit h b ot h b ei n g n e c e s s aril y tr a n sf or m e d i n hi g hl y st a n d ar di z e d c o m m o diti e s, e a sil y
r e c o g ni z a bl e, a n d a bl e t o p e n etr at e a n y e xt er n al m ar k et.
Summary: The intention is to revise, update and systematise the archaeological evidence on the trade of Italic products in the interior of Turdetania from the moment previous to the Second Punic War until the consolidation of the Roman settlement in the central third of the 1st century BC. This is an advance of a larger study undertaken based on the new data provided by the excavations at Cerro Macareno (La Rinconada, Seville), in addition to the findings from other sites in the surrounding area exhumed both in older excavations and in other more recent published works. In any case, only the imports documented at primary levels will be selected to be able to analyse and interpret them in their chronological, functional, and cultural context. This will allow us to reread the evolution of the regional Italic trade and to define its phases according to the new documented evidence.
Key Words: Pottery workshop. Romanization; Turdetania; Consumption contexts; Pottery; Imports.
its territorial context. The Guadalquivir river, as well as its main tributaries, constitute a fluvial and port system without whose
consideration the analysis of the regional pottery industry would be meaningless: firstly, because of the particular conditions of
navigability, which are both an advantage and a limit to the establishment of pottery kilns; secondly, because of the changing
structure of production, which leads from a fundamentally urban organisation to a Roman-style territorial organisation in which
rural property becomes dominant and in which progressive state action is added to and superimposed on the municipal structures between the Flavian and Severan periods. The paper analyses the meaning of the mention of the portus as poles of pottery concentration and the progressive substitution of municipal action by imperial and senatorial initiative in the framework of an
economy increasingly directed and organised for the needs of the state in collaboration with the dominant orders of local society. All this, in relation to the great urban ports, such as Hispalis, which centralised exports and were at the same time the gateway for economic exchanges from the maritime exterior to the interior of the Valley.
Key Words: Dressel 20 amphorae; Port systems; Territorial organisation; River navigability; State-led economy
En los últimos años ha habido un importante avance sobre el conocimiento de las primeras fases de exportación del aceite de oliva de la Bética, ejemplarizado en la individualización de los primeros envases propiamente béticos de tradición romana, usados para comercializar este producto dentro y fuera de Hispania. Se trata de un proceso innovador que se inicia durante el tercer cuarto del siglo I a.C. y que se incrementa exponencialmente a partir de la segunda mitad de siglo. La finalidad de esta ponencia es explicar el proceso evolutivo y de transformación de los diferentes envases precursores de la Dressel 20, con sus talleres en el valle del Guadalquivir y los focos de difusión exterior. Queremos indagar en el devenir de este proceso dentro del amplio contexto económico del Mediterráneo tardorrepublicano y augusteo, comparando los datos relativos al aceite bético con la producción y exportación de aceite desde otras regiones mediterráneas, e intentando sugerir ciertas pautas relativas al avance de la producción de aceite en la Bética desde la aparición de los primeros tipos olearios hasta que se convierte en la región productora más importante desde el cambio de era hasta el abandono del Monte Testaccio en el s. III d.C.
In The Ovoid Amphorae in the Central and Western Mediterranean between the last two centuries of the Republic and the early days of the Roman Empire, several series of amphorae created in the Late Republican Roman period (2nd and 1st centuries BC) have been studied – a group of material until now little studied. All of these groups of containers share a common feature in the shape of their bodies which is generally ovoid. The fact that they were conceived and developed in the economic and political context in which Rome expanded throughout the Mediterranean, transferring to its new territories its production and commercialization procedures, bears witness to the almost total integration of the Mediterranean markets.
This publication is based on the proceedings of the workshop held at Seville University in December 2015. The book brings together contributions on the main production areas of these ovoid amphorae from the Atlantic to the Greek mainland / North Peloponnese, analysing in detail the origins, evolution and disappearance of their main series. It also includes case studies that are particularly relevant in relation to their distribution, consumption patterns, contents and relationship with other groups of amphorae manufactured in the Roman Imperial era. The aim of this publication has been to present an updated and complete synthesis of the so-called ovoid amphorae, from an interdisciplinary, international and diachronic standpoint.
ia y Paleontología PALARQ. National Geographic- RB Ediciones. Barcelona, pp. 111-123.
t h e R o m a n a n d L at e A nti q u e p eri o d s. T hi s v a st pr o d u cti o n i s n ot o nl y e vi d e n c e d i n t h e h u g e a m o u nt of s o ut h Hi s p a ni c
or B a eti c a n a m p h or a e f o u n d i n t h eir r e c e pti o n m ar k et s b ut al s o i n t h e ar c h a e ol o gi c al e vi d e n c e r el at e d t o it s pr o d u cti o n
i n B a eti c a it s elf. T h e n u m b er of a m p h or a w or k s h o p s d o c u m e nt e d t o d at e fr o m t h e P u ni c p eri o d t o L at e A nti q uit y i n
t h e i nl a n d a n d c o a st al ar e a s fi n d s n o c o m p ari s o n i n a n y ot h er a n ci e nt r e gi o n. T h o s e w or k s h o p s pr o d u c e d m a n y diff ere
nt a m p h or a t y p e s u s e d f or t h e c o m m o diti e s e x p ort e d b y t h e B a eti c a n t errit ori e s, wit h oli v e oil a n d fl s h s a u c e s b ei n g
t h e m o st i m p ort a nt a m o n g t h e m. I n t hi s p a p er, it i s o ur ai m t o a n al y z e t h e e v ol uti o n of t h eir st a n d ar di zi n g pr o c e s s,
fr o m n e w f or m s a n d t h e f or m al s u c c e s s of s o m e of t h e m, s e e n i n t h e m ai nt e n a n c e of c ert ai n v ol u m etri c, f or m al, a n d
p etr o gr a p hi c c h ar a ct eri sti c s, t o s o m e of t h e m o st i m p ort a nt a m p h or a t y p e s of t h e R o m a n p eri o d, al w a y s h a vi n g i n mi n d
t h e i n fi u e n c e of t h e hi st ori c al, e c o n o mi c, a n d s o ci al c h a n g e s s uff er e d b y t h e R o m a n a n d L at e A nti q u e w orl d. T w o e ss
e nti al m o m e nt s d e s er v e s p e ci al att e nti o n: T h e A u g u st a n- Ti b eri a n er a a s t h e f o u n d ati o n of t h e e arl y i m p eri al B a eti c a n
e c o n o m y, b a s e d o n B a eti c a a s t h e m ai n s u p pli er of t h e st at e, a n d t h e Tetr ar c h y a s a n e arl y st e p t o w ar d a n e w r ol e f or
B a eti c a wit hi n t h e L at e A nti q u e e c o n o mi c s y st e m.
I n t h e f oll o wi n g p a g e s, t h e m o st i m p ort a nt s o ut h Hi s p a ni c a m p h or a t y p e s ar e d e s cri b e d a n d s el e ct e d a s c a s e st u d -
i e s f or t h e d e ci si v e hi st ori c al p eri o d s. Ori gi n a n d c a u s e of c h a n g e s i n f or m al a n d v ol u m etri c c h ar a ct eri sti c s, a s w ell a s
of s c al e of pr o d u cti o n a n d di v er sit y of m ar k et s, ar e a n al y z e d a n d s e e n fr o m t h e p er s p e cti v e of t h e cl o s e r el ati o n s hi p
b et w e e n c o nt e nt a n d c o nt ai n er, wit h b ot h b ei n g n e c e s s aril y tr a n sf or m e d i n hi g hl y st a n d ar di z e d c o m m o diti e s, e a sil y
r e c o g ni z a bl e, a n d a bl e t o p e n etr at e a n y e xt er n al m ar k et.
Summary: The intention is to revise, update and systematise the archaeological evidence on the trade of Italic products in the interior of Turdetania from the moment previous to the Second Punic War until the consolidation of the Roman settlement in the central third of the 1st century BC. This is an advance of a larger study undertaken based on the new data provided by the excavations at Cerro Macareno (La Rinconada, Seville), in addition to the findings from other sites in the surrounding area exhumed both in older excavations and in other more recent published works. In any case, only the imports documented at primary levels will be selected to be able to analyse and interpret them in their chronological, functional, and cultural context. This will allow us to reread the evolution of the regional Italic trade and to define its phases according to the new documented evidence.
Key Words: Pottery workshop. Romanization; Turdetania; Consumption contexts; Pottery; Imports.
its territorial context. The Guadalquivir river, as well as its main tributaries, constitute a fluvial and port system without whose
consideration the analysis of the regional pottery industry would be meaningless: firstly, because of the particular conditions of
navigability, which are both an advantage and a limit to the establishment of pottery kilns; secondly, because of the changing
structure of production, which leads from a fundamentally urban organisation to a Roman-style territorial organisation in which
rural property becomes dominant and in which progressive state action is added to and superimposed on the municipal structures between the Flavian and Severan periods. The paper analyses the meaning of the mention of the portus as poles of pottery concentration and the progressive substitution of municipal action by imperial and senatorial initiative in the framework of an
economy increasingly directed and organised for the needs of the state in collaboration with the dominant orders of local society. All this, in relation to the great urban ports, such as Hispalis, which centralised exports and were at the same time the gateway for economic exchanges from the maritime exterior to the interior of the Valley.
Key Words: Dressel 20 amphorae; Port systems; Territorial organisation; River navigability; State-led economy
En los últimos años ha habido un importante avance sobre el conocimiento de las primeras fases de exportación del aceite de oliva de la Bética, ejemplarizado en la individualización de los primeros envases propiamente béticos de tradición romana, usados para comercializar este producto dentro y fuera de Hispania. Se trata de un proceso innovador que se inicia durante el tercer cuarto del siglo I a.C. y que se incrementa exponencialmente a partir de la segunda mitad de siglo. La finalidad de esta ponencia es explicar el proceso evolutivo y de transformación de los diferentes envases precursores de la Dressel 20, con sus talleres en el valle del Guadalquivir y los focos de difusión exterior. Queremos indagar en el devenir de este proceso dentro del amplio contexto económico del Mediterráneo tardorrepublicano y augusteo, comparando los datos relativos al aceite bético con la producción y exportación de aceite desde otras regiones mediterráneas, e intentando sugerir ciertas pautas relativas al avance de la producción de aceite en la Bética desde la aparición de los primeros tipos olearios hasta que se convierte en la región productora más importante desde el cambio de era hasta el abandono del Monte Testaccio en el s. III d.C.
with special incidence in the Portuguese and Galician Atlantic façade, and a second line of diffusion towards other Mediterranean regions. The findings in Galicia and Portugal are related to the definitive conquest of the Iberian Peninsula as a whole in the time of Augustus, while those of the Mediterranean façade point to other trade routes, which were expanding with other south Spanish ovoid amphorae shortly before the beginning of the Augustan period.
Key words: Hispania; Guadalquivir Valley; Roman Amphorae; Ovoid Amphorae; Betic Olive Oil; Pottery
Production; Gaul.
This chapter focuses on salt production in the provinces of Roman Hispania from the perspective of its technical aspects, its territorial implantation in rural and suburban areas and its ecological impact. The main techniques used to obtain salt in antiquity are studied (marine evaporation salt pans, continental evaporation salt pans, rock salt mines, and other minority techniques) and contextualised in their original territorial and landscape context. Finally, attention is paid to an aspect that has not been explored until now: the saline as a socio-biological system and its relationship with the rural environment in which salt production takes place. This environment is here understood as a specific ecosystem which is favoured and enriched or damaged and impoverished by saline, depending on the type of salt extraction and its ecological consequences.
Keywords: Rural world, ancient technology, ancient Hispania, sociobiological systems, ancient ecology.
"Un conjunto de ánforas tardorrepublicanas procedentes del yacimiento de Mesas de Asta (Campaña 1945-46): viejos datos para nuevas interpretaciones". Revista de Historia de Jerez 25 (2022): 9-46.
Journal of Archaeological Science Reports Volume 44, August 2022, 103509
Tsunamis and Archaeology in the Iberian Peninsula. Springer, Singapur: 267-311..
This contribution intends to take into account the case study offered by the cultural and commercial interaction established between the eastern Greek metropolis, the Punic settlements of the Strait of Gibraltar region (in the broadest sense), as well as the western communities that lived in their hinterland (integrated in different levels in the commercial networks and economic sphere of influence since the early Phoenician presence in the West). That interaction established between the Greek World and the West was based to a large degree in the supply of high quality salted tuna fish to the Greek cities, but ended up transcending to other scopes of cultural practices, especially culinary habits and commensality.
Especially, we will consider the reflection of this interaction in the western Punic cities evidenced by the consumption of Greek products and, above all, the formal/functional transformation of their finewares and cooking wares (as main material evidence of changes in the consumption patterns of its inhabitants). It will also be explored how these trends were filtered to the rest of the communities of Semitic origin that inhabited the interior of the ancient Tartéside, and especially, the influence on local communities.
The Late Roman Republic and Early Augustan ages are of maximum importance for the understanding of the enormous volume of the Baetican exports of olive oil in later moments. Further, these initial stages mark the beginning of the phenomenon of the intense stamping on oil amphorae. The aim of this work is to analyse in depth the epigraphical production of Lucius Horatius, who appears to be the oldest stamp on south Spanish olive oil amphorae. The most recent findings are presented in detail, enlarging the nomina and geography of this production. A critical update is made of all the epigraphical and archaeological data known to date and problems related to their typological ascription are discussed as well. Through such an integral analysis the main trade routes of the Horati stamps can be traced, with an important diffusion in the Iberian Peninsula, with special incidence in the Portuguese and Galician Atlantic façade, and a second line of diffusion towards other Mediterranean regions. The findings in Galicia and Portugal are related to the definitive conquest of the
Iberian Peninsula as a whole in the time of Augustus, while those of the Mediterranean façade point to other trade routes, which were expanding with other south Spanish ovoid amphorae shortly before the beginning of
the Augustan period.