Conference Presentations by Maria Osterloh Mejia
Comparación del comercio e inversión de Corea y Japón con el Perú, 2021
Conferencia virtual dada para el Centro de Estudios Asiaticos, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San ... more Conferencia virtual dada para el Centro de Estudios Asiaticos, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
Comments to the conference “Rise of China in a changing global order” given by Dr. Xiaoyu Pu, Ass... more Comments to the conference “Rise of China in a changing global order” given by Dr. Xiaoyu Pu, Associate Professor of Political Sciences, University of Nevada, USA.
Panelist: Maria Osterloh Mejia, Research member at the Center of Asian Studies of San Marcos National University (CEAS). Master in Business Administration by the Emerging Markets Institute of Beijing Normal University (北京师范大学新兴市场研究院).
Thank you so much Dr. Xiaoyu Pu for this very interesting and a fresh perspective on Chinese foreign policy and its multiple or not so clear image status transmission to the world.
More than to comment on your presentation (which you made very clear points) I would like to add to the conversation more specifically: China’s image/status transmission to Latin American countries.
Conferencia dada para el Centro de Estudios Asiáticos de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Mar... more Conferencia dada para el Centro de Estudios Asiáticos de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (CEAS) el 28 de mayo del 2020.
Presentación de la videoconferencia dada para el Centro de Estudios Asiáticos de la Universidad N... more Presentación de la videoconferencia dada para el Centro de Estudios Asiáticos de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
Global Governance and Economic Cooperation: Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries, 2020
© RIS, 2020
ISBN : 81-7122-154-8
Relaciones económicas Perú - China: Comercio e Inversión, 2018
Simposio "40 años de reformas económicas en China y su impacto en el Peru y el mundo"
Conferencia... more Simposio "40 años de reformas económicas en China y su impacto en el Peru y el mundo"
Conferencia dada en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos - Centro de Estudios Asiaticos San Marcos (CEAS)
Introduction
Since China opened to the world by implementing economic reforms in 1979 and, furthe... more Introduction
Since China opened to the world by implementing economic reforms in 1979 and, furthermore since its ratification as a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001, it has greatly expanded and rapidly has become a leader in the global economy.
China is currently the second largest trading nation in the world (WTO, 2017), the third country with the highest inflow of foreign direct investment and the second that invests more in the world (UNCTAD, 2017). Besides, it has become the major trading partner of over 120 countries surpassing USA (MOFCOM, 2016).
As part of its strategy to become a global leader, China has put much interest in its relation with Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) to the point that now for many of these countries China is a very important partner, especially for its demand of commodities, investment in natural resources, financial aid and as a source of cheap imports. Also a part of its strategy is taking advantage of Trump's policy of protectionism that is helping China to replace the US as a main partner for LAC as this country remains a defender of free trade.
Besides, China is due to rise as the world’s largest supplier of capital in the next few years. For LAC this is becoming a reality since in 2015 Chinese president Xi Jinping during a meeting of the Forum of China and the Community of Latin American and the Caribbean States set a challenging goal of achieving 500 billion US$ in trade with the region and 250 billion US$ of direct investment by 2019 (Dollar, 2017).
Below it is shown how the economic relations between China and Latin America has evolved since the year 2000, giving in the first part a brief overview to have an idea of why this country is so important for the region. Secondly it will be shown the current situation of Chinese investment in Latin America. In the third part it will be analyzed and compared the actions taken by the Peruvian government and its counterpart’s members of the Pacific Alliance (PA) Chile, Mexico and Colombia, to attract Chinese investment to their countries and the current situation of Chinese investment in each country. Finally, in the fourth part some conclusions and recommendations will be given.
RELACIONES COMERCIALES Y DE INVERSIÓN PERÚ – INDIA
María Isabel Osterloh[1]
Estudio presentado ... more RELACIONES COMERCIALES Y DE INVERSIÓN PERÚ – INDIA
María Isabel Osterloh[1]
Estudio presentado el 13 de octubre del 2016 para el II Simposio Internacional sobre relaciones entre America Latina y Asia Pacífico llevado a cabo en la Facultad de Negocios Internacionales de la Universidad del Pacífico.
Study presented on October 13, 2016 for the II International Symposium on Relations between Latin America and Asia Pacific carried out in the Faculty of International Business of the Universidad del Pacífico, Lima, Peru.
La India es la novena economía más grande y el segundo país más poblado del mundo que actualmente crece más que China, a una tasa anual de 7.6% (año 2015).
El comercio bilateral Perú – India se ha incrementado en los últimos años, aunque el monto todavía es menor. Las exportaciones peruanas se concentran principalmente en el sector tradicional con productos de minería y energía.
Por el lado de las inversiones indias en Perú, estas son pocas y se concentran en los sectores de minería, comercio y servicios.
El presente estudio expondrá la evolución del comercio e inversión Perú – India, y se describirán las posibles razones del porqué este país aún no tiene una presencia marcada en el Perú.
Se tratará de ver además cómo la firma de un TLC podría traer beneficios como mayor inversión y comercio pues el Perú sería el primer país en Latinoamérica en suscribir este tratado.
Media Publications by Maria Osterloh Mejia
Revista Belleza Indonesia 4ta edicion, 2020
By the mid of the XIX century, President Marshal Ramon Castilla abolished slavery (of African ori... more By the mid of the XIX century, President Marshal Ramon Castilla abolished slavery (of African origin). Peru lacked manpower for the growing of agricultural goods for export as cotton, sugarcane, guano collection and railway construction, so in order to satisfy this need it was passed the Ley China (China law) in 1848. This law introduced Chinese immigration and from 1849-1874, 100,000 coolies came to Peru as semi-slaves with a contract of eight years.
A mediados del siglo XIX, el presidente Mariscal Ramón Castilla abolió la esclavitud (de origen a... more A mediados del siglo XIX, el presidente Mariscal Ramón Castilla abolió la esclavitud (de origen africano). Perú carecía de mano de obra para el cultivo de productos agrícolas para la exportación como el algodón, la caña de azúcar, la recolección de guano y la construcción de ferrocarriles, por lo que con el fin de satisfacer esta necesidad que se aprobó la Ley China en 1848. Esta ley introdujo la inmigración china y desde 1849 -1874, 100.000 culies llegaron a Perú como semi-esclavos con un contrato de ocho años.
China brought me happiness and opportunities in 2015, Dec 21, 2015
I believe opportunities are where you are, and China this year gave me many, even if I haven't be... more I believe opportunities are where you are, and China this year gave me many, even if I haven't been there yet personally. I think I have been more involved with this country in comparison with other years in specially 3 occasions. But first I’m going to make a little introduce of myself ...
Since the creation of United Nations, 70 years ago, the world has changed. In the 1940’s after th... more Since the creation of United Nations, 70 years ago, the world has changed. In the 1940’s after the second world war, the political, military and economic power were in the hands of the victorious countries: The United States, Russia, China, France and the United Kingdom, who were the most powerful and the biggest ones, and were appointed as permanent members of the Security Council of the UN. However this situation has changed completely,” for example, Japan and Germany are bigger economies than France, United Kingdom and Russia, and also Japan and Germany give more money to
the United Nations than all permanent members of the Security Council except for the United States”.
There are now new emerging economies like India, Brazil, Mexico and others that can contribute with their diversity and cultural heritage. Besides it is important to mention that in those days the world wasn’t aware about the protection of biodiversity, or of cultural and linguistic diversity as the phenomenon of globalization was in process and we needed not to worry about global warming yet.
On January 30th of 2015, Peru received a letter of acceptance from the Ministry of Commerce and I... more On January 30th of 2015, Peru received a letter of acceptance from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry of India to begin preparing the joint feasibility studies for a possible Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and on September 27thof 2016 it was announced that these studies had been culminated.
Therefore, it is expected later this year would begin negotiations for an FTA.
If both parties agree to sign the agreement, Peru would be the first Latin American country to have an FTA with India.
Currently Chile is the only country that has a Partial Agreement with India, which entered into force on August 17th of 2007 with 474 products listed and this was extended to 2,800 products and signed on September 06th 2016 after six years of negotiations.
Besides there is a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) MERCOSUR (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay) – India that entered into force the 1st of June of 2009 with 452 products listed, offered from MERCOSUR to India and 450 products listed, offered from India to MERCOSUR.
El presente artículo hace un análisis comparativo de la inversión japonesa y china en el Perú. En... more El presente artículo hace un análisis comparativo de la inversión japonesa y china en el Perú. En él se encuentra que la inversión japonesa es más antigua que la china que fue muy importante en los años 60 y 70 pero que después decreció principalmente debido a los problemas de seguridad en el país, prefiriendo en los últimos años participar en forma indirecta. Por otro lado la inversión china empezó recién en los 90 y se ha concentrado principalmente en los sectores de minería y petróleo. Asimismo la inversión china sí busca el control directo de las operaciones y se ha convertido en la principal en el sector minero y petrolero. Por ultimo algunas empresas mineras chinas enfrentan problemas con las comunidades indígenas y se encuentran cerca a zonas con abundante biodiversidad. Palabras claves: inversión china en el Perú, inversión japonesa en el Perú, inversión extranjera en el Perú, minería china en el Perú ABSTRACT This article makes a comparative analysis of Japanese and Chinese investment in Peru. In this can be seen that Japanese investment is older than the Chinese and it was very important in the 60s and 70s but later declined mainly because of security problems in the country, preferring in recent years to participate indirectly in the investment. On the other hand Chinese investment began in the 90s and has concentrated mainly in the mining and oil sectors. Chinese investment seeks to have the direct control of operations and has become the most important in the mining and oil sector. Finally some Chinese mining companies face problems with indigenous communities and are close to areas with abundant biodiversity.
Infrastructure is one of the pillars for an inclusive and sustainable economic growth. It should ... more Infrastructure is one of the pillars for an inclusive and sustainable economic growth. It should be a priority for governments to provide of connectivity to rural people in order to reduce poverty isolation. As the poorest people in the world live in the rural areas, separated and deprived of education and health services and economic opportunities to have a better life standard.
Currently, Latin America and the Caribbean’s (LAC) economy is not performing well due to the low price of the raw materials that they mostly export and the mismanagement of some economies like Venezuela. According to IMF, LAC region has grown negatively last year -1%, but seems it will start recovering with 1.1% in 2017 and 2% in 2018.
Peru’s GDP is not very much dependent on exports of goods and services but it constitutes a relevant percentage of it. In 2015, it was of 21%3, therefore it needs of logistic and transport infrastructure in order to make its products competitive in the international market.
In Peru, the internal transport costs represent 43% of the logistic costs, a number above the average of 32% of the LAC region. Furthermore, the transport logistic costs in Peru as a percentage of GDP is of 13%. As it can be seen, this is not making Peru competitive at all in comparison with its trade partners like Chile, Brazil and Mexico where the percentage is 12 (see graph ...
This work deals with the strategy for using the Pacific Alliance as a platform for increasing Per... more This work deals with the strategy for using the Pacific Alliance as a platform for increasing Peru exports of value added goods and services, attracting more Chinese tourists and investment to Peru. An analyzing is done of what is the Pacific Alliance, what are its aims, and one of them is to be a platform for projection to the world, especially to the Asia-Pacific region, and what are the actions that the PA as a group have made in China or catering to China. A review of the economic relationship between China and Peru reveals that trade and investments links have increased, with the background of the Free Trade Area agreement in effect since 2010, though still most of Peru exports are raw materials,
Uploads
Conference Presentations by Maria Osterloh Mejia
Panelist: Maria Osterloh Mejia, Research member at the Center of Asian Studies of San Marcos National University (CEAS). Master in Business Administration by the Emerging Markets Institute of Beijing Normal University (北京师范大学新兴市场研究院).
Thank you so much Dr. Xiaoyu Pu for this very interesting and a fresh perspective on Chinese foreign policy and its multiple or not so clear image status transmission to the world.
More than to comment on your presentation (which you made very clear points) I would like to add to the conversation more specifically: China’s image/status transmission to Latin American countries.
Conferencia dada en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos - Centro de Estudios Asiaticos San Marcos (CEAS)
Since China opened to the world by implementing economic reforms in 1979 and, furthermore since its ratification as a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001, it has greatly expanded and rapidly has become a leader in the global economy.
China is currently the second largest trading nation in the world (WTO, 2017), the third country with the highest inflow of foreign direct investment and the second that invests more in the world (UNCTAD, 2017). Besides, it has become the major trading partner of over 120 countries surpassing USA (MOFCOM, 2016).
As part of its strategy to become a global leader, China has put much interest in its relation with Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) to the point that now for many of these countries China is a very important partner, especially for its demand of commodities, investment in natural resources, financial aid and as a source of cheap imports. Also a part of its strategy is taking advantage of Trump's policy of protectionism that is helping China to replace the US as a main partner for LAC as this country remains a defender of free trade.
Besides, China is due to rise as the world’s largest supplier of capital in the next few years. For LAC this is becoming a reality since in 2015 Chinese president Xi Jinping during a meeting of the Forum of China and the Community of Latin American and the Caribbean States set a challenging goal of achieving 500 billion US$ in trade with the region and 250 billion US$ of direct investment by 2019 (Dollar, 2017).
Below it is shown how the economic relations between China and Latin America has evolved since the year 2000, giving in the first part a brief overview to have an idea of why this country is so important for the region. Secondly it will be shown the current situation of Chinese investment in Latin America. In the third part it will be analyzed and compared the actions taken by the Peruvian government and its counterpart’s members of the Pacific Alliance (PA) Chile, Mexico and Colombia, to attract Chinese investment to their countries and the current situation of Chinese investment in each country. Finally, in the fourth part some conclusions and recommendations will be given.
María Isabel Osterloh[1]
Estudio presentado el 13 de octubre del 2016 para el II Simposio Internacional sobre relaciones entre America Latina y Asia Pacífico llevado a cabo en la Facultad de Negocios Internacionales de la Universidad del Pacífico.
Study presented on October 13, 2016 for the II International Symposium on Relations between Latin America and Asia Pacific carried out in the Faculty of International Business of the Universidad del Pacífico, Lima, Peru.
La India es la novena economía más grande y el segundo país más poblado del mundo que actualmente crece más que China, a una tasa anual de 7.6% (año 2015).
El comercio bilateral Perú – India se ha incrementado en los últimos años, aunque el monto todavía es menor. Las exportaciones peruanas se concentran principalmente en el sector tradicional con productos de minería y energía.
Por el lado de las inversiones indias en Perú, estas son pocas y se concentran en los sectores de minería, comercio y servicios.
El presente estudio expondrá la evolución del comercio e inversión Perú – India, y se describirán las posibles razones del porqué este país aún no tiene una presencia marcada en el Perú.
Se tratará de ver además cómo la firma de un TLC podría traer beneficios como mayor inversión y comercio pues el Perú sería el primer país en Latinoamérica en suscribir este tratado.
Media Publications by Maria Osterloh Mejia
the United Nations than all permanent members of the Security Council except for the United States”.
There are now new emerging economies like India, Brazil, Mexico and others that can contribute with their diversity and cultural heritage. Besides it is important to mention that in those days the world wasn’t aware about the protection of biodiversity, or of cultural and linguistic diversity as the phenomenon of globalization was in process and we needed not to worry about global warming yet.
Therefore, it is expected later this year would begin negotiations for an FTA.
If both parties agree to sign the agreement, Peru would be the first Latin American country to have an FTA with India.
Currently Chile is the only country that has a Partial Agreement with India, which entered into force on August 17th of 2007 with 474 products listed and this was extended to 2,800 products and signed on September 06th 2016 after six years of negotiations.
Besides there is a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) MERCOSUR (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay) – India that entered into force the 1st of June of 2009 with 452 products listed, offered from MERCOSUR to India and 450 products listed, offered from India to MERCOSUR.
Currently, Latin America and the Caribbean’s (LAC) economy is not performing well due to the low price of the raw materials that they mostly export and the mismanagement of some economies like Venezuela. According to IMF, LAC region has grown negatively last year -1%, but seems it will start recovering with 1.1% in 2017 and 2% in 2018.
Peru’s GDP is not very much dependent on exports of goods and services but it constitutes a relevant percentage of it. In 2015, it was of 21%3, therefore it needs of logistic and transport infrastructure in order to make its products competitive in the international market.
In Peru, the internal transport costs represent 43% of the logistic costs, a number above the average of 32% of the LAC region. Furthermore, the transport logistic costs in Peru as a percentage of GDP is of 13%. As it can be seen, this is not making Peru competitive at all in comparison with its trade partners like Chile, Brazil and Mexico where the percentage is 12 (see graph ...
Panelist: Maria Osterloh Mejia, Research member at the Center of Asian Studies of San Marcos National University (CEAS). Master in Business Administration by the Emerging Markets Institute of Beijing Normal University (北京师范大学新兴市场研究院).
Thank you so much Dr. Xiaoyu Pu for this very interesting and a fresh perspective on Chinese foreign policy and its multiple or not so clear image status transmission to the world.
More than to comment on your presentation (which you made very clear points) I would like to add to the conversation more specifically: China’s image/status transmission to Latin American countries.
Conferencia dada en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos - Centro de Estudios Asiaticos San Marcos (CEAS)
Since China opened to the world by implementing economic reforms in 1979 and, furthermore since its ratification as a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001, it has greatly expanded and rapidly has become a leader in the global economy.
China is currently the second largest trading nation in the world (WTO, 2017), the third country with the highest inflow of foreign direct investment and the second that invests more in the world (UNCTAD, 2017). Besides, it has become the major trading partner of over 120 countries surpassing USA (MOFCOM, 2016).
As part of its strategy to become a global leader, China has put much interest in its relation with Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) to the point that now for many of these countries China is a very important partner, especially for its demand of commodities, investment in natural resources, financial aid and as a source of cheap imports. Also a part of its strategy is taking advantage of Trump's policy of protectionism that is helping China to replace the US as a main partner for LAC as this country remains a defender of free trade.
Besides, China is due to rise as the world’s largest supplier of capital in the next few years. For LAC this is becoming a reality since in 2015 Chinese president Xi Jinping during a meeting of the Forum of China and the Community of Latin American and the Caribbean States set a challenging goal of achieving 500 billion US$ in trade with the region and 250 billion US$ of direct investment by 2019 (Dollar, 2017).
Below it is shown how the economic relations between China and Latin America has evolved since the year 2000, giving in the first part a brief overview to have an idea of why this country is so important for the region. Secondly it will be shown the current situation of Chinese investment in Latin America. In the third part it will be analyzed and compared the actions taken by the Peruvian government and its counterpart’s members of the Pacific Alliance (PA) Chile, Mexico and Colombia, to attract Chinese investment to their countries and the current situation of Chinese investment in each country. Finally, in the fourth part some conclusions and recommendations will be given.
María Isabel Osterloh[1]
Estudio presentado el 13 de octubre del 2016 para el II Simposio Internacional sobre relaciones entre America Latina y Asia Pacífico llevado a cabo en la Facultad de Negocios Internacionales de la Universidad del Pacífico.
Study presented on October 13, 2016 for the II International Symposium on Relations between Latin America and Asia Pacific carried out in the Faculty of International Business of the Universidad del Pacífico, Lima, Peru.
La India es la novena economía más grande y el segundo país más poblado del mundo que actualmente crece más que China, a una tasa anual de 7.6% (año 2015).
El comercio bilateral Perú – India se ha incrementado en los últimos años, aunque el monto todavía es menor. Las exportaciones peruanas se concentran principalmente en el sector tradicional con productos de minería y energía.
Por el lado de las inversiones indias en Perú, estas son pocas y se concentran en los sectores de minería, comercio y servicios.
El presente estudio expondrá la evolución del comercio e inversión Perú – India, y se describirán las posibles razones del porqué este país aún no tiene una presencia marcada en el Perú.
Se tratará de ver además cómo la firma de un TLC podría traer beneficios como mayor inversión y comercio pues el Perú sería el primer país en Latinoamérica en suscribir este tratado.
the United Nations than all permanent members of the Security Council except for the United States”.
There are now new emerging economies like India, Brazil, Mexico and others that can contribute with their diversity and cultural heritage. Besides it is important to mention that in those days the world wasn’t aware about the protection of biodiversity, or of cultural and linguistic diversity as the phenomenon of globalization was in process and we needed not to worry about global warming yet.
Therefore, it is expected later this year would begin negotiations for an FTA.
If both parties agree to sign the agreement, Peru would be the first Latin American country to have an FTA with India.
Currently Chile is the only country that has a Partial Agreement with India, which entered into force on August 17th of 2007 with 474 products listed and this was extended to 2,800 products and signed on September 06th 2016 after six years of negotiations.
Besides there is a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) MERCOSUR (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay) – India that entered into force the 1st of June of 2009 with 452 products listed, offered from MERCOSUR to India and 450 products listed, offered from India to MERCOSUR.
Currently, Latin America and the Caribbean’s (LAC) economy is not performing well due to the low price of the raw materials that they mostly export and the mismanagement of some economies like Venezuela. According to IMF, LAC region has grown negatively last year -1%, but seems it will start recovering with 1.1% in 2017 and 2% in 2018.
Peru’s GDP is not very much dependent on exports of goods and services but it constitutes a relevant percentage of it. In 2015, it was of 21%3, therefore it needs of logistic and transport infrastructure in order to make its products competitive in the international market.
In Peru, the internal transport costs represent 43% of the logistic costs, a number above the average of 32% of the LAC region. Furthermore, the transport logistic costs in Peru as a percentage of GDP is of 13%. As it can be seen, this is not making Peru competitive at all in comparison with its trade partners like Chile, Brazil and Mexico where the percentage is 12 (see graph ...
But not only trade have increased but also investment from Korea to Peru have. In this article the evolution of trade and investment since the FTA between Peru and Korea entered into force will be seen and what are the perspectives for the economic relations for the two countries.
Este estudio pretende describir y analizar, primero, cómo China ha incluido a América Latina y el Caribe en la Iniciativa de la Franja y la Ruta, y, en segundo lugar, cómo es que los países de la región han respondido a esta proposición. Para esto se analizarán documentos de la política exterior de China para América Latina y el Caribe, discursos dados por el Presidente Xi Jinping durante sus viajes oficiales a la región, documentos
expedidos durante las cumbres del foro China–CELAC, además de documentos y acuerdos alcanzados durante y después de los dos foros de la Franja y la Ruta celebrados en China en 2017 y 2019, respectivamente.
Finalmente, se analizarán algunos de los proyectos que ya se llevan a cabo bajo la iniciativa.
This study aims to describe and analyze, first, how China has included Latin America and the Caribbean in the Belt and Road Initiative, and, secondly, how the countries of the region have responded to this proposal.
For this, Chinese foreign policy documents for Latin America and the Caribbean will be analyzed, speeches
given by President Xi Jinping during his official trips to the region, documents issued during the summits of the China-CELAC forum, in addition to documents and agreements reached during and after the two forums of the Belt and Road Initiative held in China in 2017 and 2019 respectively. Finally, some of the projects that are already carried out under the initiative will be analyzed.