... 2005). Majchrzak 2004. GRZEGORZ MAJCHRZAK: Operacja Podhale, in: Łukasz Kamiński (ed.): Wok... more ... 2005). Majchrzak 2004. GRZEGORZ MAJCHRZAK: Operacja Podhale, in: Łukasz Kamiński (ed.): Wokół praskiej wiosny. Polska i Czechosłowacja w 1968 roku (Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2004). Ruzikowski 2003. ...
This lecture is an attempt to show the activity of the main organization of Polish refu- gees in ... more This lecture is an attempt to show the activity of the main organization of Polish refu- gees in Germany since fifties onwards - Polish Refugees Union in Germany. I will focus on the activity of organization during eighties of the last century, a declining decade of the Union. Those were the years of organizing difficulties, but the activists were stili engaged in help for the new inflow of emigrants from the Polish People's Republic, the so-called "Solidarity Emigration''. The new wave of refugees in notable numbers joined up the PRU and established thriving regional centres, which organized new life for Polish community even after the shutting down of the PRU's central office.
"Solidarity Emigration': which arrived to Germany after the imposition of martial law in Polish People's Republic, definitely prolonged the unavoidable declining of Polish Refugees Union. It was the involvement of that last group of refugees, which enabled the organization to endure until late 1980's. The "Solidarity Emigration" was the only origi- nator of PRU activity during that decade.
... 2005). Majchrzak 2004. GRZEGORZ MAJCHRZAK: Operacja Podhale, in: Łukasz Kamiński (ed.): Wok... more ... 2005). Majchrzak 2004. GRZEGORZ MAJCHRZAK: Operacja Podhale, in: Łukasz Kamiński (ed.): Wokół praskiej wiosny. Polska i Czechosłowacja w 1968 roku (Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2004). Ruzikowski 2003. ...
This lecture is an attempt to show the activity of the main organization of Polish refu- gees in ... more This lecture is an attempt to show the activity of the main organization of Polish refu- gees in Germany since fifties onwards - Polish Refugees Union in Germany. I will focus on the activity of organization during eighties of the last century, a declining decade of the Union. Those were the years of organizing difficulties, but the activists were stili engaged in help for the new inflow of emigrants from the Polish People's Republic, the so-called "Solidarity Emigration''. The new wave of refugees in notable numbers joined up the PRU and established thriving regional centres, which organized new life for Polish community even after the shutting down of the PRU's central office.
"Solidarity Emigration': which arrived to Germany after the imposition of martial law in Polish People's Republic, definitely prolonged the unavoidable declining of Polish Refugees Union. It was the involvement of that last group of refugees, which enabled the organization to endure until late 1980's. The "Solidarity Emigration" was the only origi- nator of PRU activity during that decade.
Dieses Handbuch bietet eine umfassende Darstellung der Staats¬sicherheitsapparate des Sowjetblock... more Dieses Handbuch bietet eine umfassende Darstellung der Staats¬sicherheitsapparate des Sowjetblocks, von KCB und MfS bis zur rumänischen Securitate und polnischen Bezpieka. Vierzehn Experten aus sieben Ländern stellen die Geheimpolizeien in ihrer historischen Entwicklung vor und präsentieren die großen Fortschritte in der Forschung, die erst nach dem Zusam¬menbruch des Staatssozialismus möglich geworden sind. Die Beiträge porträtieren detailgenau die Organisation, die Struktur, die personelle und die finanzielle Ausstattung, beleuchten die Verflechtung in den politischen Hierarchien und decken die Stoßrichtungen und Methoden der Verfolgung auf. Ergänzt werden Schätzungen über die Opferzahlen sowie biographische Notizen der wichtigsten Funktionäre.
„Czekiści” to pierwsze w światowej historiografii kompendium podstawowych informacji o działalnoś... more „Czekiści” to pierwsze w światowej historiografii kompendium podstawowych informacji o działalności komunistycznych organów bezpieczeństwa w Euro¬pie Środkowej i Wschodniej. Międzynarodowy zespół historyków przedstawia w nim syntetyczne raporty opisujące genezę, organizację, metody i kierunki działania aparatu bezpieczeństwa w poszczególnych krajach bloku wschod¬niego. W każdym z tych krajów „bezpieka” powstawała według moskiewskiego wzorca i przy udziale sowieckich doradców. Praktyka działania, metody i men¬talność sowieckiej policji politycznej przeniesione zostały do organów bez¬pieczeństwa państw tworzących „imperium zewnętrzne”. Ich funkcjonariu¬sze, uznając tę spuściznę za część swojej tradycji, często z dumę określali się mianem „czekistów”, a za patrona uważali założyciela bolszewickiej Czeki Feliksa Dzierżyńskiego.
The security apparatus, the “sword and shield of the party,” was a mainstay of the communist syst... more The security apparatus, the “sword and shield of the party,” was a mainstay of the communist system, which let the totalitarian dictatorship continue for so many years. The communist security apparatus in East Central Europe left tens of thousands dead, millions incarcerated and persecuted in sundry ways. Without studying its history it is impossible to understand not only the past but also the present of this part of Europe. This book is the first attempt at a synthesis of the history of the communist security apparatus in the European countries of the Soviet bloc. Nine authors from six countries present the current state of research and point directions for further investigation.
Autumn of Nations 1989 – Polish-Slovak aspects
The article describes contacts between Polish and ... more Autumn of Nations 1989 – Polish-Slovak aspects The article describes contacts between Polish and Slovak opposition during 1980’s, with stress on 1989. Those contacts were less intense comparing to Polish-Czech ones, but constant progress can be observed in this period. 1987 can be seen as a turning point, with the change of the name of the Polish-Czech Solidarity to Polish-Czechoslovak as most visible sign of the process. The contacts reached their peak in 1989, but a full understanding of Slovak specifics was not achieved. According to the author’s hypothesis it was the source of the problems with formulating the Polish policy towards Slovak independence aspirations in the next years.
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"Solidarity Emigration': which arrived to Germany after the imposition of martial law in Polish People's Republic, definitely prolonged the unavoidable declining of Polish Refugees Union. It was the involvement of that last group of refugees, which enabled the organization to endure until late 1980's. The "Solidarity Emigration" was the only origi- nator of PRU activity during that decade.
"Solidarity Emigration': which arrived to Germany after the imposition of martial law in Polish People's Republic, definitely prolonged the unavoidable declining of Polish Refugees Union. It was the involvement of that last group of refugees, which enabled the organization to endure until late 1980's. The "Solidarity Emigration" was the only origi- nator of PRU activity during that decade.
The article describes contacts between Polish and Slovak opposition during 1980’s, with stress on 1989. Those contacts were less intense comparing to Polish-Czech ones, but constant progress can be observed in this period. 1987 can be seen as a turning point, with the change of the name of the Polish-Czech Solidarity to Polish-Czechoslovak as most visible sign of the process. The contacts reached their peak in 1989, but a full understanding of Slovak specifics was not achieved. According to the author’s hypothesis it was the source of the problems with formulating the Polish policy towards Slovak independence aspirations in the next years.