Papers by Francesca R Dillman Carpentier
The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology, Sep 8, 2020
Public Health Nutrition, Aug 10, 2023
Research Square (Research Square), Jan 20, 2020
The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Background As childhood obesity rates continue to rise, health organizations have called for regu... more Background As childhood obesity rates continue to rise, health organizations have called for regulations that protect children from exposure to unhealthy food marketing. In this study, we evaluate the impact of child-based versus time-based restrictions of “high-in” food and beverage advertising in Chile, which first restricted the placement of “high-in” advertisements (ads) in television attracting children and the use of child-directed content in high-in ads and, second, banned high-in ads from 6am-10pm. “High-in” refers to products above regulation-defined thresholds in energy, saturated fats, sugars, and/or sodium. High-in advertising prevalence and children’s exposure to high-in advertising are assessed. Methods We analyzed a random stratified sample of advertising from two constructed weeks of television at pre-regulation (2016), after Phase 1 child-based advertising restrictions (2017, 2018), and after the Phase 2 addition of a 6am-10pm high-in advertising ban (2019). High-in...
Background : Nutritional warnings are used as a public health strategy to prevent increases in ob... more Background : Nutritional warnings are used as a public health strategy to prevent increases in obesity prevalence. Peru approved in 2013 and implemented in 2019 a Law requiring nutritional warnings on the marketing and packaging of processed foods high in sugar, sodium, saturated fat, and containing trans-fat. The complexity behind the implementation of this set of policies over six years provide unique learnings, essential to inform the obesity prevention context, especially when facing strong opposition from powerful stakeholders such as the food industry. Aims : Describe milestones and key stakeholders’ roles and stances during the nutritional warnings policy design in Peru; and identify and analyze the main drivers of policy change that explain its approval. Methodology : In 2021, interviews were conducted with 25 key informants, advocates and opponents of the policy, closely involved in its design. Interviews were analyzed using the Kaleidoscope Model as a theoretical framework...
Appetite, 2021
Chile recently implemented a food labeling law that requires packaged foods with sugar, saturated... more Chile recently implemented a food labeling law that requires packaged foods with sugar, saturated fats, sodium, and/or calorie content that exceeds government-defined thresholds to carry a front-of-package warning for each excessive nutrient. This law does not prohibit the use of nutrient content (NC) marketing claims on packages, as long as the claims do not directly contradict the warnings. Yet, having NC claims alongside nutrient warnings might send mixed messages confusing consumers about the overall healthiness of a product. The present study tests the co-occurrence of warning labels and NC claims in breakfast cereal packages on product perceptions and behavioral intentions of Chilean adults in a 3 (warnings: none, high calorie, high calorie/high sugar) × 3 (NC claims: none, fiber/wholegrain, low fat/cholesterol-free) mixed-measures experiment. Fiber-related claims had a main effect leading to more positive ratings of the product, compared to having no NC claims or fat-related claims. These positive ratings extended beyond perceptions of the fiber content to perceptions of overall healthiness, naturalness, quality, vitamin content, and intentions to purchase and recommend the product-a health halo effect. No significant interaction between warnings and NC claims was found. However, warnings had a main effect on perceptions irrespective of the presence of NC claims, with one warning significantly reducing ratings, dampening any halo effects, and two warnings further dampening any effects. These findings indicate that warning labels can mitigate, but not eliminate the influences of NC claims on consumer perceptions of product healthiness.
Nutrition Reviews, 2019
Reducing children’s exposure to food marketing is an important obesity prevention strategy. This ... more Reducing children’s exposure to food marketing is an important obesity prevention strategy. This narrative review describes current statutory regulations that restrict food marketing; reviews available evidence on the effects of these regulations; and compares policy design elements in Chile and the United Kingdom. Currently, 16 countries have statutory regulations on unhealthy food marketing to children. Restrictions on television advertising, primarily during children’s programming, are most common. Schools are also a common setting for restrictions. Regulations on media such as cinema, mobile phone applications, print, packaging, and the internet are uncommon. Eleven evaluations of policies in 4 jurisdictions found small or no policy-related reductions in unhealthy food advertising, in part because marketing shifted to other programs or venues; however, not all policies have been evaluated. Compared with the United Kingdom, Chile restricts marketing on more products, across a wid...
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, Oct 28, 2022
Current Developments in Nutrition, 2020
Objectives Chile's Food Labeling Law requires packaged foods that exceed certain thresholds f... more Objectives Chile's Food Labeling Law requires packaged foods that exceed certain thresholds for sugars, saturated fats, sodium, and calories to use one or more front of package warning logos identifying the excessive nutrient, and restricts the use of nutrient claims (e.g., lower sugar) contradicting its warning (e.g., high in sugar). We examined health- and nutrition-related marketing on breakfast cereals packages that did vs. did not qualify for a “high in” logo in packages photographed before and after the law implementation. Methods Photographs were taken in 6 supermarkets in Santiago before (n = 168) and after (n = 146) implementation. Breakfast cereals were classified by whether or not they had high levels of sugar, sodium, saturated fat, or calories according to the regulation, and thus were required to carry a warning label. Packages were analyzed for the presence of low-in and high-in nutrient claims and the following health appeals: health benefits, general healthiness...
The Oxford Handbook of Entertainment Theory
From flirtatious glances to a passionate kiss to the explicit depiction of sexual intercourse, se... more From flirtatious glances to a passionate kiss to the explicit depiction of sexual intercourse, sexual content in entertainment has historically enjoyed wide appeal. This essay reviews the scholarly literature on the nature of sexual depictions in entertainment media and discusses people’s attraction to, and enjoyment of, these depictions. Drawing from studies in entertainment, psychology, and sexual motivation and drive, the appeal of sexual content in media is argued to be the result of a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social interactions that inform our appraisal of a sexual depiction as serving or hindering our hedonic need for pleasure. Sexual depictions that emphasize romantic relationships are also discussed in terms of fulfilling nonhedonic needs, wherein vicariously experiencing sexual activity within a relational context might serve an inherent need to find meaningful connections with others and with humanity as a whole.
PLOS Global Public Health, 2023
Nutritional warnings are used as a public health strategy to address obesity. Peru approved in 20... more Nutritional warnings are used as a public health strategy to address obesity. Peru approved in 2013 and implemented in 2019 a law requiring nutritional warnings on the marketing and packaging of processed foods high in sugar, sodium, saturated fat, and containing trans-fat. The complexity behind the design and approval of these policies over six years provides unique learnings, that inform the obesity prevention context, especially when proposed policies face strong opposition from powerful stakeholders. Our study aims to describe the milestones and key stakeholders' roles and stances during the nutritional warnings policy design in Peru, and to identify and analyze the main drivers of policy change that explain its approval. In 2021, interviews were conducted with 25 key informants closely involved in its design. Interviews were analyzed using the Kaleidoscope Model as a theoretical framework. Relevant policy documents and news were also analyzed. Milestones for this policy included the approval of the Law, Regulation, and Manual. Policy supporters were mainly from Congress, civil society advocates, and Health Ministers. Opponents came from Congress, ministries linked to the economic sector, the food industry, and media. Across the years, warnings evolved from a single text, to traffic lights, to the approved black octagons. Main challenges included the strong opposition of powerful stakeholders, the lack of agreement for defining the appropriate evidence supporting nutritional warning parameters and design, and the political instability of the country. Based on the Kaleidoscope Model, the policy successfully targeted a relevant problem (unhealthy eating decisions) and had powerful advocates who effectively used focusing events to reposition the warnings in the policy agenda across the years. Negotiations weakened the policy but led to its approval. Importantly,
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2023
As childhood obesity rates continue to rise, health organizations have called for regulations tha... more As childhood obesity rates continue to rise, health organizations have called for regulations that protect children from exposure to unhealthy food marketing. In this study, we evaluate the impact of child-based versus time-based restrictions of "high-in" food and beverage advertising in Chile, which first restricted the placement of "high-in" advertisements (ads) in television attracting children and the use of child-directed content in high-in ads and, second, banned high-in ads from 6am-10pm. "High-in" refers to products above regulation-defined thresholds in energy, saturated fats, sugars, and/or sodium. High-in advertising prevalence and children's exposure to high-in advertising are assessed.
![Research paper thumbnail of Why Don’t You [Government] Help Us Make Healthier Foods More Affordable Instead of Bombarding Us with Labels? Maternal Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices after Full Implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling Law](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/103336469/thumbnails/1.jpg)
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Experimental and real-life evaluations show that the use of front-of-package warning labels (FoP)... more Experimental and real-life evaluations show that the use of front-of-package warning labels (FoP) in unhealthy foods is well understood and can modify people’s behaviors. However, it is unclear whether these effects remain in the long term because of the risk of message fatigue. The purpose of this study is to explore after four years of implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling law people’s dietary behavior and FoP labels attention. Nine focus groups of mothers (7–10 people each) of children (2–14 yo) were conducted in Santiago, Chile, and macrocodes were developed, combining an iterative process of deductive and inductive thematic analyses. We found that mothers experienced labels’ fatigue but also had greater knowledge about nutrition and appreciation for more natural foods. This greater knowledge about better nutrition interferes with the perception that healthier and less processed foods are financial and physically inaccessible. The key role of schools as an environment for...
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Papers by Francesca R Dillman Carpentier