El contexto político español atraviesa, desde hace unos años, por un momento altamente complejo y... more El contexto político español atraviesa, desde hace unos años, por un momento altamente complejo y, a la vez, de una efervescencia apasionante. Las encuestas y estudios demoscópicos evidencian una fuerte desafección ciudadana definida por un sentimiento de cinismo y falta de confianza con respecto al proceso político representativo. Al mismo tiempo hemos sido testigos de la irrupción de múltiples formas de participación que incluyen: acampadas, manifestaciones, detención de desahucios, irrupción de plataformas de monitorización, formación de nuevos partidos políticos, surgimiento de medios de comunicación alternativos, iniciativas legislativas populares, y un largo etcétera.
En España se ha consolidado desde 2011 un auténtico laboratorio democrático donde la ciudadanía experimenta con nuevas formas de expresión política. Este libro se introduce de lleno en este laboratorio político para comprobar cómo están cambiando los perfiles de la democracia. Un ejercicio que no sólo tiene una relevancia en clave española, sino que proyecta su interés más allá, puesto que puede ser el anuncio de cambios que pueden afectar, en los próximos tiempos, a otras democracias en el mundo. Si estamos en lo cierto y nuestro contexto está en la vanguardia de la innovación y la experimentación política, este libro puede servir para saber hacia dónde evoluciona la democracia tanto hoy como en el futuro inmediato.
El documento contiene un resumen en castellano de los 12 capítulos que contiene la obra colectiva... more El documento contiene un resumen en castellano de los 12 capítulos que contiene la obra colectiva. El libro ofrece una extensa y detallada panorámica sobre la situación de la televisión pública en el escenario actual de crisis. En la primera parte se presenta: un análisis de la evolución y futuro del servicio público de la televisión a través del examen de las malas prácticas comunicativas (Enrique Bustamante); un estudio del propio concepto de servicio público y su indispensabilidad actual (Emili Prado); un trabajo sobre la situación de las televisiones autonómicas y de los peligros de privatización (Juan Carlos Miguel y Miguel Ángel Casado), así como un análisis de las estrategias de adaptación de las televisiones al escenario convergente (Jessica Izquierdo). El segundo bloque aborda el estudio de la crisis de Radiotelevisión Valenciana (RTVV): las razones e implicaciones que tiene el cese de las emisiones de RTVV para el resurgimiento de la televisión autonómica (Ramón Zallo); la relevancia estratégica que RTVV tiene para el sistema comunicativo valenciano, así como para el desarrollo económico, social y cultural del territorio (María Soler y Javier Marzal); y un análisis crítico del informe encargado por la dirección de RTVV para su reestructuración (Josep Lluís Gómez y Francesc Martínez). La tercera parte recoge cuatro trabajos sobre la gobernanza de las televisiones públicas: la propuesta de una gobernanza compartida entre partidos políticos y sociedad civil para sostener una televisión de titularidad pública (Domingo García-Marzá); un análisis del contexto de la crisis de financiación de las radiotelevisiones públicas europeas y la necesidad de nuevos indicadores de gestión para recuperar la confianza y credibilidad (Francisco Campos Freire); un análisis sobre cómo la ausencia de responsabilidad comunicativa, en las políticas estatales y autonómicas, explica el cierre de RTVV (Jose María Bernardo y Nel·lo Pellicer); así como propuestas para la gobernanza de una renovada radiotelevisión pública valenciana, que garantice un buen servicio público, de calidad (Josep Lluís Fitó y Javier Marzal).
The document contains a summary in spanish of the 12 chapters containing the collective work.
The... more The document contains a summary in spanish of the 12 chapters containing the collective work. The book offers a comprehensive and detailed overview of the situation of public television in the current scenario of crisis. The first part presents: an analysis of the evolution and future of public service television through the examination of bad communication practices (Enrique Bustamante); a study of the concept of public service and its current indispensability (Emili Prado); a paper on the situation of regional television and the dangers of privatization (Juan Carlos Miguel and Miguel Angel Casado), as well as an analysis of adaptation strategies televisions to convergent scenario (Jessica Izquierdo). The second section deals with the study of the crisis of Radio Television Valenciana (RTVV): the reasons and implications of the cessation of emissions RTVV for the resurgence of regional television (Ramon Zallo); the strategic importance that has for the Valencian RTVV communication system, as well as economic, social and cultural development of the territory (Maria Soler and Javier Marzal); and a critical analysis of the report commissioned by the management of RTVV for restructuring (Josep Lluís Martínez Gómez and Francesc). The third part contains four papers on governance of public television: the proposal for shared governance between political parties and civil society to support a publicly owned television (Domingo García-Marzá); an analysis of the context of the funding crisis of European public broadcasters and the need for new management indicators to restore confidence and credibility (Francisco Campos Freire); an analysis of how the absence of communicative responsibility, state and regional policies, explains the closure of RTVV (Jose Maria Bernardo and Nel·lo Pellicer); as well as proposals for the governance of a renewed Valencian public broadcaster, which guarantees a good public service, quality (Josep Lluís Fitó and Javier Marzal).
«Presentación: Algunas claves para la comprensión de las hibridaciones entre información y entretenimiento en el periodismo audiovisual: el infoentretenimiento en la era del espectáculo», 2011
En este documento se ofrece el índice de esta obra colectiva, así como la introducción crítica pr... more En este documento se ofrece el índice de esta obra colectiva, así como la introducción crítica preparada por los profesores Javier Marzal y Andreu Casero, que constituye el marco de referencia para el debate y la reflexión sobre el auge del infoentretenimiento en el periodismo audiovisual contemporáneo. El título completo de esta extensa introducción es: «Presentación: Algunas claves para la comprensión de las hibridaciones entre información y entretenimiento en el periodismo audiovisual: el infoentretenimiento en la era del espectáculo». Contiene los siguientes apartados: Introducción. El estudio de los programas informativos en televisión. El espectáculo de la televisión. Las hibridaciones del periodismo en televisión: aspectos conceptuales y analíticos. Propuestas para el estudio del periodismo en televisión. Bibliografía.
Informe de la Comisión de Expertos en Comunicación de las Universidades Valencianas (CECUV):
Juan... more Informe de la Comisión de Expertos en Comunicación de las Universidades Valencianas (CECUV): Juan José Bas Portero - Andreu Casero Ripollés - Miquel Francés Domènech - Josep Lluís Gómez Mompart - José Luis González Esteban - Isabel M. González Mesa - Mar Iglesias García - Javier Marzal Felici - Héctor Julio Pérez López - Rafael Xambó Olmos
Capítulo de libro. En Campos Freire, F. & Ruas Araújo, J. (eds) (2015). Las redes sociales digita... more Capítulo de libro. En Campos Freire, F. & Ruas Araújo, J. (eds) (2015). Las redes sociales digitales en el ecosistema mediático. Tenerife: SLCS, Cuadernos Artesanos de Comunicación, n 92, pp. 96-113.
The goal of this article is to analyze the extent to which ideology intervenes in citizens' trust... more The goal of this article is to analyze the extent to which ideology intervenes in citizens' trust in the news that appears in traditional and social media during COVID-19. Methodology: To do this, a quantitative approach based on the online survey technique is used. The questionnaire was launched in July 2021 through the Qualtrics platform and was answered by 2,803 citizens residing in Brazil (726), Spain (682), the United States (694), and India (702). Results: We found a connection between ideology and confidence in traditional media, strongly conditioned by the socio-political context. In addition, right-wing citizens tend to trust the information they receive from digital platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, or WhatsApp better than left-wing citizens. This uneven impact of trust in the media could result in a heterogeneous effect of fake news, with right-wing citizens most likely believing political news appearing on social media. Discussion and Conclusions: This article contributes to expanding prior knowledge about the trust in mainstream and social media, with considerable emphasis on the factors that have a predominant influence in four countries with different social and political structures and media systems: Spain, United States, India, and Brazil. In this context, it has been observed how ideology is an essential factor in all of them. When this relevant variable is controlled for, and despite what previous studies had determined (Newman et al., 2021), factors such as educational or income level do not seem to play a significant role.
Telefónica became a private company in the 1990s, and since the liberalization of the telecommuni... more Telefónica became a private company in the 1990s, and since the liberalization of the telecommunications sector, it has operated in the most competitive local market in Europe. The company has tried to compensate for the loss of hegemony in its country with a strong position in other European and Latin American markets. Among its diversification projects, following in the footsteps of AT&T, its attempt to transform itself into a global TV company stands out. This article analyzes the evolution that this Spanish company has undergone in the last 30 years. The most relevant factor in its role as a pay-TV service provider is that it has been forced to face a substantial economic outlay to have original content and a position of supremacy in the purchase of sports broadcasting rights. Our results indicate that today two visions coexist within Telefónica: One committed to maintaining a pay-TV model, and another that considers that paid content should occupy a secondary role, limiting itself to being a mere platform aggregator, after forming continuous alliances with Netflix, Disney+, and DAZN.
Humanities and Social Science Communications, 2023
The COVID-19 health crisis and the invasion of Ukraine have placed disinformation in the focus of... more The COVID-19 health crisis and the invasion of Ukraine have placed disinformation in the focus of European policies. Our aim is to analyze the emerging European policy on counterdisinformation practices and regulations. To do this, we examine developing European Union (EU) strategy, against different forms of fake news, from a multidisciplinary approach that combines Journalism and Geopolitics. Our methodology is based on the critical analysis of documents generated by the EU on disinformation from 2018 to 2022, including reports, communications, statements and other legislative texts. Our findings suggest that the EU's policy against disinformation is based on two opposing logics that coexist and compete. The first is securitization, which understands this problem as a threat to democracy that legitimizes 'exceptional decision-making' from a hard power perspective. The second is based on the self-regulation and voluntarism of digital platforms with a clear orientation towards soft law and minimal intervention. The recent adoption of the Digital Services Act and the stronger regulation of online platforms do not replace this logic, since this legislation adopts a "co-regulatory framework". The coexistence of these two logics generates internal contradictions and dissonance that can determine the future of European policies on this important topic and its chances of success.
Women are occupying more and more space in the public sphere, not only through pressure on the st... more Women are occupying more and more space in the public sphere, not only through pressure on the streets, but increasingly in digital spaces. It is at this intersection that different ways of engaging in politics coalesce with the presence of women who demand their own voice and visibility beyond the mechanisms of traditional politics. Those requiring a transformation of the current political reality are the political women "of change." One of their main attributes is that they generate and spread counter-hegemonic narratives as a form of empowerment and a way to question the dominant political discourse through digital media. Our objective herein is to analyze, in a comparative way, the use of this communicative strategy to understand its articulation and mechanisms. To do this, we study the discourse of ten Ibero-American political women on Twitter who are linked to social change. The methodology is based on the application of the content analysis technique that combines a quantitative dimension with another of a qualitative nature focused on critical discourse analysis. The results show that criticism and denunciation, to give voice to the voiceless and make social problems visible, are the main components of these political actors' counter-hegemonic discourse on Twitter. Likewise, they display a practical and constructive counter-hegemony oriented in applied and positive terms. Finally, the institutional position in the government-opposition axis sharpens or minimizes the use of these types of communication strategies.
Western democracies live a populist impulse. In this context, the consolidation of digital techno... more Western democracies live a populist impulse. In this context, the consolidation of digital technologies plays a key role due to their possibilities of e ciently spreading messages. This research examines the role that emotions play in the communication strategy on Twitter of populist actors from four European countries: Spain, Italy, France and the United Kingdom. The sample comprises the messages shared by four European political parties: Podemos, Star Movement, National Front and UKIP and their respective leaders during the analysis period. In total, , messages are analyzed. The main findings show that fear, uncertainty or resentment are the emotions most frequently used by populist parties and leaders. Likewise, negative emotions have been observed in those messages whose primary actor is the political, economic and media classes, the European Union or immigration, while positive emotions, such as joy or pride, are associated with the figure of the leader and the party.
News media coverage, regardless of the platform being used, can shape people's opinions, percepti... more News media coverage, regardless of the platform being used, can shape people's opinions, perceptions, behaviors, and preferences about policy, security, and civil liberties in times of crisis. This study examines the possible cultivation impact of news post exposure on Facebook on shaping threat perception. Furthermore, it aims at exploring the correlation between Facebook news exposure, preferring high security levels, and curbing some civil liberties during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this, we used the survey method (N = 1309) with youths aged 18-35 in the U.S., Spain, and Egypt. Our results showed that heavy news exposure on Facebook cultivated fear and terror perceptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, it shaped people's preference for a tightened security environment and willingness to trade off some civil liberties. In other words, despite the different media and political systems, heavy news post consumption on Facebook can increase the tendency to give up civil liberty rights and prefer a more stringent security environment.
Mobile instant messaging services, particularly Telegram, are becoming a new tool for politicians... more Mobile instant messaging services, particularly Telegram, are becoming a new tool for politicians in their communication with citizens. This research aims to know the main functions attributed to Telegram, the themes of the messages and the multimedia resources used in the electoral campaign. We choose a descriptive study with an exploratory purpose and we apply quantitative content analysis to 877 messages published by the main Spanish parties during the November 2019 elections: PSOE, PP, Ciudadanos, Unidas Podemos, Izquierda Unida, Más País and Vox. The results show that the main political use of Telegram is to spread content from other redes sociales, especially Twitter and Facebook. This mobile application plays a secondary role in the communication strategy of the campaign parties. The function of participation and mobilization of the electorate also detects high values. Concerning the theme, the most recurrent topic in the content of the messages is vote and electoral results. Telegram also favours a high level of fragmentation of the political agenda. Additionally, we detected emergent use of innovative multimedia resources such as gifs, surveys and audios. Finally, we discover how the party's political history determines the use of this platform since traditional parties make more intensive use than emerging parties.
Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 2023
Many research studies defined news pages that connect users with public affairs as social media i... more Many research studies defined news pages that connect users with public affairs as social media influencers. This includes opinion leaders, journalists, media personnel, editors, and political experts. In this sense, news consumption on influencers' Facebook pages can have the same cultivation impact as consuming news on any offline platform, particularly during times of threat. Within this, we aim to reexamine the cultivation theory in the context of social media. Thus, we explore the role of influencers on Facebook in cultivating threat perception among youths during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, to examine the possible correlation between threat perception and favoring of more restrictive policies on Facebook news coverage. For this, we used the survey method (n=1,309) on youths aged 18-35 years in Egypt, Spain, and the USA. In this respect, our data revealed a significant relationship between news consumption on influencers' Facebook pages and threat level. The more people consume news on influencers' Facebook pages, the higher their threat perception is. Our findings also demonstrate that even though the cultivation assumption is valid in the context of Facebook, there are variations from the TV context postulation. Nowadays, people are aware of the effect of their news exposure on shaping their perception yet being aware did not mediate the cultivation effect.
Disinformation has become one of the main problems for society and democracy. Despite the increas... more Disinformation has become one of the main problems for society and democracy. Despite the increase in research on this topic, citizen perception of the effects caused by fake news and how to combat them is yet an ongoing issue. Our objective is to analyze these two aspects in the context of COVID-19 in Spain. Also, we seek to identify the sociodemographic and political factors that determine them. We employed a quantitative survey run through an online panel (n= 682). The results indicate that disinformation generates, as the primary effect, an increase in mistrust towards the media and politicians among Spanish citizens. Likewise, the incidence of disinformation in the change of opinion and the decision to vote has dropped. Concerning Coronavirus, falsehoods had a low impact on vaccination, although they promoted conspiracy theories among citizens. Men, young people and far-right sympathizers perceive the consequences of hoaxes more intensely. Finally, fact-checking and legislation are the mechanisms to combat disinformation that citizens consider most reliable. These results have important implications for public institutions and journalism.
Political entrepreneurs seek to mobilise public opinion and access large audiences who are not di... more Political entrepreneurs seek to mobilise public opinion and access large audiences who are not directly interested in politics, but are exposed to the digital environment. The aim of this research was to analyse how these figures promote experimental communication uses on channels far removed from political activity. We focused on Twitch, a successful platform for promoting entertainment and learning in the video games field. To do so, we conducted a significant case study, that of Íñ igo Errejón, a Spanish male Member of Parliament, in 2021 through 18 live streamings that lasted 1223 min. We specifically described the conception and use of Twitch, measured the audience's impact, analysed the accountability exercise through this platform and evaluated the deliberative quality of conversation with users. To conclude, we identified three novel contributions of Twitch to digital political communication: self-monitoring, insofar as the elected politician himself proactively exercises accountability to the public without a third party intervening; the activation of mediated authenticity as a key value in the political actor's public construction; promoting connective democracy, which would help those sectors not used to employing political information to take an interest in it by detecting attention being paid to their needs and questions.
El contexto político español atraviesa, desde hace unos años, por un momento altamente complejo y... more El contexto político español atraviesa, desde hace unos años, por un momento altamente complejo y, a la vez, de una efervescencia apasionante. Las encuestas y estudios demoscópicos evidencian una fuerte desafección ciudadana definida por un sentimiento de cinismo y falta de confianza con respecto al proceso político representativo. Al mismo tiempo hemos sido testigos de la irrupción de múltiples formas de participación que incluyen: acampadas, manifestaciones, detención de desahucios, irrupción de plataformas de monitorización, formación de nuevos partidos políticos, surgimiento de medios de comunicación alternativos, iniciativas legislativas populares, y un largo etcétera.
En España se ha consolidado desde 2011 un auténtico laboratorio democrático donde la ciudadanía experimenta con nuevas formas de expresión política. Este libro se introduce de lleno en este laboratorio político para comprobar cómo están cambiando los perfiles de la democracia. Un ejercicio que no sólo tiene una relevancia en clave española, sino que proyecta su interés más allá, puesto que puede ser el anuncio de cambios que pueden afectar, en los próximos tiempos, a otras democracias en el mundo. Si estamos en lo cierto y nuestro contexto está en la vanguardia de la innovación y la experimentación política, este libro puede servir para saber hacia dónde evoluciona la democracia tanto hoy como en el futuro inmediato.
El documento contiene un resumen en castellano de los 12 capítulos que contiene la obra colectiva... more El documento contiene un resumen en castellano de los 12 capítulos que contiene la obra colectiva. El libro ofrece una extensa y detallada panorámica sobre la situación de la televisión pública en el escenario actual de crisis. En la primera parte se presenta: un análisis de la evolución y futuro del servicio público de la televisión a través del examen de las malas prácticas comunicativas (Enrique Bustamante); un estudio del propio concepto de servicio público y su indispensabilidad actual (Emili Prado); un trabajo sobre la situación de las televisiones autonómicas y de los peligros de privatización (Juan Carlos Miguel y Miguel Ángel Casado), así como un análisis de las estrategias de adaptación de las televisiones al escenario convergente (Jessica Izquierdo). El segundo bloque aborda el estudio de la crisis de Radiotelevisión Valenciana (RTVV): las razones e implicaciones que tiene el cese de las emisiones de RTVV para el resurgimiento de la televisión autonómica (Ramón Zallo); la relevancia estratégica que RTVV tiene para el sistema comunicativo valenciano, así como para el desarrollo económico, social y cultural del territorio (María Soler y Javier Marzal); y un análisis crítico del informe encargado por la dirección de RTVV para su reestructuración (Josep Lluís Gómez y Francesc Martínez). La tercera parte recoge cuatro trabajos sobre la gobernanza de las televisiones públicas: la propuesta de una gobernanza compartida entre partidos políticos y sociedad civil para sostener una televisión de titularidad pública (Domingo García-Marzá); un análisis del contexto de la crisis de financiación de las radiotelevisiones públicas europeas y la necesidad de nuevos indicadores de gestión para recuperar la confianza y credibilidad (Francisco Campos Freire); un análisis sobre cómo la ausencia de responsabilidad comunicativa, en las políticas estatales y autonómicas, explica el cierre de RTVV (Jose María Bernardo y Nel·lo Pellicer); así como propuestas para la gobernanza de una renovada radiotelevisión pública valenciana, que garantice un buen servicio público, de calidad (Josep Lluís Fitó y Javier Marzal).
The document contains a summary in spanish of the 12 chapters containing the collective work.
The... more The document contains a summary in spanish of the 12 chapters containing the collective work. The book offers a comprehensive and detailed overview of the situation of public television in the current scenario of crisis. The first part presents: an analysis of the evolution and future of public service television through the examination of bad communication practices (Enrique Bustamante); a study of the concept of public service and its current indispensability (Emili Prado); a paper on the situation of regional television and the dangers of privatization (Juan Carlos Miguel and Miguel Angel Casado), as well as an analysis of adaptation strategies televisions to convergent scenario (Jessica Izquierdo). The second section deals with the study of the crisis of Radio Television Valenciana (RTVV): the reasons and implications of the cessation of emissions RTVV for the resurgence of regional television (Ramon Zallo); the strategic importance that has for the Valencian RTVV communication system, as well as economic, social and cultural development of the territory (Maria Soler and Javier Marzal); and a critical analysis of the report commissioned by the management of RTVV for restructuring (Josep Lluís Martínez Gómez and Francesc). The third part contains four papers on governance of public television: the proposal for shared governance between political parties and civil society to support a publicly owned television (Domingo García-Marzá); an analysis of the context of the funding crisis of European public broadcasters and the need for new management indicators to restore confidence and credibility (Francisco Campos Freire); an analysis of how the absence of communicative responsibility, state and regional policies, explains the closure of RTVV (Jose Maria Bernardo and Nel·lo Pellicer); as well as proposals for the governance of a renewed Valencian public broadcaster, which guarantees a good public service, quality (Josep Lluís Fitó and Javier Marzal).
«Presentación: Algunas claves para la comprensión de las hibridaciones entre información y entretenimiento en el periodismo audiovisual: el infoentretenimiento en la era del espectáculo», 2011
En este documento se ofrece el índice de esta obra colectiva, así como la introducción crítica pr... more En este documento se ofrece el índice de esta obra colectiva, así como la introducción crítica preparada por los profesores Javier Marzal y Andreu Casero, que constituye el marco de referencia para el debate y la reflexión sobre el auge del infoentretenimiento en el periodismo audiovisual contemporáneo. El título completo de esta extensa introducción es: «Presentación: Algunas claves para la comprensión de las hibridaciones entre información y entretenimiento en el periodismo audiovisual: el infoentretenimiento en la era del espectáculo». Contiene los siguientes apartados: Introducción. El estudio de los programas informativos en televisión. El espectáculo de la televisión. Las hibridaciones del periodismo en televisión: aspectos conceptuales y analíticos. Propuestas para el estudio del periodismo en televisión. Bibliografía.
Informe de la Comisión de Expertos en Comunicación de las Universidades Valencianas (CECUV):
Juan... more Informe de la Comisión de Expertos en Comunicación de las Universidades Valencianas (CECUV): Juan José Bas Portero - Andreu Casero Ripollés - Miquel Francés Domènech - Josep Lluís Gómez Mompart - José Luis González Esteban - Isabel M. González Mesa - Mar Iglesias García - Javier Marzal Felici - Héctor Julio Pérez López - Rafael Xambó Olmos
Capítulo de libro. En Campos Freire, F. & Ruas Araújo, J. (eds) (2015). Las redes sociales digita... more Capítulo de libro. En Campos Freire, F. & Ruas Araújo, J. (eds) (2015). Las redes sociales digitales en el ecosistema mediático. Tenerife: SLCS, Cuadernos Artesanos de Comunicación, n 92, pp. 96-113.
The goal of this article is to analyze the extent to which ideology intervenes in citizens' trust... more The goal of this article is to analyze the extent to which ideology intervenes in citizens' trust in the news that appears in traditional and social media during COVID-19. Methodology: To do this, a quantitative approach based on the online survey technique is used. The questionnaire was launched in July 2021 through the Qualtrics platform and was answered by 2,803 citizens residing in Brazil (726), Spain (682), the United States (694), and India (702). Results: We found a connection between ideology and confidence in traditional media, strongly conditioned by the socio-political context. In addition, right-wing citizens tend to trust the information they receive from digital platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, or WhatsApp better than left-wing citizens. This uneven impact of trust in the media could result in a heterogeneous effect of fake news, with right-wing citizens most likely believing political news appearing on social media. Discussion and Conclusions: This article contributes to expanding prior knowledge about the trust in mainstream and social media, with considerable emphasis on the factors that have a predominant influence in four countries with different social and political structures and media systems: Spain, United States, India, and Brazil. In this context, it has been observed how ideology is an essential factor in all of them. When this relevant variable is controlled for, and despite what previous studies had determined (Newman et al., 2021), factors such as educational or income level do not seem to play a significant role.
Telefónica became a private company in the 1990s, and since the liberalization of the telecommuni... more Telefónica became a private company in the 1990s, and since the liberalization of the telecommunications sector, it has operated in the most competitive local market in Europe. The company has tried to compensate for the loss of hegemony in its country with a strong position in other European and Latin American markets. Among its diversification projects, following in the footsteps of AT&T, its attempt to transform itself into a global TV company stands out. This article analyzes the evolution that this Spanish company has undergone in the last 30 years. The most relevant factor in its role as a pay-TV service provider is that it has been forced to face a substantial economic outlay to have original content and a position of supremacy in the purchase of sports broadcasting rights. Our results indicate that today two visions coexist within Telefónica: One committed to maintaining a pay-TV model, and another that considers that paid content should occupy a secondary role, limiting itself to being a mere platform aggregator, after forming continuous alliances with Netflix, Disney+, and DAZN.
Humanities and Social Science Communications, 2023
The COVID-19 health crisis and the invasion of Ukraine have placed disinformation in the focus of... more The COVID-19 health crisis and the invasion of Ukraine have placed disinformation in the focus of European policies. Our aim is to analyze the emerging European policy on counterdisinformation practices and regulations. To do this, we examine developing European Union (EU) strategy, against different forms of fake news, from a multidisciplinary approach that combines Journalism and Geopolitics. Our methodology is based on the critical analysis of documents generated by the EU on disinformation from 2018 to 2022, including reports, communications, statements and other legislative texts. Our findings suggest that the EU's policy against disinformation is based on two opposing logics that coexist and compete. The first is securitization, which understands this problem as a threat to democracy that legitimizes 'exceptional decision-making' from a hard power perspective. The second is based on the self-regulation and voluntarism of digital platforms with a clear orientation towards soft law and minimal intervention. The recent adoption of the Digital Services Act and the stronger regulation of online platforms do not replace this logic, since this legislation adopts a "co-regulatory framework". The coexistence of these two logics generates internal contradictions and dissonance that can determine the future of European policies on this important topic and its chances of success.
Women are occupying more and more space in the public sphere, not only through pressure on the st... more Women are occupying more and more space in the public sphere, not only through pressure on the streets, but increasingly in digital spaces. It is at this intersection that different ways of engaging in politics coalesce with the presence of women who demand their own voice and visibility beyond the mechanisms of traditional politics. Those requiring a transformation of the current political reality are the political women "of change." One of their main attributes is that they generate and spread counter-hegemonic narratives as a form of empowerment and a way to question the dominant political discourse through digital media. Our objective herein is to analyze, in a comparative way, the use of this communicative strategy to understand its articulation and mechanisms. To do this, we study the discourse of ten Ibero-American political women on Twitter who are linked to social change. The methodology is based on the application of the content analysis technique that combines a quantitative dimension with another of a qualitative nature focused on critical discourse analysis. The results show that criticism and denunciation, to give voice to the voiceless and make social problems visible, are the main components of these political actors' counter-hegemonic discourse on Twitter. Likewise, they display a practical and constructive counter-hegemony oriented in applied and positive terms. Finally, the institutional position in the government-opposition axis sharpens or minimizes the use of these types of communication strategies.
Western democracies live a populist impulse. In this context, the consolidation of digital techno... more Western democracies live a populist impulse. In this context, the consolidation of digital technologies plays a key role due to their possibilities of e ciently spreading messages. This research examines the role that emotions play in the communication strategy on Twitter of populist actors from four European countries: Spain, Italy, France and the United Kingdom. The sample comprises the messages shared by four European political parties: Podemos, Star Movement, National Front and UKIP and their respective leaders during the analysis period. In total, , messages are analyzed. The main findings show that fear, uncertainty or resentment are the emotions most frequently used by populist parties and leaders. Likewise, negative emotions have been observed in those messages whose primary actor is the political, economic and media classes, the European Union or immigration, while positive emotions, such as joy or pride, are associated with the figure of the leader and the party.
News media coverage, regardless of the platform being used, can shape people's opinions, percepti... more News media coverage, regardless of the platform being used, can shape people's opinions, perceptions, behaviors, and preferences about policy, security, and civil liberties in times of crisis. This study examines the possible cultivation impact of news post exposure on Facebook on shaping threat perception. Furthermore, it aims at exploring the correlation between Facebook news exposure, preferring high security levels, and curbing some civil liberties during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this, we used the survey method (N = 1309) with youths aged 18-35 in the U.S., Spain, and Egypt. Our results showed that heavy news exposure on Facebook cultivated fear and terror perceptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, it shaped people's preference for a tightened security environment and willingness to trade off some civil liberties. In other words, despite the different media and political systems, heavy news post consumption on Facebook can increase the tendency to give up civil liberty rights and prefer a more stringent security environment.
Mobile instant messaging services, particularly Telegram, are becoming a new tool for politicians... more Mobile instant messaging services, particularly Telegram, are becoming a new tool for politicians in their communication with citizens. This research aims to know the main functions attributed to Telegram, the themes of the messages and the multimedia resources used in the electoral campaign. We choose a descriptive study with an exploratory purpose and we apply quantitative content analysis to 877 messages published by the main Spanish parties during the November 2019 elections: PSOE, PP, Ciudadanos, Unidas Podemos, Izquierda Unida, Más País and Vox. The results show that the main political use of Telegram is to spread content from other redes sociales, especially Twitter and Facebook. This mobile application plays a secondary role in the communication strategy of the campaign parties. The function of participation and mobilization of the electorate also detects high values. Concerning the theme, the most recurrent topic in the content of the messages is vote and electoral results. Telegram also favours a high level of fragmentation of the political agenda. Additionally, we detected emergent use of innovative multimedia resources such as gifs, surveys and audios. Finally, we discover how the party's political history determines the use of this platform since traditional parties make more intensive use than emerging parties.
Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 2023
Many research studies defined news pages that connect users with public affairs as social media i... more Many research studies defined news pages that connect users with public affairs as social media influencers. This includes opinion leaders, journalists, media personnel, editors, and political experts. In this sense, news consumption on influencers' Facebook pages can have the same cultivation impact as consuming news on any offline platform, particularly during times of threat. Within this, we aim to reexamine the cultivation theory in the context of social media. Thus, we explore the role of influencers on Facebook in cultivating threat perception among youths during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, to examine the possible correlation between threat perception and favoring of more restrictive policies on Facebook news coverage. For this, we used the survey method (n=1,309) on youths aged 18-35 years in Egypt, Spain, and the USA. In this respect, our data revealed a significant relationship between news consumption on influencers' Facebook pages and threat level. The more people consume news on influencers' Facebook pages, the higher their threat perception is. Our findings also demonstrate that even though the cultivation assumption is valid in the context of Facebook, there are variations from the TV context postulation. Nowadays, people are aware of the effect of their news exposure on shaping their perception yet being aware did not mediate the cultivation effect.
Disinformation has become one of the main problems for society and democracy. Despite the increas... more Disinformation has become one of the main problems for society and democracy. Despite the increase in research on this topic, citizen perception of the effects caused by fake news and how to combat them is yet an ongoing issue. Our objective is to analyze these two aspects in the context of COVID-19 in Spain. Also, we seek to identify the sociodemographic and political factors that determine them. We employed a quantitative survey run through an online panel (n= 682). The results indicate that disinformation generates, as the primary effect, an increase in mistrust towards the media and politicians among Spanish citizens. Likewise, the incidence of disinformation in the change of opinion and the decision to vote has dropped. Concerning Coronavirus, falsehoods had a low impact on vaccination, although they promoted conspiracy theories among citizens. Men, young people and far-right sympathizers perceive the consequences of hoaxes more intensely. Finally, fact-checking and legislation are the mechanisms to combat disinformation that citizens consider most reliable. These results have important implications for public institutions and journalism.
Political entrepreneurs seek to mobilise public opinion and access large audiences who are not di... more Political entrepreneurs seek to mobilise public opinion and access large audiences who are not directly interested in politics, but are exposed to the digital environment. The aim of this research was to analyse how these figures promote experimental communication uses on channels far removed from political activity. We focused on Twitch, a successful platform for promoting entertainment and learning in the video games field. To do so, we conducted a significant case study, that of Íñ igo Errejón, a Spanish male Member of Parliament, in 2021 through 18 live streamings that lasted 1223 min. We specifically described the conception and use of Twitch, measured the audience's impact, analysed the accountability exercise through this platform and evaluated the deliberative quality of conversation with users. To conclude, we identified three novel contributions of Twitch to digital political communication: self-monitoring, insofar as the elected politician himself proactively exercises accountability to the public without a third party intervening; the activation of mediated authenticity as a key value in the political actor's public construction; promoting connective democracy, which would help those sectors not used to employing political information to take an interest in it by detecting attention being paid to their needs and questions.
La COVID-19 ha traído consigo un fuerte incremento de la circulación de noticias falsas, que pued... more La COVID-19 ha traído consigo un fuerte incremento de la circulación de noticias falsas, que pueden suponer un peligro potencial para la salud pública. Resulta relevante determinar los factores de vulnerabilidad ante este fenómeno y, así, ofrecer elementos para impulsar políticas públicas y campañas de alfabetización digital que prevengan sus consecuencias nocivas. Nuestro objetivo es hacer una revisión crítica de las investigaciones previas que aglutine, de forma comprensiva, los conocimientos ahora dispersos. La muestra la integran 200 artículos publicados entre 2020 y 2021 en revistas indexadas en Web of Science. Los resultados muestran que los jóvenes, las mujeres, las personas menos educadas, los conservadores, los creyentes religiosos, los afectados por problemas de salud mental, los que consumen noticias en medios sociales o quienes más confían en los periodistas son los públicos más vulnerables. Nuestro análisis crítico detecta, además, una serie de retos pendientes para los futuros estudios en este campo. Palabras clave: COVID-19; desinformación; susceptibilidad; fake news; revisión bibliográfica
[en] What makes us vulnerable to COVID-19 fake news? A critical review of the factors conditioning susceptibility to misinformation Abstract. COVID-19 has led to a sharp dramatic in the circulation of fake news, which pose a potential danger to public health. It is relevant to determine which citizens are most vulnerable to this phenomenon and, thus, offer elements to promote public policies and digital literacy campaigns that prevent its harmful consequences. Our goal is to carry out a critical review of previous research that brings together, in a comprehensive way, the currently dispersed knowledge. The sample is made up of 200 articles published between 2020 and 2021 in journals indexed in Web of Science. The results show that young people, women, less educated people, conservatives, religious believers, those suffering from mental health issues, social media news consumers or those who trust journalists to a greater extent are the most vulnerable audiences. Our critical analysis also detects a series of pending challenges for future studies in this field.
Las redes sociales ocupan, actualmente, un espacio comunicativo cada vez más central durante las ... more Las redes sociales ocupan, actualmente, un espacio comunicativo cada vez más central durante las campañas electorales. Concretamente, Twitter es una de las plataformas protagonistas de la comunicación política digital, ya que ofrece una visión general de las líneas y estrategias discursivas de partidos y candidatos. Este hecho adquirió mayor importancia ante la COVID-19, que ha impedido la celebración de una campaña tradicional. Es el caso de las elecciones regionales a la Comunidad de Madrid del 4 de mayo de 2021. Esta investigación analiza la campaña en Twitter de los principales partidos: PP, Más Madrid, PSOE, Vox, Podemos y Ciudadanos. Mediante un análisis de contenido cuantitativo se examinan 1760 tuits y se estudian la agenda temática, las funciones, las emociones, el peso de la COVID-19 y las referencias a los candidatos y las candidatas. Los resultados indican el predominio del Game Frame en la agenda temática, unida a la crítica al adversario como estrategia principal. Las emociones negativas ocupan un lugar central y la COVID-19 es instrumentalizada como elemento político durante la campaña, protagonizada por la candidata del PP, Isabel Díaz Ayuso. Finalmente, las referencias a los/las candidatos/as sugieren una estrategia comunicativa en clave estatal para atacar a los rivales políticos, particularmente al presidente del Gobierno español. Con todo, esta campaña abre una nueva estrategia comunicativa en Twitter que ha sido denominada negatividad digital y que se basa en el ataque a los rivales políticos como principal elemento.
The use of mobile instant messaging platforms has increased in recent years in political communic... more The use of mobile instant messaging platforms has increased in recent years in political communication given the private nature of this form of communication, a trend which has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this research is to know the Telegram usage done by the main political parties within the election campaign. For this purpose, the Catalan election of the 14th of February 2021 are studied with a quantitative content analysis on a sample composed of 600 messages published by five political parties (PSC, Vox Barcelona, ERC, Junts per Catalunya, CUP and En Comú Podem). Results show that one of the most important functions of this platforms is the information and dissemination of its electoral programme. Regarding the main topics, the organization and functioning of the campaign and the political wrangling predominate. Our findings show that the position of the different parties regarding the independence of Catalonia, their political trajectory and their position within the government/opposition axis are conditioning factors of their communication strategy on this platform. Finally, the analysis of the public impact of the published messages reveals the disconnection between the parties and the citizens. In addition, a "more is more" effect which determines that the more messages are broadcast on this platform, the greater the number of views by users is, is detected. These data reveal new evidence on how Telegram is being used in the election campaign by political actors.
The covid-19 outbreak is a highly disruptive event in our society. Its consequences have affected... more The covid-19 outbreak is a highly disruptive event in our society. Its consequences have affected different social domains. Our objective is to analyse its impact on journalism in a panoramic and comprehensive way. We intend to identify the main alterations and changes that the outbreak of the coronavirus has caused. The methodology is based on the qualitative analysis of secondary data, taking the case of Spain during the first period of the pandemic as a reference. The results allow the identification of positive and negative effects in five areas: news consumption, business models, working conditions, disinformation, and relations with political actors. These findings reveal that covid-19 has had a considerable impact on journalism. This incidence is ambivalent as it has positive and negative effects that affect different aspects of this domain. The main positive consequences are increased news consumption and the promotion of new formats and information products, such as infographics or newsletters. On the other hand, the weakening of business models due to the reduction of advertising revenues, the deterioration of journalists' working conditions, the reinforcement of political control mechanisms over the media, and the increase of disinformation are the main negative effects.
Introduction: In recent years, digital platforms, especially mobile instant messaging services su... more Introduction: In recent years, digital platforms, especially mobile instant messaging services such as WhatsApp, have become essential tools for local administrations. Changes in the habits of the population, more likely to carry out their procedures through mobile devices, but also the possibility that these platforms offer to promote direct and immediate communication have made city councils see in them a way to improve relations with the citizens. Our objective is to analyze the characteristics, uses, and functions that local institutions confer on their mobile instant messaging services to communicate with citizens. Methodology: A qualitative analysis has been carried out through in-depth interviews with eighteen municipalities, selected based on their number of inhabitants. Results: The results show an overview of the uses of WhatsApp by local administrations. This makes it possible to identify the motivations and objectives in its implementation, its characteristics concerning its contents and planning, and its future challenges. Conclusion and discussion: The findings of this research show that WhatsApp is established in the local administrations. However, its use is not capable of taking advantage of all the potentialities of the digital environment, especially due to the lack of dialogue with citizens and solid strategic planning.
Social media has become an essential platform in the field of digital political communication. In... more Social media has become an essential platform in the field of digital political communication. In the context of accommodating electoral campaigns to digital media and the absence of barriers to freedom of expression existing on these platforms, attacks on political rivals and negative campaigns are increasing on social media. This research analyzes the use of criticism on Facebook by political actors during the electoral campaign and citizens’ reactions to these messages. The sample (n = 601) contains the publications disseminated on Facebook by political parties and leaders during the electoral campaign of the general elections of 26 June 2016 in Spain. The results show that criticism is an emerging resource in the digital communication strategy of political actors, mainly used by the opposition parties and their candidates, who focus their attacks on the party and leader of the Government. Attacks are mainly focused on the professional side of their rivals, although they also give a central role to emotions. Citizens are attracted to these attacks and are prone to interact with posts that include this resource.
Interactivity is a defining characteristic of social media. Connections among users shape the net... more Interactivity is a defining characteristic of social media. Connections among users shape the network and have a direct impact on the political conversations that take place on digital platforms. In the hybrid media system, digital discussions can have an impact on both the agenda of mainstream media and the offline political life. In this context, determining who and how social influence is exercised is crucial. My objective is to identify the influencers with the greatest digital authority to guide and determine the political conversation on Twitter. For this, I have studied the process to form a Government in Spain. Machine learning techniques are used on a big data sample of 127.3 million tweets. The analysis is based on social network analysis and uses eigencentrality, a measure that determines the digital authority of users. This study focuses on the 250 accounts of the most prominent influencers. The results show that the political and media elites extend their leading roles as influencers in the digital environment. However, there is also evidence of the beginning of the breakdown of its monopoly on digital public debate and its opening to new social actors. Additionally, the data demonstrate the importance of the external socio-political context as a determining element of the exercise of social influence in the political conversation on Twitter.
La Covid-19 ha revelado la elevada necesidad de información que la ciudadanía experimenta en mom... more La Covid-19 ha revelado la elevada necesidad de información que la ciudadanía experimenta en momentos críticos. Uno de los soportes clave para el acceso a la misma son los servicios móviles de mensajería instantánea, que, además, son fundamentales en las interacciones sociales en un contexto de mediatización profunda. El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar las oportunidades y limitaciones que estas plataformas han ofrecido para la comunicación institucional durante la crisis del coronavirus. Para ello, se ha explorado también el uso dado a los canales de WhatsApp y Telegram por parte de las administraciones públicas con especial atención al caso español, aunque también incorporando ejemplos internacionales. La difusión de información oficial y verificada, por un lado, y su capacidad para hacer frente a las noticias falsas, por otro, convirtieron a estos servicios en un aliado para las instituciones a la hora de prestar un servicio público de calidad en la crisis del coronavirus.
The Covid-19 outbreak has revealed citizens’ great need for information during times of crisis. One of the main channels for accessing information is mobile instant messaging services, which are also essential for social interactions within the context of deep mediatization. The objective of this article is to evaluate the opportunities and limitations that these platforms have offered for institutional communication during the coronavirus crisis. For this purpose, we examined the use of WhatsApp and Telegram channels by public administrations, focusing on the Spanish case in addition to incorporating other international examples. We found that the dissemination of official and verified information, on the one hand, and their ability to counter fake news, on the other, made these services a useful ally for institutions in terms of providing high-quality public service during the coronavirus crisis.
RAEIC, Revista de la Asociación Española de Investigación de la Comunicación, 2020
Resumen: El brote de COVID-19 es un hecho altamente disruptivo para nuestra sociedad. Sus consecu... more Resumen: El brote de COVID-19 es un hecho altamente disruptivo para nuestra sociedad. Sus consecuencias han afectado a diferentes dominios sociales. Nuestro objetivo es analizar su impacto en el periodismo de forma panorámica y comprensiva. Pretendemos identificar las principales alteraciones y cambios que ha provocado la irrupción del Coronavirus. La metodología se basa en la técnica del análisis cualitativo de datos secundarios tomando con referencia el caso de España durante el primer período de la pandemia. Los resultados permiten identificar efectos positivos y negativos en cinco ámbitos: consumo de noticias, modelo de negocio, condiciones laborales, desinformación y relaciones con el ámbito político. Los hallazgos revelan que la incidencia de esta crisis sanitaria sobre el periodismo es ambivalente. RAEIC, Revista de la Asociación Española de Investigación de la Comunicación vol. 7, núm. 14 (2020), 2-26.
The COVID-19 outbreak is a highly disruptive event in our society. Its consequences have affected different social domains. Our objective is to analyse its impact on journalism in a panoramic and comprehensive way. We intend to identify the main alterations and changes that the Coronavirus has caused. The methodology is based on the qualitative analysis of secondary data, taking as a reference the case of Spain during the first period of the pandemic. The results allow identifying positive and negative effects in five areas: news consumption, business model, working conditions, disinformation and relations with political actors. These findings reveal that the incidence of this health crisis in journalism is ambivalent.
Social media has instituted new parameters for the political conversation in the digital public s... more Social media has instituted new parameters for the political conversation in the digital public sphere. Previous research had identified several of these new phenomena: political polarisation, hate speech discourses, and fake news, among others. However, little attention has been paid to the users' geographical location, specifically to the role location plays in political discussion on social media, and to its further implications in the digital public sphere. A priori, we might think that on the digital landscape geographical restrictions no longer condition political debate, allowing increasingly diverse users to participate in, and influence, the discussion. To analyse this, machine learning techniques were used to study Twitter's political conversation about the negotiation process for the formation of the government in Spain that took place between 2015 and 2016. A big data sample of 127,3 million tweets associated with three Spanish cities (Madrid, Barcelona, and Valencia) was used. The results show that the geographical location of the users directly affects the political conversation on Twitter, despite the dissolution of the physical restrictions that the online environment favours. Demographics, cultural factors, and proximity to the centres of political power are factors conditioning the structure of digital political debate. These findings are a novel contribution to the design of more effective political campaigns and strategies, and provide a better understanding of the dynamics of the digital public sphere provided by Twitter.
El Foro Social del Audiovisual Valenciano, constituido el 7 de septiembre de 2015 en las Cortes V... more El Foro Social del Audiovisual Valenciano, constituido el 7 de septiembre de 2015 en las Cortes Valencianas por iniciativa del Grupo Parlamentario Podemos-Podemos, con el visto bueno del Gobierno Valenciano y del resto de fuerzas políticas, encomendó a la Comisión de Expertos en Comunicación de las Universidades Valencianas (CECUV), la generación de elementos de conocimiento y debate en la definición del futuro modelo del espacio comunicativo valenciano, donde el servicio público de radiotelevisión deberá cumplir un papel capital. En definitiva, el objetivo final de este Informe es ofrecerse como material de referencia que sirva a la futura Comisión Parlamentaria sobre RTVV y el Espacio Audiovisual Valenciano que deberá debatir próximamente en las Cortes Valencianas la restitución del servicio público radiotelevisión para la Comunidad Valenciana, así como una nueva regulación de todo el sistema comunicativo valenciano. El Informe fue presentado en las Cortes Valencianas el 19 de noviembre de 2015. Este documento ha sido muy útil a la Comisión Parlamentaria para la redacción de la nueva ley, que finalmente fue aprobada como Ley 6/2016, de 15 de julio, de la Generalitat, del Servicio Público de Radiodifusión y Televisión de ámbito autonómico, de titularidad de la Generalidad. Informe en Castellano. Existe versión en Valenciano / Catalán.
El Fòrum Social de l’Audiovisual Valencià, constituit el 7 de setembre de 2015 a Les Corts Valenc... more El Fòrum Social de l’Audiovisual Valencià, constituit el 7 de setembre de 2015 a Les Corts Valencianes per iniciativa del Grup Parlamentari Podem-Podemos, amb el vist-i-plau del Govern Valencià i de la resta de forces polítiques, va encomanar a la Comissió d'Experts en Comunicació de les Universitats Valencianes (CECUV), la generació d'elements de coneixement i debat en la definició del futur model de l’espai comunicatiu valencià, on el servei públic de radiotelevisió haurà de complir un paper cabdal. En definitiva, l’objectiu final d’aquest Informe és oferir-se com a material de referència que servisca a la futura Comissió Parlamentària sobre RTVV i l'Espai Audiovisual Valencià que haurà de debatre pròximament a les Corts Valencianes la restitució del servei públic de radiotelevisió per a la Comunitat Valenciana, així com una nova regulació de tot el sistema comunicatiu valencià. L'Informe va ser presentat a les Corts Valencianes el 19 de novembre de 2015. Aquest document ha estat molt útil a la Comissió Parlamentaria per a la redacció de la nova llei, que finalment va estar aprovada com a Llei 6/2016, de 15 de juliol, de la Generalitat Valenciana, del Servei Públic de Radiodifusió i Televisió d'àmbit autonòmic, de titularitat de la Generalitat. Informe en Valencià / Català. Existeix versió en Castellà.
En este capítulo introductorio, los editores de la obra ofrecen una reflexión general sobre la si... more En este capítulo introductorio, los editores de la obra ofrecen una reflexión general sobre la situación del sistema público de radiotelevisión en España. En primer lugar, se presenta un análisis del contexto de crisis que sufren las televisiones públicas en España, que se puede describir como “multimensional”, en la medida en que coinciden diversas circunstancias, como la crisis de audiencia de las televisiones en el marco de la expansión de internet y de la fragmentación de la audiencia, la crisis financiera y económica que obliga a reducir las aportaciones públicas, la pérdida de ingresos por publicidad, etc. Todo ello, además, coincide con el deterioro e, incluso, con el desprestigio de los servicios públicos, que cabe relacionar con la expansión del pensamiento neoliberal a escala planetaria. En segundo lugar, se analizan las modificaciones legislativas de los últimos años (entre 2010 y 2013), que han alentado la privatización de numerosos servicios públicos de radio y televisión, en muchas RTV autonómicas, bajo la fórmula de la externalización de sus programaciones. En tercer lugar, se reivindica el valor de las radiotelevisiones públicas como servicios esenciales, no sólo para promover las industrias culturales y creativas de los territorios, sino también como herramienta para la cohesión social, la vertebración territorial y cultural, la protección de las lenguas minoritorias y para fortalecer las instituciones democráticas, cuando se promueve la pluralidad informativa y la diversidad cultural. En cuarto lugar, se refiere el caso del cierre de RTVV como caso excepcional en el contexto de la Europa de las regiones, mediante un análisis de las circunstancias en las que se produce, con el fin de mostrar que el fin de RTVV ha sido fruto de una decisión política, y no económica, como ha tratado de justificar el gobierno valenciano del Partido Popular en repetidas ocasiones, aunque sin éxito. Finalmente, se presenta la estructura de la obra colectiva, y se hace referencia a las instituciones, organismos y proyectos de investigación que han hecho posible la edición de la presente obra.
The current scenario of crisis and change has prompted the idea of entrepreneurship as a way to d... more The current scenario of crisis and change has prompted the idea of entrepreneurship as a way to develop new media business models that can be promoted by university training. In this study, we aim to assess the effects of such training. A qualitative study was conducted using in-depth interviews of Spanish journalism and communication entrepreneurs who have undergone university training in business creation and management. Our results show the positive effects of this training on entrepreneurship both in ge neral and on specific aspects of entrepreneurial projects such as organization, business plan/model, marketing, innovation, social aspects and quality of life. Different patterns between the effects of university training on new initiatives and advanced projects were also observed. In this respect, the training supported the creation of new businesses and the development of existing ones. Finally, the suggestions for improving training and the limitations to entrepreneurship have revealed the importance of providing this type of education with a more practical, up-to-date approach that is interconnected with the business and university world. Therefore, examples of this work can be of vital importance in opening up new opportunities for sector development to enable future generations of journalists to fulfill their important social function. Resumen El escenario actual de crisis y cambios ha llevado a pensar en el emprendimiento como una nueva vía para el desarrollo de nuevos modelos de negocio en los medios de comunicación, que puede ser fomentado por la formación universitaria. El objetivo de este estudio es valorar los efectos de dicha formación, para lo que se ha desarrollado una investigación cualitativa basada en entrevistas en profundidad entre emprendedores españoles de periodismo y comunicación que han recibido formación universitaria en creación y gestión de empresas. Los resultados muestran el efecto positivo de esta formación sobre el emprendimiento en general y también sobre aspectos concretos de los proyectos empresariales: organización, plan/modelo de negocio, marketing, innovación, aspectos sociales y calidad de vida. También, se han observado diferentes pautas entre los efectos obtenidos para las nuevas iniciativas y para los proyectos avanzados. En este sentido, la formación ha apoyado la creación de los nuevos negocios. Por último, las sugerencias para mejorar la formación y las limitaciones al emprendimiento aportadas han revelado la importancia de dotar a este tipo de educación de mayor carácter práctico, actualizado e interconectado con el mundo empresarial y universitario. Por ello, los ejemplos de este trabajo pueden resultar de vital importancia para abrir nuevas oportunidades al desarrollo del sector que permitan a las futuras generaciones de periodistas cumplir su importante función social.
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En España se ha consolidado desde 2011 un auténtico laboratorio democrático donde la ciudadanía experimenta con nuevas formas de expresión política. Este libro se introduce de lleno en este laboratorio político para comprobar cómo están cambiando los perfiles de la democracia. Un ejercicio que no sólo tiene una relevancia en clave española, sino que proyecta su interés más allá, puesto que puede ser el anuncio de cambios que pueden afectar, en los próximos tiempos, a otras democracias en el mundo. Si estamos en lo cierto y nuestro contexto está en la vanguardia de la innovación y la experimentación política, este libro puede servir para saber hacia dónde evoluciona la democracia tanto hoy como en el futuro inmediato.
El libro ofrece una extensa y detallada panorámica sobre la situación de la televisión pública en el escenario actual de crisis.
En la primera parte se presenta: un análisis de la evolución y futuro del servicio público de la televisión a través del examen de las malas prácticas comunicativas (Enrique Bustamante); un estudio del propio concepto de servicio público y su indispensabilidad actual (Emili Prado); un trabajo sobre la situación de las televisiones autonómicas y de los peligros de privatización (Juan Carlos Miguel y Miguel Ángel Casado), así como un análisis de las estrategias de adaptación de las televisiones al escenario convergente (Jessica Izquierdo).
El segundo bloque aborda el estudio de la crisis de Radiotelevisión Valenciana (RTVV): las razones e implicaciones que tiene el cese de las emisiones de RTVV para el resurgimiento de la televisión autonómica (Ramón Zallo); la relevancia estratégica que RTVV tiene para el sistema comunicativo valenciano, así como para el desarrollo económico, social y cultural del territorio (María Soler y Javier Marzal); y un análisis crítico del informe encargado por la dirección de RTVV para su reestructuración (Josep Lluís Gómez y Francesc Martínez).
La tercera parte recoge cuatro trabajos sobre la gobernanza de las televisiones públicas: la propuesta de una gobernanza compartida entre partidos políticos y sociedad civil para sostener una televisión de titularidad pública (Domingo García-Marzá); un análisis del contexto de la crisis de financiación de las radiotelevisiones públicas europeas y la necesidad de nuevos indicadores de gestión para recuperar la confianza y credibilidad (Francisco Campos Freire); un análisis sobre cómo la ausencia de responsabilidad comunicativa, en las políticas estatales y autonómicas, explica el cierre de RTVV (Jose María Bernardo y Nel·lo Pellicer); así como propuestas para la gobernanza de una renovada radiotelevisión pública valenciana, que garantice un buen servicio público, de calidad (Josep Lluís Fitó y Javier Marzal).
The book offers a comprehensive and detailed overview of the situation of public television in the current scenario of crisis.
The first part presents: an analysis of the evolution and future of public service television through the examination of bad communication practices (Enrique Bustamante); a study of the concept of public service and its current indispensability (Emili Prado); a paper on the situation of regional television and the dangers of privatization (Juan Carlos Miguel and Miguel Angel Casado), as well as an analysis of adaptation strategies televisions to convergent scenario (Jessica Izquierdo).
The second section deals with the study of the crisis of Radio Television Valenciana (RTVV): the reasons and implications of the cessation of emissions RTVV for the resurgence of regional television (Ramon Zallo); the strategic importance that has for the Valencian RTVV communication system, as well as economic, social and cultural development of the territory (Maria Soler and Javier Marzal); and a critical analysis of the report commissioned by the management of RTVV for restructuring (Josep Lluís Martínez Gómez and Francesc).
The third part contains four papers on governance of public television: the proposal for shared governance between political parties and civil society to support a publicly owned television (Domingo García-Marzá); an analysis of the context of the funding crisis of European public broadcasters and the need for new management indicators to restore confidence and credibility (Francisco Campos Freire); an analysis of how the absence of communicative responsibility, state and regional policies, explains the closure of RTVV (Jose Maria Bernardo and Nel·lo Pellicer); as well as proposals for the governance of a renewed Valencian public broadcaster, which guarantees a good public service, quality (Josep Lluís Fitó and Javier Marzal).
El título completo de esta extensa introducción es: «Presentación: Algunas claves para la comprensión de las hibridaciones entre información y entretenimiento en el periodismo audiovisual: el infoentretenimiento en la era del espectáculo». Contiene los siguientes apartados:
Introducción. El estudio de los programas informativos en televisión. El espectáculo de la televisión. Las hibridaciones del periodismo en televisión: aspectos conceptuales y analíticos. Propuestas para el estudio del periodismo en televisión. Bibliografía.
Juan José Bas Portero - Andreu Casero Ripollés - Miquel Francés Domènech - Josep Lluís Gómez Mompart - José Luis González Esteban - Isabel M. González Mesa - Mar Iglesias García - Javier Marzal Felici - Héctor Julio Pérez López - Rafael Xambó Olmos
Papers
En España se ha consolidado desde 2011 un auténtico laboratorio democrático donde la ciudadanía experimenta con nuevas formas de expresión política. Este libro se introduce de lleno en este laboratorio político para comprobar cómo están cambiando los perfiles de la democracia. Un ejercicio que no sólo tiene una relevancia en clave española, sino que proyecta su interés más allá, puesto que puede ser el anuncio de cambios que pueden afectar, en los próximos tiempos, a otras democracias en el mundo. Si estamos en lo cierto y nuestro contexto está en la vanguardia de la innovación y la experimentación política, este libro puede servir para saber hacia dónde evoluciona la democracia tanto hoy como en el futuro inmediato.
El libro ofrece una extensa y detallada panorámica sobre la situación de la televisión pública en el escenario actual de crisis.
En la primera parte se presenta: un análisis de la evolución y futuro del servicio público de la televisión a través del examen de las malas prácticas comunicativas (Enrique Bustamante); un estudio del propio concepto de servicio público y su indispensabilidad actual (Emili Prado); un trabajo sobre la situación de las televisiones autonómicas y de los peligros de privatización (Juan Carlos Miguel y Miguel Ángel Casado), así como un análisis de las estrategias de adaptación de las televisiones al escenario convergente (Jessica Izquierdo).
El segundo bloque aborda el estudio de la crisis de Radiotelevisión Valenciana (RTVV): las razones e implicaciones que tiene el cese de las emisiones de RTVV para el resurgimiento de la televisión autonómica (Ramón Zallo); la relevancia estratégica que RTVV tiene para el sistema comunicativo valenciano, así como para el desarrollo económico, social y cultural del territorio (María Soler y Javier Marzal); y un análisis crítico del informe encargado por la dirección de RTVV para su reestructuración (Josep Lluís Gómez y Francesc Martínez).
La tercera parte recoge cuatro trabajos sobre la gobernanza de las televisiones públicas: la propuesta de una gobernanza compartida entre partidos políticos y sociedad civil para sostener una televisión de titularidad pública (Domingo García-Marzá); un análisis del contexto de la crisis de financiación de las radiotelevisiones públicas europeas y la necesidad de nuevos indicadores de gestión para recuperar la confianza y credibilidad (Francisco Campos Freire); un análisis sobre cómo la ausencia de responsabilidad comunicativa, en las políticas estatales y autonómicas, explica el cierre de RTVV (Jose María Bernardo y Nel·lo Pellicer); así como propuestas para la gobernanza de una renovada radiotelevisión pública valenciana, que garantice un buen servicio público, de calidad (Josep Lluís Fitó y Javier Marzal).
The book offers a comprehensive and detailed overview of the situation of public television in the current scenario of crisis.
The first part presents: an analysis of the evolution and future of public service television through the examination of bad communication practices (Enrique Bustamante); a study of the concept of public service and its current indispensability (Emili Prado); a paper on the situation of regional television and the dangers of privatization (Juan Carlos Miguel and Miguel Angel Casado), as well as an analysis of adaptation strategies televisions to convergent scenario (Jessica Izquierdo).
The second section deals with the study of the crisis of Radio Television Valenciana (RTVV): the reasons and implications of the cessation of emissions RTVV for the resurgence of regional television (Ramon Zallo); the strategic importance that has for the Valencian RTVV communication system, as well as economic, social and cultural development of the territory (Maria Soler and Javier Marzal); and a critical analysis of the report commissioned by the management of RTVV for restructuring (Josep Lluís Martínez Gómez and Francesc).
The third part contains four papers on governance of public television: the proposal for shared governance between political parties and civil society to support a publicly owned television (Domingo García-Marzá); an analysis of the context of the funding crisis of European public broadcasters and the need for new management indicators to restore confidence and credibility (Francisco Campos Freire); an analysis of how the absence of communicative responsibility, state and regional policies, explains the closure of RTVV (Jose Maria Bernardo and Nel·lo Pellicer); as well as proposals for the governance of a renewed Valencian public broadcaster, which guarantees a good public service, quality (Josep Lluís Fitó and Javier Marzal).
El título completo de esta extensa introducción es: «Presentación: Algunas claves para la comprensión de las hibridaciones entre información y entretenimiento en el periodismo audiovisual: el infoentretenimiento en la era del espectáculo». Contiene los siguientes apartados:
Introducción. El estudio de los programas informativos en televisión. El espectáculo de la televisión. Las hibridaciones del periodismo en televisión: aspectos conceptuales y analíticos. Propuestas para el estudio del periodismo en televisión. Bibliografía.
Juan José Bas Portero - Andreu Casero Ripollés - Miquel Francés Domènech - Josep Lluís Gómez Mompart - José Luis González Esteban - Isabel M. González Mesa - Mar Iglesias García - Javier Marzal Felici - Héctor Julio Pérez López - Rafael Xambó Olmos
[en] What makes us vulnerable to COVID-19 fake news? A critical review of the factors conditioning susceptibility to misinformation
Abstract. COVID-19 has led to a sharp dramatic in the circulation of fake news, which pose a potential danger to public health. It is relevant to determine which citizens are most vulnerable to this phenomenon and, thus, offer elements to promote public policies and digital literacy campaigns that prevent its harmful consequences. Our goal is to carry out a critical review of previous research that brings together, in a comprehensive way, the currently dispersed knowledge. The sample is made up of 200 articles published between 2020 and 2021 in journals indexed in Web of Science. The results show that young people, women, less educated people, conservatives, religious believers, those suffering from mental health issues, social media news consumers or those who trust journalists to a greater extent are the most vulnerable audiences. Our critical analysis also detects a series of pending challenges for future studies in this field.
The Covid-19 outbreak has revealed citizens’ great need for information during times of crisis. One of the main channels for accessing information is mobile instant messaging services, which are also essential for social interactions within the context of deep mediatization. The objective of this article is to evaluate the opportunities and limitations that these platforms have offered for institutional communication during the coronavirus crisis. For this purpose, we examined the use of WhatsApp and Telegram channels by public administrations, focusing on the Spanish case in addition to incorporating other international examples. We found that the dissemination of official and verified information, on the one hand, and their ability to counter fake news, on the other, made these services a useful ally for institutions in terms of providing high-quality public service during the coronavirus crisis.
The COVID-19 outbreak is a highly disruptive event in our society. Its consequences have affected different social domains. Our objective is to analyse its impact on journalism in a panoramic and comprehensive way. We intend to identify the main alterations and changes that the Coronavirus has caused. The methodology is based on the qualitative analysis of secondary data, taking as a reference the case of Spain during the first period of the pandemic. The results allow identifying positive and negative effects in five areas: news consumption, business model, working conditions, disinformation and relations with political actors. These findings reveal that the incidence of this health crisis in journalism is ambivalent.
El Informe fue presentado en las Cortes Valencianas el 19 de noviembre de 2015.
Este documento ha sido muy útil a la Comisión Parlamentaria para la redacción de la nueva ley, que finalmente fue aprobada como Ley 6/2016, de 15 de julio, de la Generalitat, del Servicio Público de Radiodifusión y Televisión de ámbito autonómico, de titularidad de la Generalidad.
Informe en Castellano. Existe versión en Valenciano / Catalán.
L'Informe va ser presentat a les Corts Valencianes el 19 de novembre de 2015.
Aquest document ha estat molt útil a la Comissió Parlamentaria per a la redacció de la nova llei, que finalment va estar aprovada com a Llei 6/2016, de 15 de juliol, de la Generalitat Valenciana, del Servei Públic de Radiodifusió i Televisió d'àmbit autonòmic, de titularitat de la Generalitat.
Informe en Valencià / Català. Existeix versió en Castellà.
En segundo lugar, se analizan las modificaciones legislativas de los últimos años (entre 2010 y 2013), que han alentado la privatización de numerosos servicios públicos de radio y televisión, en muchas RTV autonómicas, bajo la fórmula de la externalización de sus programaciones.
En tercer lugar, se reivindica el valor de las radiotelevisiones públicas como servicios esenciales, no sólo para promover las industrias culturales y creativas de los territorios, sino también como herramienta para la cohesión social, la vertebración territorial y cultural, la protección de las lenguas minoritorias y para fortalecer las instituciones democráticas, cuando se promueve la pluralidad informativa y la diversidad cultural.
En cuarto lugar, se refiere el caso del cierre de RTVV como caso excepcional en el contexto de la Europa de las regiones, mediante un análisis de las circunstancias en las que se produce, con el fin de mostrar que el fin de RTVV ha sido fruto de una decisión política, y no económica, como ha tratado de justificar el gobierno valenciano del Partido Popular en repetidas ocasiones, aunque sin éxito.
Finalmente, se presenta la estructura de la obra colectiva, y se hace referencia a las instituciones, organismos y proyectos de investigación que han hecho posible la edición de la presente obra.