Papers by Fortune C Akilimali
As used lubrication oil is one of the hazardous wastes generated at different development sectors... more As used lubrication oil is one of the hazardous wastes generated at different development sectors, it should not be utilized and/or disposed in ways which are unsafe to the environment hence calling for its proper management. This study primarily focuses on the recycling of used oil by applying acid-clay treatment process. Used engine oil properties gave expected undesired characteristics caused by oil deterioration. The characterization was indicative to the sources of contaminations from conditions during the oils application period. Recycling experiments utilized 5, 10, 15 and 20% acid and adsorbent (Bentonite clay) ratios with different combinations (0, 10, and 20%). The selected optimum operational parameters were 15% acid and 10% adsorbent. This optimum combination gave a 58% yield; density of 0.89 g/ml and the average kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of 16.230 mm²/s, approximately 2% of valuable light components were recuperated from the dewatering step of the process.
Using this yield as a basis for material balance evaluation and by using current market prices, the primary cost analysis shows that a maximum amount of TSh 5123/= is expected to recover a litre of the sample from 1.59 litres of waste oil as summarized in Table 4-4. However, a barrel of base engine oil is imported for US $65 – $68, which is equals to TSh 878 – TSh 920 per litre while the current market price of the engine oil in Tanzania is TS 7000/= per litre in which the profit of Tsh 1877 will be obtained per litre.
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This report concerns the analysis of the basic techniques of formulating, testing and studying t... more This report concerns the analysis of the basic techniques of formulating, testing and studying the properties of drilling fluid in contamination with different material encountered during drilling
process.
This report consists of six chapters with four experiments for measuring the physical properties of drilling fluid such as mud weight (density), rheology (viscosity, gel strength, yield point) sand
content, wall building and filtration characteristics. The first chapter consists of introduction and theoretical principals of the experiment.
The first experiment was about measurement of mud properties (viscosity density and pH). The second experiment was on mud properties test particularly control of mud weight. This is divided
into two parts, Part A was about effect of adding bentonite on mud properties for fresh and salt water base mud and part B was about the effect of adding weight material (barite). It was observed that the viscosity and mud weight increases on the addition of salt to the fresh water mud. Also the addition of barite to the mud affects only mud weight but not viscosity because barite doesn’t have flocculating or deflocculating properties
The third experiment was about drilling fluid contamination test. In this test we were studying the effect of contamination of monovalent chemicals (NaCl and KCl) and divalent chemicals that cause contamination are calcium sulfate (CaSO4), cement (Ca(OH)2, and Gypsum (CaSO4-2H2O).
It was observed that Sodium chloride increases density of the drilling mud as well as the viscosity of mud since it is flocculant. Cement has a tendency of absorbing water from the mud and increase viscosity, but cement seems to have no any impact on mud weight.
Experiment 4 was on determination of sand content of the drilling mud. This is a simple test designed to measure the level of particles in the mud of greater that 200 mesh or 75 microns.
From the results obtained in this test and the general field experience shows that the sand content must not be permitted to rise above 2%, otherwise wear on pumps and tubulars will be the result. Any increase in sand content must be investigated since it is often an indication of poor solids removal efficiency.
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Used oil – as its name implies – is any petroleum -based or synthetic oil that has been used. Dur... more Used oil – as its name implies – is any petroleum -based or synthetic oil that has been used. During normal use, impurities such as dirt, metal scrapings, water or chemicals can get mixed in with the oil or be generated in it due to thermal degradation or oxidation. Therefore, the oil quality gradually decreases to a level that the used oil should be replaced by a new one. Disposing the used oil off in nature creates an intense dangerous pollution. But by proper recovery and refinement of it, a lot of valuable product can be obtained. This article studies one of the best methods of used oil re-refining and compares its product specifications with those of a virgin base oil.
The re-refiner's job is to remove all the contaminants and restore the oil to its original condition. The important point to note is that the technology used by Dominion Oil
is virtually identical to that used to refine crude petroleum, the difference being that the level
of contamination in used oil is much lower that that in crude oil. Used oil is uplifted from centralized collection points at places such as service stations, workshops, recycling depots and factory sites. The oil is burned at temperatures of approximately 1400oC, ensuring complete combustion. At this temperature dioxins are not formed as they may be at lower temperatures. This method has been endorsed by the Department of the Environment as the preferred alternative to re-refining.
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The aim of the experiment was determining the lubricity of unknown different lubricants on water ... more The aim of the experiment was determining the lubricity of unknown different lubricants on water based drilling mud and to select the best lubricant to perform in different drilling activities. The lubricant reduces friction by producing a thin film of liquid that separates the solid surfaces in contact. Water-based mud is chosen as our base drilling fluid. This type of drilling fluid is the most common and one of the cheapest water-based drilling fluid systems. Moreover, this system is not strong enough to withstand and fight with high torque and its lubricity performance is insufficient. Therefore, the system was considered as our water based mud and different lubricants are added to determine the highest lubricant performances. The experiments are carried out in the COES laboratory at University of Dodoma (UDOM). The results are analyzed and the following conclusions can be drawn from the study; From the experiment several lubricants were provided on which were to tested, by increase an of 1% by volume of each lubricant separately and was mixed into the drilling fluid on the stainless steel, then after wards the coefficient of friction for every lubricant was determined. The primary objective of experiment is to evaluate the performance of four lubricants. The lubricants were evaluated using a water-based drilling mud composed of lubricants with concentrations of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% by volume. The experiment was carried out in a standard lubricity meter made by OFITE. The lubricity meter tests the ability of the lubricant in the drilling mud to reduce friction using parameters that imitate torque and drag produced by the fluid down hole. The formulations prepared were tested for torque reduction and all the lubricants studied lowered the coefficient of friction and showed significant torque reduction. The top performing lubricant among all three was LUB 3 which produced the highest torque reduction. Higher concentration of lubricant further lowered the coefficient of friction and improved lubricity. However, some of the lubricants showed little improvement in torque reduction and started leveling off beyond a concentration of 2%.
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The aim of this experiment was to analyze the octane number (both RON and MON) from petrol sample... more The aim of this experiment was to analyze the octane number (both RON and MON) from petrol sample using NIR spectroscopy. Octane number (ON) is very important performance measure of the fuel oil in resisting fuel to auto ignition and knock. Normally the (ON) of a fuel can be determined through two test, one method is done by using CFRE (Cooperative Fuel Research Engine) in which the ant-knock performance of a fuel of measured in a standardized cylinder engine with variable compression ratio. This is very expensive and time consuming method. The second method is by using Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. This is very suitable for gasoline analysis because of the absorption band observed in the NIR region and direct associated with carbon-hydrogen stretching vibration found in hydrocarbon. In this experiment the gasoline pure sample was taken about 150mL and its RON and MON was measured by using Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. It follows the addition of some chemical additives include Methanol, Ethanol, Isobutanol and Tetra-butanol alcohol TBA to increase the octane number of the gasoline. The additives were added successively at the amount of 5%, 10% and 15%. In each addition step, the RON and MON of the gasoline were determined by placing the sample on the Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The reading data for MON and RON were recorded in tabular form, and later the graphs of (RON + MON)/2 against percentage volume for each additive were drawn. From the graphs, the conclusion was reached that, ethanol as an octane booster will have Maximum performance since it has the variable values closer to the Tanzania standards than any other additive which have higher octane numbers(both MON and RON).
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By this time, petroleum exploration is taking place in Tanzania, a large amount of natural gas h... more By this time, petroleum exploration is taking place in Tanzania, a large amount of natural gas has been discovered yet, uranium has been discovered as well. If the energy of Tanzania doubles, will the economy raise? And at what extent Tanzanians will be benefited with this discover.
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Teaching Documents by Fortune C Akilimali
The aim of the experiment was determining the lubricity of different lubricants on water based dr... more The aim of the experiment was determining the lubricity of different lubricants on water based drilling mud and to select the best lubricant to perform in different drilling activities. The lubricant reduces friction by producing a thin film of liquid that separates the solid surfaces in contact. Water-based mud is chosen as our base drilling fluid. This type of drilling fluid is the most common and one of the cheapest water-based drilling fluid systems. Moreover, this system is not strong enough to withstand and fight with high torque and its lubricity performance is insufficient. Therefore, the system was considered as our water based mud and different lubricants are added to determine the highest lubricant performances. From the experiment several lubricants were provided on which were to tested, by increase an of 1% by volume of each lubricant separately and was mixed into the drilling fluid on the stainless steel, then after wards the coefficient of friction for every lubricant was determined. The primary objective of experiment is to evaluate the performance of four lubricants. The lubricants were evaluated using a water-based drilling mud composed of lubricants with concentrations of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% by volume. The experiment was carried out in a standard lubricity meter made by OFITE. The lubricity meter tests the ability of the lubricant in the drilling mud to reduce friction using parameters that imitate torque and drag produced by the fluid down hole. The formulations prepared were tested for torque reduction and all the lubricants studied lowered the coefficient of friction and showed significant torque reduction. The top performing lubricant among all three was LUB 3 which produced the highest torque reduction. Higher concentration of lubricant further lowered the coefficient of friction and improved lubricity. However, some of the lubricants showed little improvement in torque reduction and started leveling off beyond a concentration of 2%.
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The aim of this experiment was to determine the distillation characteristics of crude oil that is... more The aim of this experiment was to determine the distillation characteristics of crude oil that is the volume of distillate of crude oil which yielded Naphtha, kerosene and straight run gasoline and also the distillation loss of crude oil during the distillation. The experiment was conducted in the UDOM-COES laboratory using a SETA distillation unit in which a sample of 100 ml of crude oil was heated. The volume of distillate obtained at the receiver after condensation by ice-cold water was recorded at interval of 25 0 C up to 300 0 C. The volume of the residue was recorded at the end of the preliminary distillation. The experiment was repeated twice and for each experiment data were taken and collected. After collection of data a graph of cumulative distillate volume against temperature was plotted and the yields of naphtha, kerosene and gas oil were obtained depending on their boiling temperature ranges, also the distillation loss was found to be 0.5 cc which was due to errors. The total distillate volume was 64.5 cc and volume of residue was 35 cc.
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Thesis Chapters by Fortune C Akilimali
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION, 2019
The main objective of this project was to determine reservoir characteristics using gas well test... more The main objective of this project was to determine reservoir characteristics using gas well test data. The problem assessed in this project was the level of uncertainty that other methods of characterizing reservoir such as well logging, coring and PVT analysis have to meet operation scope. The specific objectives were achieved by analyzing secondary well test data of Songo Songo gas field by using Horner technique, excel program, and different analytical equations.
Results obtained from analysis of buildup test data shows permeability of about 33 md, very high positive skin factor of about 22.7 which resulted to permeability drop of about 6md compared well logs and coring which were 39md and 39.5md.
Evaluation of inflow performance and gas deliverability was done using theoretical deliverability equations. From the analysis the absolute open flow potential for 2015 and 2016 were found to be 65 MMSCD and 52 MMSCD respectively, also showing deliverability of gas well were 53 MMSCD and 45 MSCD for 2015 and 2016 respectively. From the analysis it was concluded that the absolute open flow potential has dropped by 8 MMSCFD which is a normal situation because of declining of reservoir pressure.
In order to monitor the performance of the well it is recommended that these tests should be done at least twice in year.Also due permeability drop of about 6md, the gas well has to be stimulated in order to reduce damage of the reservoir formation and hence increase productivity of the well
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Papers by Fortune C Akilimali
Using this yield as a basis for material balance evaluation and by using current market prices, the primary cost analysis shows that a maximum amount of TSh 5123/= is expected to recover a litre of the sample from 1.59 litres of waste oil as summarized in Table 4-4. However, a barrel of base engine oil is imported for US $65 – $68, which is equals to TSh 878 – TSh 920 per litre while the current market price of the engine oil in Tanzania is TS 7000/= per litre in which the profit of Tsh 1877 will be obtained per litre.
process.
This report consists of six chapters with four experiments for measuring the physical properties of drilling fluid such as mud weight (density), rheology (viscosity, gel strength, yield point) sand
content, wall building and filtration characteristics. The first chapter consists of introduction and theoretical principals of the experiment.
The first experiment was about measurement of mud properties (viscosity density and pH). The second experiment was on mud properties test particularly control of mud weight. This is divided
into two parts, Part A was about effect of adding bentonite on mud properties for fresh and salt water base mud and part B was about the effect of adding weight material (barite). It was observed that the viscosity and mud weight increases on the addition of salt to the fresh water mud. Also the addition of barite to the mud affects only mud weight but not viscosity because barite doesn’t have flocculating or deflocculating properties
The third experiment was about drilling fluid contamination test. In this test we were studying the effect of contamination of monovalent chemicals (NaCl and KCl) and divalent chemicals that cause contamination are calcium sulfate (CaSO4), cement (Ca(OH)2, and Gypsum (CaSO4-2H2O).
It was observed that Sodium chloride increases density of the drilling mud as well as the viscosity of mud since it is flocculant. Cement has a tendency of absorbing water from the mud and increase viscosity, but cement seems to have no any impact on mud weight.
Experiment 4 was on determination of sand content of the drilling mud. This is a simple test designed to measure the level of particles in the mud of greater that 200 mesh or 75 microns.
From the results obtained in this test and the general field experience shows that the sand content must not be permitted to rise above 2%, otherwise wear on pumps and tubulars will be the result. Any increase in sand content must be investigated since it is often an indication of poor solids removal efficiency.
The re-refiner's job is to remove all the contaminants and restore the oil to its original condition. The important point to note is that the technology used by Dominion Oil
is virtually identical to that used to refine crude petroleum, the difference being that the level
of contamination in used oil is much lower that that in crude oil. Used oil is uplifted from centralized collection points at places such as service stations, workshops, recycling depots and factory sites. The oil is burned at temperatures of approximately 1400oC, ensuring complete combustion. At this temperature dioxins are not formed as they may be at lower temperatures. This method has been endorsed by the Department of the Environment as the preferred alternative to re-refining.
Teaching Documents by Fortune C Akilimali
Thesis Chapters by Fortune C Akilimali
Results obtained from analysis of buildup test data shows permeability of about 33 md, very high positive skin factor of about 22.7 which resulted to permeability drop of about 6md compared well logs and coring which were 39md and 39.5md.
Evaluation of inflow performance and gas deliverability was done using theoretical deliverability equations. From the analysis the absolute open flow potential for 2015 and 2016 were found to be 65 MMSCD and 52 MMSCD respectively, also showing deliverability of gas well were 53 MMSCD and 45 MSCD for 2015 and 2016 respectively. From the analysis it was concluded that the absolute open flow potential has dropped by 8 MMSCFD which is a normal situation because of declining of reservoir pressure.
In order to monitor the performance of the well it is recommended that these tests should be done at least twice in year.Also due permeability drop of about 6md, the gas well has to be stimulated in order to reduce damage of the reservoir formation and hence increase productivity of the well
Using this yield as a basis for material balance evaluation and by using current market prices, the primary cost analysis shows that a maximum amount of TSh 5123/= is expected to recover a litre of the sample from 1.59 litres of waste oil as summarized in Table 4-4. However, a barrel of base engine oil is imported for US $65 – $68, which is equals to TSh 878 – TSh 920 per litre while the current market price of the engine oil in Tanzania is TS 7000/= per litre in which the profit of Tsh 1877 will be obtained per litre.
process.
This report consists of six chapters with four experiments for measuring the physical properties of drilling fluid such as mud weight (density), rheology (viscosity, gel strength, yield point) sand
content, wall building and filtration characteristics. The first chapter consists of introduction and theoretical principals of the experiment.
The first experiment was about measurement of mud properties (viscosity density and pH). The second experiment was on mud properties test particularly control of mud weight. This is divided
into two parts, Part A was about effect of adding bentonite on mud properties for fresh and salt water base mud and part B was about the effect of adding weight material (barite). It was observed that the viscosity and mud weight increases on the addition of salt to the fresh water mud. Also the addition of barite to the mud affects only mud weight but not viscosity because barite doesn’t have flocculating or deflocculating properties
The third experiment was about drilling fluid contamination test. In this test we were studying the effect of contamination of monovalent chemicals (NaCl and KCl) and divalent chemicals that cause contamination are calcium sulfate (CaSO4), cement (Ca(OH)2, and Gypsum (CaSO4-2H2O).
It was observed that Sodium chloride increases density of the drilling mud as well as the viscosity of mud since it is flocculant. Cement has a tendency of absorbing water from the mud and increase viscosity, but cement seems to have no any impact on mud weight.
Experiment 4 was on determination of sand content of the drilling mud. This is a simple test designed to measure the level of particles in the mud of greater that 200 mesh or 75 microns.
From the results obtained in this test and the general field experience shows that the sand content must not be permitted to rise above 2%, otherwise wear on pumps and tubulars will be the result. Any increase in sand content must be investigated since it is often an indication of poor solids removal efficiency.
The re-refiner's job is to remove all the contaminants and restore the oil to its original condition. The important point to note is that the technology used by Dominion Oil
is virtually identical to that used to refine crude petroleum, the difference being that the level
of contamination in used oil is much lower that that in crude oil. Used oil is uplifted from centralized collection points at places such as service stations, workshops, recycling depots and factory sites. The oil is burned at temperatures of approximately 1400oC, ensuring complete combustion. At this temperature dioxins are not formed as they may be at lower temperatures. This method has been endorsed by the Department of the Environment as the preferred alternative to re-refining.
Results obtained from analysis of buildup test data shows permeability of about 33 md, very high positive skin factor of about 22.7 which resulted to permeability drop of about 6md compared well logs and coring which were 39md and 39.5md.
Evaluation of inflow performance and gas deliverability was done using theoretical deliverability equations. From the analysis the absolute open flow potential for 2015 and 2016 were found to be 65 MMSCD and 52 MMSCD respectively, also showing deliverability of gas well were 53 MMSCD and 45 MSCD for 2015 and 2016 respectively. From the analysis it was concluded that the absolute open flow potential has dropped by 8 MMSCFD which is a normal situation because of declining of reservoir pressure.
In order to monitor the performance of the well it is recommended that these tests should be done at least twice in year.Also due permeability drop of about 6md, the gas well has to be stimulated in order to reduce damage of the reservoir formation and hence increase productivity of the well